The meaning of tradition for the Russian people in calendar holidays and signs. Their influence on modern culture. Customs, rituals and traditions of the Russian people

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Culture of the Russian people

Completed:

Revenko Danil

Kislovodsk, 2014

National culture is the national memory of the people, what distinguishes given people among others, it protects a person from depersonalization, allows him to feel the connection between times and generations, receive spiritual support and support in life.

Russians are an ethnic community of people represented by the Russian nation. Since ancient times, Russians had their own national state - Rus', which later began to be called Russia in the Byzantine manner. Most Russians by religion are Orthodox Christians. Ethnically, Russians belong to the Indo-Europeans, namely the Eastern Slavs.

Geographical position.

The places where the Russian ethnic group was formed stretched from White Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south, from the lower reaches of the Danube and the Carpathian Mountains in the west to the Volga-Oka interfluve in the east. Geography determined the character of the Russian people and the historical path of development that Russian Civilization took.

In this regard, the Russian genotype contains both the ardent Cossack morals, expressed in dashing dances and horse riding, and the sedateness of the north, expressed in leisurely round dances and drawn-out folk singing.

The Russians, unlike many other peoples, were not squeezed by seas, impassable mountain ranges, or other nations and could freely explore new territories. This geographical reason determined the fact that the Russians adopted an extensive civilizational model, unlike, for example, the Europeans or the Japanese, who, due to the geography of their habitat, were forced to develop intensively.

The Russian nation is not that ancient. The name “Russian” itself appeared only in the 14th century and meant “sovereign’s man.” Of course, there was Rus' before that, but Novgorodians, Suzdalians, Chernigovians, Polonians and other Slavs lived in it. There was neither the name of the people nor a single Russian nation. If before foreigners said “Rus,” it was understood that this person belonged to a Russian princely squad or army, a military or commercial Russian expedition.

The population of ancient Rus' generally called themselves “Slavs” or specifically “Kievans”, “Novgorodians”, “Smolyans”, etc.

The concept of Rus' came into history Kievan Rus from previous centuries. It has an ancient chronology and is localized in the southeast of the East Slavic area - this is the right bank of the Middle Dnieper region - the Don region - the Azov region.

On this territory in the 6th-7th centuries there was a strong tribal Russian union, which served in the 9th-10th centuries. the core for the formation of the Old Russian people, which included almost all the East Slavic tribes, including part of the East Finnish ones - Merya and all.

The Old Russian state arose in the 9th century. This was the chronicled Russian land and the area of settlement of the ancient Russian people, which already in those distant times was distinguished by a strongly conscious unity with its land. The original meaning of the word Rus is associated with the concept of light, white. In the 10th-12th centuries, the Slavic-Russians began the massive development of the Volga-Oka basin, where the core of the historical-ethnic territory of the Russians was later formed.

The history of the Great Russians began with 5-6 million people. Due to the sparse population of Northwestern Rus', this was enough to form a powerful state centered in the city of Moscow.

The Old Russian state perished under the onslaught of Batu's invasion (1240), which was accompanied by mass extermination of the population and destruction of cities. The result of the collapse of statehood and grand-ducal strife was the isolation of ethno-territorial associations, which in a historical perspective led to the formation of the Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian peoples.

During the entire observable historical period, the Russians developed 21 million square meters. km. lands. This became possible thanks to the creation of Russian statehood and the developed self-awareness of the people. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Russians were the second largest people in the world. Since the beginning of the twentieth century. the number of Russians, despite significant losses as a result of two world wars and other socio-economic cataclysms, almost doubled. According to the 1989 census in the USSR, the number of all Russians was 145 million, including 120 million in Russia.

This is explained not only by significant natural population growth, but also by the merger of certain groups of other peoples with Russians. Since the 1970s, the growth rate of Russians began to decrease noticeably due to a sharp decline in the birth rate, and since the 1990s, a sharp increase in mortality. Currently, about 127 million ethnic Russians live on Earth. About 86% of them live in Russia. The remaining 14% is in various countries around the world. Most of all - in Ukraine and Kazakhstan.

Architecture.

Architecture in Rus' was temple, serf and civil.

The architectural style of Kievan Rus was established under the influence of Byzantine. Early orthodox churches were mainly made of wood. The tent style has gained recognition among Russian architects. The oldest surviving tent temple wooden architecture- St. Nicholas Church in the village of Lyavlya, Arkhangelsk region.

There was a fairly long period in the history of Russia when public buildings were built from white stone - limestone. The temples and fortresses built from it harmoniously fit into the surrounding nature and over the centuries became an integral part of the Russian landscape.

The first stone church of Kievan Rus was the Tithe Church in Kyiv (Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary), erected between 986 and 996 by Saint Vladimir Equal to the Apostles (c. 960-1015) on the site of the death of the martyr Theodore and his son John.

In 1037, in Kyiv, by order of Yaroslav the Wise (978-1054), the construction of the Hagia Sophia Cathedral began. Thus, the prince proclaimed Kyiv equal to Constantinople, where the main cathedral was also dedicated to St. Sofia. The cathedral was built on the site of the battle between the Kievites and the Pechenegs, which ended in the complete defeat of the nomads.

In 1045-1050, Vladimir Yaroslavich of Novgorod (1020-1052) built the main Orthodox church Veliky Novgorod - Hagia Sophia, which is the oldest surviving temple in Russia, built by the Slavs.

In this monument noticeable distinctive features Novgorod architecture - monumentality, simplicity, lack of excessive decorativeness.

The Cathedral of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker on the Courtyard, built by Prince Mstislav (1076-1132), son of Vladimir Monomakh in 1113, is the first stone building on the Trade Side of Novgorod. The foundation of the temple is associated with the discovery of the miraculous icon of St. Nicholas, which cured Prince Mstislav of a serious illness.

The Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary of the Anthony Monastery, built in Novgorod in 1117, is considered the first non-princely building in Novgorod. The founder and first abbot of the monastery was the Monk Anthony the Roman (c. 1067-1147).

In 1119, by order of Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich (c. 1095-1138), construction of the Church of St. George the Victorious (built in 1130) began on the territory of the ancient monastery in Yuryev due to the fact that the approaches to Novgorod from the shores of Lake Ilmen required constant control . The construction of the temple was carried out by the artel of master Peter.

In the 30s of the 12th century, Rus' entered an era feudal fragmentation. The temples of Novgorod, built during this period, no longer amaze with their enormous size, but they retain the main features of this architectural school. They are distinguished by their simplicity and somewhat heaviness of form. At the end of the 12th century, such churches as the Church of Peter and Paul on Sinichya Mountain (1185-1192) and the Church of the Assurance of Thomas on Myachina (1195) were built (a new church under the same name was built on its foundation in 1463). An outstanding monument that completed the development of the school in the 12th century was the Church of the Savior on Nereditsa (1198). Built in one season under the Novgorod prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich.

In the XII-XIII centuries, the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality became an important cultural center. Continuing the Byzantine and Kyiv traditions, architectural style changes, acquires its own, individual features.

Under Prince Yuri Dolgoruky in 1152, the Church of Boris and Gleb in Kideksha and the Transfiguration Cathedral in Pereslavl-Zalessky were built. During the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky (1111-1174), Vladimir-Suzdal architecture reached its greatest flourishing. In the capital of the principality, Vladimir, active construction is taking place; the city is being built up with monumental buildings.

Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky did everything so that the city of Vladimir (named in honor of Vladimir Monomakh) eclipsed Kyiv. In the fortress wall surrounding the city, gates were built, the main of which were traditionally called Golden. Such gates were erected in all major cities Christendom, starting from Constantinople, in memory of the entry of Jesus Christ into Jerusalem through the Golden Gate of the city.

The Assumption Cathedral - a land cathedral in honor of the Mother of God - was erected in Vladimir in 1158-1160, and then rebuilt in 1185-1189. Prince Vsevolod III (1154-1212).

The greatest Russian shrine was placed in the cathedral - the icon of the Mother of God, which, according to legend, was painted by the Evangelist Luke and secretly taken from Kyiv by Andrei Bogolyubsky.

In 1158-1165 at the mouth of the Nerl River, 10 km. to the northeast of Vladimir, by order of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky, his residence was built (now the village of Bogolyubovo). One of the most outstanding monuments of architecture of the Vladimir-Suzdal school is the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, built in 1165, as a monument to the successful campaign of Andrei Bogolyubsky against the Volga Bulgars in 1164, and for the feast of the Intercession of the Virgin. At the same time, it was a monument to the son of Prince Andrei, Izyaslav, who died in this campaign.

During the time of Vsevolod, whose glory and power so amazed his contemporaries, the Suzdal land became a principality dominating the rest of Russia. During this period, the Demetrius Cathedral was erected in Vladimir (1191). So the architecture Rus' X-XII centuries, being influenced by various cultures, especially Byzantine, however, it developed its own original, inimitable character and made an invaluable contribution to the treasury of world culture.

One of the outstanding monuments of serf architecture of the 15th-17th centuries was the Kremlin, which turned any city into an impregnable fortress.

By the 17th century, there were already hundreds of buildings in the Moscow Kremlin. The Kremlin was turning into a world-famous, unique architectural ensemble, a symbol of strength and unity of the Russian land.

The 17th century brought with it new artistic trends. A decorative, picturesque style came to architecture. The shapes of the buildings became more complex, their walls were covered with multi-colored ornaments and white stone carvings.

By the end of the century, the Moscow, or Naryshkin, Baroque style was emerging, magnificent and stately, ceremonial and exceptionally elegant. The most famous building late XVII century is the Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary in Fili.

A true masterpiece of Russian civil architecture of this period is the Terem Palace of the Moscow Kremlin.

The 18th century in Russian architecture and urban planning is characterized by the fusion of Russian style with three European trends - Baroque, Rococo and Classicism.

During this period, several outstanding architectural ensembles were built: the Smolny Monastery, the Peterhof and Tsarskoye Selo palaces, the building of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, St. Andrew's Cathedral in Kyiv. Thus, in the process of the evolution of Russian national culture in architecture, the concept of “Russian style” was formed as a reflection of the totality of conscious traditions, features, and characteristics characteristic of Russian culture not in a specific historical period, but from the time of the formation of a single Russian nation to this day.

The Russian language belongs to the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic group, which is part of the Indo-European family of languages. The Russian language inherited its written language from Ancient Rus'.

The modern Russian alphabet is based on the Cyrillic alphabet - one of the oldest Slavic alphabet.

Russian is the most widely spoken language in the world, one of the six official and working languages of the UN, as well as one of the five working languages of the parliamentary assemblies of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg.

National Costume.

Russian national costume is divided according to social status. The Russian peasant national costume consists of embroidered peasant clothes, with folk ornaments, bast shoes, and hats. Urban Russian national costume is presented mainly outerwear- these are long leather or woolen coats, high black leather boots, Cossack hats, etc.

The main parts of a women's folk costume were a shirt, an apron or curtain, a sundress, a poneva, a bib, and a shushpan (women's short clothing, with an interception, usually made of cloth).

In Russian folk costume, ancient headdresses and the custom itself are preserved for a married woman to hide her hair, and for a girl to leave it uncovered. This custom determines the shape of a woman’s headdress in the form of a closed cap, and a girl’s headdress in the form of a hoop or headband. Soroki kokoshniks, various headbands and crowns are widespread. Men's suit consisted of a shirt-shirt with or without a low stand and narrow pants (ports) made of canvas or dyed. A shirt made of white or colored canvas was worn over pants and belted with a belt or long woolen sash. The decorative solution for the blouse is embroidery on the bottom of the product, the bottom of the sleeves, and the neckline. Embroidery was often combined with inserts made of fabric of a different color, the arrangement of which emphasized the design of the shirt (seams of the front and back, gussets, neck trim, line connecting the sleeve to the armhole). On the short-cropped head they usually wore tafiyas, which in the 16th century were not removed even in church, despite the censures of Metropolitan Philip. Tafya is a small round hat.

Hats were put on over the tafya: among the common people - from felt, poyarka, among rich people - from thin cloth and velvet. In addition to hats in the form of hoods, three hats, murmolkas and caps were worn.

Customs and traditions.

Russian folk customs and traditions are associated with the calendar and human life. In Rus', the calendar was called a monthly calendar. The month book covered the entire year of peasant life, “describing” day by day, month after month, where each day had its own holidays or weekdays, customs and superstitions, traditions and rituals, natural signs and phenomena. Folk calendar is a kind of encyclopedia peasant life. It includes knowledge of nature, agricultural experience, rituals, and norms of social life.

For a long time, villages lived by three calendars. The first is natural, agricultural, associated with the change of seasons. The second - pagan, pre-Christian times, just like agricultural, was correlated with natural phenomena. The third, latest calendar is the Christian, Orthodox, in which there are only twelve great holidays, not counting Easter.

National holidays.

Russian people knew how to work, and they knew how to relax. Following the principle: “There is time for work, an hour for fun,” the peasants rested mainly on holidays. Russian word“holiday” comes from the ancient Slavic “prazd”, meaning “rest, idleness.” Since ancient times, Christmas was considered the main winter holiday. The holiday of Christmas came to Rus' along with Christianity in the 10th century. and merged with the ancient Slavic winter holiday - Christmastide, or carol. Slavic Christmastide was a multi-day holiday. They started at the end of December and continued throughout the first week of January. On Christmastide it was forbidden to quarrel, use foul language, mention death, or commit reprehensible acts. Everyone was obliged to do only nice things for each other. On the threshold of spring, villages celebrated a cheerful holiday - Maslenitsa. It has been known since pagan times as a holiday of farewell to winter and welcome of spring. Like any event associated with Easter - the main event of the Christian year, Maslenitsa does not have an exact calendar attachment, but is the week preceding Lent. The original name of Maslenitsa was “meat empty”. Later they began to call Maslenitsa week “cheese”, or simply Maslenitsa. It was not allowed to eat meat, but dairy products, including butter, which was generously poured over pancakes, were the main thing holiday dish, were not yet banned. Each day during Maslenitsa week had its own name, each day had its own specific actions, rules of behavior, and rituals prohibited. Monday was called - meeting, Tuesday - flirting, Wednesday - gourmet, Thursday - revelry, wide fours, Friday - mother-in-law's party, Saturday - sister-in-law's gatherings, Sunday - forgiven day, farewell. The whole week, in addition to the official names, was popularly called: “Honest, wide, cheerful, Maslenitsa lady, Maslenitsa lady.” Every spring, Russians, like Christians all over the world, celebrate Easter, the Holy Resurrection of Christ, the oldest and most famous of Christian church celebrations. The main Easter rituals are known to everyone: dyeing eggs, baking Easter cakes. For a believer, Easter is also associated with the all-night vigil, procession of the cross and the making of Christ. Christening consists of exchanging kisses while pronouncing the Easter greeting: “Christ is risen!” - “Truly he is risen!”

On the fiftieth day after Easter, Trinity was celebrated (the day of the descent of the Holy Spirit). This Orthodox holiday reveals traces of the ancient Slavic holiday of Semik, which was celebrated in the seventh week after Easter. The holiday took place in the forest. The center of attention these days was the birch tree. She was decorated with ribbons and flowers, round dances were performed around her, and songs were sung. They decorated windows, houses, courtyards, and temples with birch branches, believing that they had healing powers. On Trinity Sunday, the birch tree was “buried” - drowned in water, which they tried to ensure rain.

On June 24, during the summer solstice, Rus' celebrated the holiday of Ivan Kupala - a pagan holiday of worship of natural elements - fire and water. The pagan Kupala was never Ivan. He didn't have any name at all. And he acquired it when the holiday of Kupala coincided with the Christian holiday of the Nativity of John the Baptist. This holiday was also called the day of Ivan Travnik. After all, medicinal herbs collected during this period are miraculous. On Kupala we dreamed of finding and seeing a fern bloom. It is at these moments that treasures emerge from the ground, lighting up with green lights. No less desirable was the meeting with the “tear-grass”, the touch of which would scatter any metal into pieces and open any doors. Russian folk holidays were unusually rich and varied. Unfortunately, some of them are almost forgotten today. I would like to believe that genuine interest in Russian culture will allow us to revive what was lost and pass it on to descendants.

Rituals dedicated to major holidays included a large number of various works of folk art: songs, sentences, round dances, games, dances, dramatic scenes, masks, folk costumes, original props. Folk traditions of celebrating Easter, Trinity, the Nativity of Christ, the Assumption and many temple (throne) holidays help strengthen family, kinship and territorial ethnic ties.

Folk songs.

Russian folk song is a song whose words and music developed historically during the development of Russian culture. A folk song does not have a specific author, or the author is unknown. All Russian songs carry a semantic load. The songs of the Russian people speak about everyday life, the experiences and life of people of that time. Russian folk songs are divided into:

1. Song epic;

2. Calendar ritual songs;

3. Family ritual songs;

4. Traditional lyrical songs;

5. Labor songs;

6. Okhodnicheskie songs;

7. Daring songs;

8. Comic, satirical, round dance songs, ditties, choruses, suffering;

9. Songs of literary origin;

10. Cossack military repertoire;

11. Genre songs related to choreography.

Everyone knows the captivating power of Russian folk songs. They have the ability not only to penetrate deeply into the soul, but also to evoke empathy. Historical folk songs are valuable because they reflect real events of past years. Passed from generation to generation without significant changes, they preserved their plots and characters, forms and means of expression for many centuries.

The themes of historical songs are varied and multifaceted: wars, campaigns, popular uprisings, incidents from the lives of kings, statesmen, and riot leaders. From them one can judge the attitude of the people to what is happening, their priorities and moral values. Thus, people reacted with deep sorrow to the execution of the rebel Emelyan Pugachev, the defender of the oppressed peasants, the “dear father”:

Folk dances.

It is impossible to count how many different dances and dances existed in Rus' and still exist in modern Russia. They have a wide variety of names: sometimes according to the song they dance to (“Kamarinskaya”, “Seni”), sometimes according to the number of dancers (“Steam room”, “Four”), sometimes the name determines the picture of the dance (“Pleten”, “Vorotsa” ). But in all these so various dances there is something common, characteristic of Russian folk dance in general: this is the breadth of movement, prowess, special cheerfulness, poetry, a combination of modesty and simplicity with a great sense of self-esteem.

National cuisine.

Russian cuisine has long been widely known throughout the world. Original Russian food products include: caviar, red fish, sour cream, buckwheat, rye cereal, etc.

The most famous dishes of the Russian national menu are jelly, cabbage soup, ukha, pancakes, pies, saiki, bagels, pancakes, jelly (oatmeal, wheat and rye), porridge, kvass, sbiten. Since most days of the year - from 192 to 216 in different years - were considered fast (and these fasts were observed very strictly), there was a natural desire to expand the range of the Lenten table. Hence the abundance of mushroom and fish dishes in Russian cuisine, the tendency to use various plant materials - grain (porridge), vegetables, wild berries and herbs (nettle, snot, quinoa, etc.).

Moreover, they have been so famous since the 10th century. vegetables such as cabbage, turnips, radishes, peas, cucumbers were prepared and eaten - whether raw, salted, steamed, boiled or baked - separately from one another. Therefore, for example, salads and especially vinaigrettes have never been characteristic of Russian cuisine and appeared in Russia already in the 19th century. as a borrowing from the West.

For a long period of development of Russian national cuisine, the process of cooking was reduced to boiling or baking products in a Russian oven, and these operations were necessarily carried out separately. What was intended for cooking was boiled from beginning to end, what was intended for baking was only baked. Thus, Russian folk cuisine did not know what combined or even different, combined or double heat treatment was.

Thermal processing of food consisted of heating the Russian stove with heat, strong or weak, in three degrees - “before the bread”, “after the bread”, “in a free spirit” - but always without contact with the fire and either with a constant temperature kept at the same level, or with falling, decreasing temperature as the oven gradually cooled, but never with increasing temperature, as with stovetop cooking. That is why the dishes always turned out not even boiled, but rather stewed, which is why they acquired a very special taste. It is not without reason that many dishes of ancient Russian cuisine do not make the proper impression when they are prepared in different temperature conditions.

Great people.

Princess Olga is the first woman and the first Christian among Russian rulers, the first Russian saint.

Vladimir Svyatoslavich - united all the Eastern Slavs, the holy baptist of Rus', Vladimir the Red Sun of Russian epics.

Yaroslav the Wise - founded Yaroslavl, initiated the creation of “Russian Truth” - the first known set of laws in Rus', holy.

Vladimir Monomakh - organized the defense of Rus' from the Polovtsians, under him the last “golden age” of the united Kievan Rus began.

Yuri Dolgoruky is the founder of Moscow, under him the rise of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus' began.

Alexander Nevsky - defeated the Swedes on the Neva and the Germans in the Battle of the Ice, patron saint of Rus' and the Russian army.

Dmitry Donskoy - united the Moscow and Vladimir principalities, defeated the Golden Horde in the Battle of Kulikovo, saint.

Ivan III the Great - united most of the Russian lands around Moscow and made it the “Third Rome”, putting an end to Rus'’s dependence on the Horde.

Ivan IV the Terrible - the first Tsar of All Rus', ruled for more than 50 years (the longest in Russia), doubled the territory of the country, annexing the Volga region and the Urals.

Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky - folk heroes, organizers and leaders of the Second Zemsky Militia, put an end to the Time of Troubles.

Peter I the Great - the first Emperor of Russia, founded the navy and the new capital - St. Petersburg, and annexed a significant part of the Baltic states.

Alexander II the Liberator - carried out the Great Reforms, including the abolition of serfdom, annexing Primorye and most of Central Asia.

Ermak Timofeevich, a Cossack ataman and national hero, defeated the Siberian Khanate, marking the beginning of the annexation of Siberia to Russia.

Alexander Suvorov - invincible commander, won more than 60 battles, hero Russian-Turkish wars, fought the Russian army through the Alps.

M. Lomonosov is the first Russian natural scientist of world significance, encyclopedist, chemist and physicist.

P.M. Tretyakov is a philanthropist, he collected the largest collection of Russian paintings, and the founder of the Tretyakov Gallery.

A.S. Pushkin is the most famous Russian poet and writer, “the sun of Russian poetry.”

G.K. Zhukov - one of the greatest commanders of the Second World War, led largest operations, took Berlin.

Yu.A. Gagarin is the first person in world history to fly into outer space.

Coat of arms, flag, anthem.

First double headed eagle as a symbol appeared in Russia more than 500 years ago on the official seal of Ivan III in 1497. It personified the power and independence of the state, and also symbolized the transfer of the Byzantine heritage to the Russian state. Since then, considerable changes have been made to the appearance of the Russian coat of arms. Since the end of the 15th century, the Byzantine coat of arms - a double-headed eagle - appears on the seals of the Moscow sovereign; it is combined with the former Moscow coat of arms - the image of St. George the Victorious. Thus, Rus' confirmed the continuity from Byzantium. During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, the eagle received symbols of power: a scepter and an orb. Under Emperor Peter I, the armorial eagle, according to heraldic rules, began to be depicted black. The eagle has become not only a decoration of state papers, but also a symbol of strength and power. The large state emblem of the Russian Empire was introduced in 1857 by decree of Emperor Alexander II. It is a symbol of the unity and power of Russia. Around the double-headed eagle are the coats of arms of the territories that are part of the Russian state.

On July 10, 1918, the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Peasants', Soldiers' and Cossacks' Deputies adopted the first Constitution of the RSFSR, which officially approved its first coat of arms. With minor changes, this coat of arms existed until 1991.

The modern State Emblem of the Russian Federation, model 1993, was adopted in December 2000. The state emblem of the Russian Federation is a quadrangular red heraldic shield with rounded lower corners, pointed at the tip, with a golden double-headed eagle raising its spreading wings upward. The eagle is crowned with two small crowns and above them one large crown, connected by a ribbon. In the eagle's right paw is a scepter, in the left is an orb. On the chest of the eagle in a red shield is a silver rider in a blue cloak on a silver horse, striking with a silver spear a black dragon, overturned and trampled by the horse. Now, as before, the double-headed eagle symbolizes the power and unity of the Russian state.

The first flag of Rus' was the red flag. Squads went on campaigns under the red banner Prophetic Oleg and Svyatoslav. The first attempt to introduce an all-Russian flag was a banner with the face of Christ. Under this flag, Dmitry Donskoy won the Battle of Kulikovo.

The appearance of the tricolor flag coincided with the beginning of the unification of Russia. For the first time, the white-blue-red flag, signifying the unity of Great, Little and White Rus', was raised on the first Russian warship "Eagle", launched in 1667.

Peter I is now recognized as the legal father of the tricolor.

On January 20, 1705, he issued a decree according to which “all kinds of trading ships” should fly a white-blue-red flag, he himself drew a sample and determined the order of horizontal stripes. The white color of the flag now represented nobility, duty and purity, blue - fidelity, chastity and love, and red - courage, generosity and strength. In 1858, Alexander II approved the sketch of the new flag of Russia, and on January 1, 1865, a personal royal decree was issued, in which the colors black, orange (gold) and white were directly called “the state colors of Russia.” This flag existed until 1883. culture custom ancient Slavic

The revolution of 1917 abolished the previous attributes of the state. In 1918, the battle red flag was approved as a national flag. Over 70 years over Russian Federation It was this banner that flew.

On August 22, 1991, an emergency session of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR decided to consider the red-blue-white flag (tricolor) as the official symbol of Russia. This particular day is celebrated in Russia as the Day of the State Flag of the Russian Federation.

Every people on earth is a biosocial and cultural-historical phenomenon. Each people contributed their special contribution into civilizational processes. The Russians have done a lot on this path. But the main thing that fell to the Russians was to unite the vast Eurasian expanses from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean into a single historical, sociocultural and at the same time ethnically diverse space. This is an outstanding cultural and civilizational phenomenon of Russians.

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3. Traditions of the Russian feast

4.Traditions of receiving guests

5. Traditions of the Russian Orthodox festive feast

Literature

1. Family traditions and rituals

Among the Russian old-timer population (especially among the Cossacks and peasants, who early received land in possession and then as property), large (undivided) families were common in the past. Not only parents, children and grandchildren lived together and managed jointly, but also several brothers; there could also have been a sister and her primak husband, orphaned nephews and other relatives. Often a family united up to 20 or more people. The head of the family team was the father or elder brother (bolshak, elder), the manager among women and the authority among men was his wife. Intrafamily life was determined by patriarchal foundations. The church itself prescribed women unquestioning submission to their husbands. The daughter-in-law was waiting in family life hard daily work, they were expected to be humble and obedient. At the same time, all family members participated in household chores; men carried out the most difficult field, forestry, and construction work. Children were also involved in family affairs.

After the abolition of serfdom and the receipt of land plots, there was a tendency towards the disintegration of large families. Settlers of the last decades of the 19th century. rarely decided to move in large numbers. At the same time, the eldest son living with his parents remained a family tradition everywhere. Families of 7-9 people were common. In Stolypin's time, small families appeared along with them - 4-6 people.

Weddings were usually celebrated in the fall or winter after Epiphany. Wedding ceremony consisted of several stages and took a long period of time. The godfather and godmother or the boy's parents came to marry the girl, and less often, other relatives. They sat under the mat and started a conversation allegorically: “You have a product, we have a merchant,” or “You have a chicken, we have a cockerel, let’s bring them into one barn.” If consent was given, then a series of pre-wedding meetings took place: the bride's viewing, acquaintance with the groom's household, a conspiracy (binge, hand-waving), during which they agreed on the wedding date, the size of the dowry, the size and content of the clutch - the groom's monetary contribution and the clothes that he bought for the bride (this could be a fur coat, a coat, a silk dress, boots with galoshes, etc.). Following this, preparations for the wedding took place for about a month. Throughout this period, the bride's friends gathered at her house for evenings, helped prepare gifts for the wedding and dowry: sewed, knitted lace, embroidered.

All rituals included in the wedding cycle were accompanied by songs according to the moment - sad, lyrical, majestic, comic, farewell.

The playful nature of the wedding entertainment was fully manifested the next day, when the son-in-law, and after him all those present, went “to the mother-in-law for pancakes.”

Among the Cossacks, for example, after a noisy (with throwing and smashing of plates) fun in the mother-in-law's house, they dressed up in different clothes, painted or covered their faces with canvas, and, whooping and singing, rode around the village on oxen harnessed to carts - Rydvans. We stopped by to visit our godfathers and other guests.

The wedding could last a week or more. Despite the limited number of invitees, almost everyone could attend, take part in dances, performances, and occasionally enjoy refreshments.

Collectors of folklore note the impoverishment of wedding rituals in the 20th century, the disappearance from it not only of many sad, but also of a number of playful moments. The number of participants expanded, but the wedding “roles” (except for groomsmen) were lost. Ritual song folklore has gone into the realm of history.

2. Calendar holidays and rituals, folklore

In everyday life, family relationships manifested themselves, uniting people into strong, numerous groups. The connection was maintained by spending holidays together (visiting each other), as well as by the customs of mutual assistance and mutual assistance. One of them, the most resilient, was the custom of helping at work (pomochi, pushing).

He acted in two forms: in alternate execution of the same work in the merged farms in a fairly short period of time; in performing urgent work at the invitation of one owner. The first type of help concerned field work (harvesting, transporting sheaves, threshing), and less commonly, haymaking. It was especially often used in the fall for harvesting cabbage for the winter, processing (washing) flax for spinning; in this case it affected only young women and girls. One-time help was collected for transporting timber and building materials, installing a log house, covering the roof, etc. The owner fed those gathered breakfast, and after finishing the work, treated them to a good lunch with beer and wine. Despite the fatigue, those present sang, danced, and had fun.

At a great height, with the participation of all residents, and sometimes guests from neighboring villages, folk festivals and festivities were held.

Basic winter holidays were in January. Two holy weeks (Yuletide) united three major holidays: Christmas, New Year(old style) and Epiphany. On holidays, magical games were played and symbolic actions were performed with grain, bread, and straw (“so that there would be a harvest”). Children, girls and boys went from house to house to carol at Christmas time, and also caroled on New Year's Day. Throughout the Christmas period, especially on New Year's Eve and after it, the girls wondered to find out their fate.

A mandatory element of Christmastide was dressing up. Young people dressed up as old men and women, gypsies, hussars; they smeared their faces with soot, put on fur coats turned inside out and walked around the village, making fun of everyone, acting out scenes, having fun. Mostly young people took part, the rest were spectators.

My favorite holiday was Maslenitsa; it lasted a whole week and marked the end of winter and the welcome of spring. Starting from Thursday of Maslenitsa week, all work stopped and noisy fun began. We went to visit each other, treated ourselves generously to pancakes, pancakes, pies, and there was also booze. It is believed that the celebration of Maslenitsa has remained with the Russians since pre-Christian times. The Church gave folk customs its own coloring.

After a long, grueling fast, Easter was celebrated - a church holiday, willingly supported by the people, perceived as the blossoming of spring, the awakening of life. At Easter they baked rich bread (Easter cakes, Easter cakes), painted eggs, attended church, visited each other, exchanged dyes when they met, and made Christ (kissed). Young people gathered separately, boys and girls danced in circles, walked along the streets, and rode on swings. After Easter week, on Tuesday they celebrated Parents' Day - they visited cemeteries, brought food to the graves of deceased relatives, including Easter food.

The spring cycle of the Semik and Trinity holidays completed. They were celebrated in the seventh week after Easter (Semik - on Thursday, and Trinity - on Sunday). On Semik, girls went into the forest, wove wreaths from birch branches, sang Trinity songs and threw wreaths into the river. If the wreath sank, it was considered a bad omen, but if it stuck to the shore, it meant that the girl was about to get married. Before that, we brewed beer together and had fun with the guys on the river bank until late at night. On Trinity Sunday it was customary to decorate the inside of the house with birch branches. The traditional food was eggs, scrambled eggs and other egg dishes.

In the autumn-winter period, gatherings (supredki) were held. In the evenings, young people gathered with a lonely elderly woman, girls and young women brought a tow and other work - spinning, embroidering, knitting. Here they discussed all sorts of rural affairs, told stories and fairy tales, and sang songs. The guys who came to the party looked after the brides, joked, and had fun.

Summer entertainment for young people was gatherings (round dances, streets) on the outskirts of the village, on the river bank or near the forest. Here they played games, sang and danced, and danced in circles. We stayed late. The main figure was a good local accordion player.

The folklore of the Russians of the Southern Urals is a rich area of spiritual culture, quite well studied by now. In the 40s, people of the middle and older generation still knew well ancient lyrical songs, wedding songs, round dances, calendar-ritual, dance songs; however, daily life was dominated by ditties.

Until recently, the fairy tale genre flourished. They told fantastic and satirical tales about animals, tales about brownies and goblins. A certain layer was occupied by legends and traditions, including those on historical topics. In mountain forest villages, long located far from main roads, a rare ballad-song tradition with very old plots was discovered. Cossack and factory folklore had a specific focus. This was especially noticeable in the song repertoire.

3. Traditions of the Russian feast

From the history of Russian table traditions

Each nation has its own way of life, customs, its own unique songs, dances, and fairy tales. Each country has its favorite dishes, special traditions in table decoration and cooking. There is a lot in them that is expedient, historically conditioned, corresponding to national tastes, lifestyle, and climatic conditions. Over thousands of years, this way of life and these habits have developed; they contain the collective experience of our ancestors.

Culinary recipes, formed over the years as a result of centuries-old evolution, many of them are excellent examples of the correct combination of products in terms of taste, and from a physiological point of view - in terms of nutritional content.

The way of life of a people is formed under the influence of many factors - natural, historical, social, etc. To a certain extent, cultural exchange with other peoples also influences it, but foreign traditions are never mechanically borrowed, but acquire a local national flavor on new soil.

Since medieval times, rye, oats, wheat, barley, and millet have been cultivated in our country. Our ancestors long ago borrowed the skills of making flour and mastered the “secrets” of baking various products from fermented dough. That is why pies, pies, pancakes, pies, kulebyaki, pancakes, pancakes, etc. are of significant importance in the food of our ancestors. Many of these products have long become traditional for festive tables: kurniks - at weddings, pies, pancakes - at Maslenitsa, "larks" "from the dough - into spring holidays etc.

No less typical for Russian traditional cuisine dishes from all kinds of cereals: various porridges, cereals, pancakes, oatmeal jelly, casseroles, pea-based dishes, as well as lentils.

In the more northern regions of our country, dishes prepared from millet are of particular importance. This tradition has deep historical roots. Once upon a time, the Eastern Slavs, who came to these lands in the 6th century AD. and lived mainly in forested areas, millet was cultivated as the main crop.

Millet served as a raw material for producing flour, cereals, brewing beer, kvass, preparing soups and sweet dishes. This folk tradition continues to this day. However, it should be borne in mind that millet is inferior in nutritional value to other cereals. Therefore, it should be prepared with milk, cottage cheese, liver, pumpkin and other products.

Not only grain crops were cultivated by our ancestors. From ancient times, through the centuries, such crops of Ancient Rome as cabbage, beets and turnips have come down to the present day and become the main ones in our garden. Most widely used in Rus' sauerkraut, which was possible to save until the new harvest. Cabbage serves as an indispensable snack, seasoning for boiled potatoes and other dishes.

Cabbage soup made from various types of cabbage is the well-deserved pride of our national cuisine, although they were prepared back in Ancient Rome, where a lot of cabbage was specially grown. It’s just that many vegetable plants and recipes “migrated” from Ancient Rome through Byzantium to Rus' after the adoption of Christianity in Rus'. The Greeks not only created writing for Rus', but also passed on much of their culture.

Nowadays, cabbage is especially widely used in the cooking of northern and central regions Russia, the Urals and Siberia.

Turnips in Russia before late XVIII- early 19th centuries was as important as potatoes are today. Turnips were used everywhere and many dishes were prepared from turnips, stuffed, boiled, steamed. Turnips were used as a filling for pies, and kvass was made from it. Gradually, from the beginning to the middle of the 19th century, it was replaced by much more productive, but much less useful potatoes (practically, it is empty starch).

But turnips also contain very valuable biochemical sulfur compounds, which, when eaten regularly, are excellent immunostimulants. Now the turnip has become a rare and piecemeal product on the Russian table - when it is sold, the price for it is determined not by kilograms, but by piece.

After the transition to potatoes, Russian cuisine significantly lost its high quality. As well as after practically abandoning Russian table horseradish, which is also an indispensable aid for health, but retains its beneficial features no more than 12-18 hours after preparation, i.e. requiring preparation shortly before serving. Therefore, modern store-bought “horseradish in jars” has neither such properties nor the proper taste. So if in Russia now Russian table horseradish is served at the family table, it is only on great holidays.

For some reason, rutabaga is not mentioned in ancient sources, probably because previously rutabaga was not distinguished from turnip. These once widespread root crops in Russia currently occupy a relatively small share in vegetable growing. They could not withstand competition with potatoes and other crops. However, the unique taste and smell, the possibility of various culinary uses, transportability, and storage stability suggest that turnips and rutabaga should not be abandoned at the present time, since they give a very special taste to many dishes of Russian folk cuisine.

Of the vegetable crops that appeared in Russia later, one cannot help but mention potatoes. In the very early XIX V. potatoes made a real revolution in the traditions of the Russian table; potato dishes gained wide popularity. Much credit goes to the spread of potatoes and its popularization famous figure culture of the 18th century A.T. Bolotov, who not only developed agricultural technology for growing potatoes, but also proposed a technology for preparing a number of dishes.

Animal products have remained virtually unchanged. From time immemorial, our ancestors consumed the meat of cattle (“beef”), pigs, goats and sheep, as well as poultry - chickens, geese, ducks.

Until the 12th century. Horse meat was also used, but already in the 13th century. it has almost gone out of use, because The Mongol-Tatars, who needed horses more, began to take away the “extra” horses from the population. In manuscripts of the 16th-17th centuries. (“Domostroy”, “Painting the Tsar’s Dishes”) only certain delicious dishes made from horse meat are mentioned (jelly from horse lips, boiled horse heads). Subsequently, with the development dairy farming Milk and products derived from it were increasingly used.

Forestry was a large and significant addition to the economy of our ancestors. In the chronicles of the XI-XII centuries. talking about hunting grounds - “goshawks”; later manuscripts mention hazel grouse, wild ducks, hares, geese and other game. Although there is no reason to believe that they have not been eaten before since ancient times.

Forests occupy vast areas in our country, especially in the northern Urals and Siberia. The use of forest products is one of the characteristic features of Russian cuisine. In the old days, hazelnuts played an important role in nutrition. Nut butter was one of the most common fats. The nut kernels were crushed, a little boiling water was added, wrapped in a rag and placed under pressure. The oil gradually dripped into the bowl. Nut cake was also used for food - added to porridge, eaten with milk, with cottage cheese. Crushed nuts were also used to prepare various dishes and fillings.

The forest was also a source of honey (beekeeping). Various sweet dishes and drinks - medki - were prepared from honey. Currently, only in some places in Siberia (especially in Altai, among local non-Russian peoples) methods for preparing these delicious drinks have been preserved.

However, from the most ancient times and before the advent of mass production of sugar, honey was the main sweetness of all peoples, and on its basis even in Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, a wide variety of sweet drinks, dishes and desserts were prepared. Also, not only Russians, but also all peoples who had fish at their disposal, from time immemorial also ate caviar.

The very first artificially cultivated fruit tree in Rus' there was a cherry. Under Yuri Dolgoruky, only cherries grew in Moscow.

The character of Russian folk cuisine was significantly influenced by the geographical features of our country - the abundance of rivers, lakes, and seas. It is the geographical location that explains the number of different types of fish dishes. The diet included many river and lake fish species. Although there were many more different fish dishes in Ancient Greece and, especially, in Ancient Rome - the creator of the foundations of the modern richness of European cuisine. What was the cost of Lucullus’ culinary fantasies alone! (Unfortunately, his numerous records of recipes have been lost.)

In Russian cuisine, a large assortment of products was also used for preparing dishes. However, it is not so much the variety of products that determines the specificity of national Russian cuisine (the same products were also available to Europeans), but rather the methods of their processing and cooking technologies. In many ways, the originality of folk dishes was determined precisely by the peculiarities of the Russian oven.

There is reason to believe that the design of the traditional Russian stove was not borrowed. It appeared in Eastern Europe as a local original type of hearth. This is indicated by the fact that among the peoples of Siberia, Central Asia, and the Caucasus, the main types of ovens were open hearths, as well as an outdoor oven for baking bread or a tandoor for baking flat cakes. Finally, archeology provides direct evidence of this. During excavations of Trypillian settlements in Ukraine (third millennium BC), not only the remains of stoves were found, but also a clay model of the stove, which made it possible to restore their appearance and structure. These adobe stoves can be considered the prototype of later stoves, including the Russian stove.

But the design of the samovar was borrowed by the Russians from the Persians, who in turn took it from the Arabs. (However, Russian nesting dolls were also borrowed from the Japanese in 1893; their mass production was already established in 1896.)

But we should not try to artificially “clear” our table of dishes that were once borrowed from other peoples and have long become familiar to us. These include, for example, pancakes (borrowed in the 9th century from the cuisine of the Varangians along with compotes and infusions from dried fruits), cutlets, meatballs, splints, steaks, escalopes, mousses, jelly, mustard, mayonnaise (borrowed from European cuisine), shish kebab and kebab (borrowed from the Crimean Tatars), dumplings (borrowed from the Mongols in the 12th century), borscht (this National dish Ancient Rome, which came to Rus' along with Orthodoxy from the Byzantine Greeks), ketchup (an invention of the cooks of the English navy) and others.

Many dishes that have now become traditional Russian were invented by French chefs and restaurateurs who worked in Russia in the 19th century and created the foundations of modern Russian cuisine (Lucien Olivier, Yar, etc.).

In the process of historical development, nutrition changed, new products appeared, and methods of their processing improved. Potatoes and tomatoes appeared in Russia relatively recently, many ocean fish have become familiar, and it is no longer possible to imagine our table without them. Attempts to divide Russian cuisine into ancient, original and modern are very conventional. It all depends on the availability of products available to the people. And who will now say that dishes with potatoes or tomatoes cannot be national Russian?

The culinary use of pineapples during the times of Catherine II and Prince Potemkin (this lover of cabbage stalks, which he did not part with and constantly gnawed) is interesting. Pineapples were then chopped and fermented in barrels, like cabbage. This was one of Potemkin’s favorite snacks to go with vodka.

Our country is vast, and each region has its own local dishes. In the north they love cabbage soup, and in the south - borscht, in Siberia and the Urals there is no festive table without shaneg, and in Vologda - without fishmongers, on the Don they cook fish soup with tomatoes, etc. However, there are many common dishes for all regions of our country and more general techniques their preparations.

Everything that was formed at the initial stage of the Russian culinary tradition remains unchanged to this day. The main components of the traditional Russian table: black rye bread, which remains a favorite to this day, various soups and cereals prepared almost every day, but not at all according to the same recipes as many years ago (which require a Russian oven, and even ability to handle it), pies and other countless products made from yeast dough, without which not a single party is complete, pancakes, as well as our traditional drinks - honey, kvass and vodka (although all of them are also borrowed; in particular, bread kvass prepared in ancient Rome).

In addition, with the arrival of Orthodoxy from Byzantium in Rus', a Lenten table was formed.

The main advantage of Russian cuisine is the ability to absorb and creatively refine and improve the best dishes of all the peoples with whom the Russian people had to communicate on a long historical path. This is what made Russian cuisine the richest cuisine in the world. And now not a single nation has worthy dishes that would have no analogues in Russian cuisine, but in much best performance.

4. Traditions of receiving guests

In the seventeenth century, every self-respecting city dweller, and especially if he was also wealthy, could not do without holding festive feasts, because it was part of their way of life. They began to prepare for the festive feast long before the solemn day - they carefully cleaned and tidied up the entire house and yard; when the guests arrived, everything had to be flawless, everything had to shine like never before. From the chests were taken ceremonial tablecloths, dishes, and towels that had been so carefully stored for this day.

And the honorable place of the head of this entire responsible process, as well as the purchasing and preparation festive events, the mistress of the house watched.

The owner had an equally important responsibility - inviting guests to the feast. Moreover, depending on the status of the guest, the owner either sent a servant with an invitation or went himself. And the actual event itself went something like this: the hostess in a festive outfit came out to the assembled guests and greeted them, bowing from the waist, and the guests responded with a bow to the ground, followed by a kissing ceremony: the owner of the house invited the guests to honor the hostess with a kiss.

The guests took turns approaching the hostess of the house and kissing her, and at the same time, according to the canons of etiquette, they held their hands behind their backs, after which they bowed to her again and accepted a glass of vodka from her hands. When the hostess went to the special women's table, this served as a signal for everyone to sit down and start eating. Usually the ceremonial table stood stationary, in the “red corner,” that is, under the icons, near the benches fixedly attached to the wall, on which, by the way, at that time it was considered more honorable than on the benches.

The meal itself began with the owner of the house cutting off and serving to each invited guest a slice of bread with salt, which symbolized the hospitality and hospitality of this house; by the way, today’s hospitality traditions take their origins from that time. As a sign of special respect or affection for one of his guests, the host of the ceremony could himself put some food from a special plate, specially placed next to him, and, with the help of his servant, send it to the guest of honor especially, as if more emphasizing his attention given to him.

Although the tradition of greeting guests with bread and salt came to us from that time, the order of serving dishes in those days was noticeably different from the one we are accustomed to today: first we ate pies, after dishes of meat, poultry and fish, and only at the end of the meal started on soups.

Serving order

When all the participants in the meal were seated in their places, the owner cut the bread into pieces and, along with salt, served it to each guest separately. With this action he once again emphasized the hospitality of his home and deep respect to everyone present.

At these festive feasts, one more thing was obligatory - the so-called oprichnina dish was placed in front of the owner and the owner personally transferred the food from it into shallow containers (flat dishes) and handed them along with the servants to special guests as a sign of absolute attention to them. And when the servant conveyed this peculiar gastronomic message from his master, as a rule he said: “May you, dear sir, eat for your health.”

If we, by some miracle, could travel back in time and find ourselves in the seventeenth century, and why not, if a second miracle happened, we would be invited to such a celebration, we would be quite surprised at the order in which the dishes were served at the table. Judge for yourself, now it’s normal for us that first we eat an appetizer, then soup, and after that the main course and dessert, but in those days they served pies first, then meat, poultry and fish dishes ( "roast"), and only then, at the end of lunch - soups ( "ear"). Having rested after soups, we ate a variety of sweets for dessert. snacks.

How they drank in Rus'

The drinking traditions in Rus' that have been preserved and come down to us have their roots in ancient times, and in many houses today, as in the distant past, refusing food and drinking means offending the owners. The tradition of drinking vodka not in small sips, as is customary, for example, in European countries, but in one gulp, all at once, has also reached us and is practiced everywhere.

True, now the attitude towards drunkenness has changed, if today getting drunk means deviating from accepted norms of decency, then in those days of boyar Rus', when it was considered obligatory, and a guest who was not drunk had to at least pretend to be one. Although one should not get drunk quickly, but keep up with all the participants in the feast, and therefore rapid intoxication at a party was considered indecent.

Royal feasts

Thanks to the many ancient manuscripts that have reached us, we are well aware of the festive and everyday table of the tsar and the boyars. And this is thanks to the punctuality and precision in the performance of their duties by court servants.

The number of all kinds of dishes at royal feasts and at feasts of rich boyars reached up to a hundred, and on special occasions could reach half a thousand, and they were brought to the table one by one, one at a time, and precious gold and silver dishes with other dishes were held in the hands of those standing around the table servants.

Peasant feast

But the traditions of feasting and eating were also among not so rich layers of society, and were not only among the rich and noble members of society.

Representatives of almost all segments of the population considered it obligatory to gather at the banquet table on all occasions. significant events in life, be it a wedding, christening, name day, meeting, farewell, funeral, folk and church holidays...

And naturally, it is this tradition that has reached us practically unchanged.

Russian hospitality

Everyone knows about Russian hospitality and it has always been this way.

As for food, if guests come to a Russian person’s house and find the family having dinner, they will certainly be invited to the table and seated at it, and the guest is unlikely to have the opportunity to refuse this.

Gala dinners and feasts in honor of the reception of foreign guests were organized with particular breadth and scope; they were designed to demonstrate not only the material capabilities of the royal hosts (who completely robbed their own people), but also the breadth and hospitality of the Russian soul.

5. Traditions of the Russian Orthodox festive feast

The Orthodox festive feast has preserved many traditions, customs and rituals since ancient times. A characteristic feature of Orthodox holidays was that they were family holidays. All family members and close relatives gathered at the table. Table etiquette was very reserved and strict. They sat decorously at the table, and they tried to have serious and kind conversations. Revelry and drunkenness, especially on fasting days, were considered a great sin. As St. Theodore of Edessa wrote, “Spend the holiday not in drinking wine, but in renewing the mind and spiritual purity. By filling your belly with food, you will anger the One to whom the holiday is dedicated.”

A mandatory element of the holiday is prayer. It is believed that food prepared with prayer is always successful, and prayers before and after eating food and others addressed to God, the Most Holy Trinity, the Most Holy Theotokos, and the Precious Cross will bring health, peace and joy.

The Orthodox holiday table is characterized by traditional dishes corresponding to the holiday being celebrated. For many holidays, strictly defined ritual dishes were intended, and they were often prepared only once a year. They knew in advance and waited for stuffed pig, goose or turkey, honey or poppy seed pie, fluffy and rosy pancakes, colored eggs and Easter cakes to be on the table...

Orthodox holidays were celebrated with a plentiful and rich table. Both wealthy and poor families put on the table all the best that was in the house. Especially for the holidays, various products were purchased in advance and stored in home pantries.

Delicious dishes were prepared for the festive table, adhering to the rule: “A person eats at home, but when visiting, he enjoys himself,” and the housewives tried to show off their culinary skills. The range of snacks and dishes, especially cold ones, was varied and wide. Folk traditions often prescribed how many of them there should be for which holiday. Most dishes and drinks were immediately placed on the table. It was considered obligatory to try all the dishes that were on the table.

Much attention was paid to the decoration of the festive table. It was covered with a beautiful, usually embroidered or snow-white tablecloth and served with the best dishes and cutlery, decorated with flowers, sprigs of greenery, paper ribbons, and garlands. An indispensable attribute of the festive table were candles, which gave the feast a special solemnity and symbolized the religious nature of the holiday.

The traditions and customs of the festive feast have changed and been updated over the centuries. Each generation sought to preserve both ancient pagan and Orthodox traditions, and to bring something of their own. AND modern generations is no exception to this rule.

Posts established by the church.

Multi-day posts

1. Great Lent, or Holy Pentecost before Easter. It lasts 7 weeks: 6 weeks of fasting itself and the 7th week of Passion.

2. The Nativity Fast lasts 40 days before Christmas from November 27 - the Day of St. Apostle Philip, therefore it is also called the “Philip Fast”.

4. Apostolic, or Peter's Fast. It begins a week after the feast of the Holy Trinity and continues until the feast of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul (July 12). Its duration depends on the date of Easter: the longest is 6 weeks, the shortest is a week and one day.

One-day posts

5. Wednesday and Friday of every week.

ABOUT MEAL ON HOLIDAYS

It should be borne in mind that according to the Charter of the Church, there is no fasting on the feasts of the Nativity of Christ and the Epiphany, which happened on Wednesday and Friday.

On the eves of the holidays of the Nativity of Christ and the Epiphany of the Lord, which happened on Saturday and Sunday, food with vegetable oil is allowed.

On Candlemas, the Nativity of the Theotokos, the Assumption, on the feasts of the Nativity of John the Baptist, the Apostles Peter and Paul, and the Apostle John the Theologian, which happened on Wednesday and Friday, fish is allowed.

On the holidays of the Transfiguration and Introduction, fish is allowed on any day. On the Recession of Pentecost and Easter, fish is allowed.

Every nation has its own unique properties mentality, inherent only to it, depending on the mentality of the nation, traditions, rituals, customs and other components of culture are built. The mentality of the Russian people, of course, is qualitatively different from other nationalities, primarily in its special hospitality, breadth of traditions and other features.

Literature

1. Native Bashkortostan. Ed. G.Samitdinova, Z.A.Sharipova, Ya.T.Nagaeva, publishing house: Bashkortostan Ufa, 1993

2. Encyclopedia of rituals and customs, ed. Brudnaya L.I., Gurevich Z.M., Dmitrieva O.L., St. Petersburg: “Respex”, 1997

Kolyada Veronika Alexandrovna
Job title: primary school teacher
Educational institution: MBOU "Secondary School No. 4"
Locality: village Vannovskoye, Tbilisi district, Krasnodar region
Name of material: methodological development
Subject: Pages from the history of my people "Traditions, life and culture of the Kuban Cossacks"
Publication date: 25.11.2018
Chapter: elementary education

MBOU "Secondary School No. 4"

village Vannovskoye, Tbilisi district, Krasnodar region

Pages of the history of my people

“Traditions, life, culture of the Kuban Cossacks”

Performed:

Kolyada Veronika Alexandrovna

primary school teacher

MBOU "Secondary School No. 4"

With. Vannovskoye

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..……1

Main part:

2.1.Special rituals when laying a house……………………………..……. 2

2.2. Ritual during housing construction……………………………………..……2

2.3. Interior decoration of a Cossack hut………………………………..….. 3

2.4.Cossack costume…………………………………………………….......…..4

2.5. Cossack food……………………………………………………….……5

2.6.Family and social life…………………………………………..6

2.7.Rituals and holidays…………………………………………………….…7

2.8. Oral spoken Kuban speech………………………………………………………..10

2.9. Folk arts and crafts……………………………………………………….… 11

Conclusion……………………………………………………………...15

Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………..16

References……………………………………………………….18

Introduction

In my creative work I will try to highlight all the interesting

traditions

culture

development

Kuban

Cossacks.

I think that without the Cossacks today it is impossible to maintain public

natural

resources,

military-patriotic

education of the younger generation and preparation of youth for service in

socio-political

Therefore, the decade of the revival of the Kuban Cossacks became an event for

all Kuban residents.

By the way, a new term has recently appeared - “neo-Cossacks”. Some

figures are trying to tear the Cossacks away from their ancient roots, which with milk

mothers were absorbed by the current carriers of the Cossack idea - our old people.

They say that there was no revival of the Cossacks, they died long ago. But I'm sure

that there was no break in the historical traditions and culture of the Cossacks, the Cossack spirit

has always been present in our villages and villages, and therefore to talk about

Neo-Cossackism is blasphemous. The Cossacks are doomed to flourish because

the idea of revival went deeper and broader, attracting new people to it

the Cossack idea - our youth. We

We carefully preserve the traditions of our ancestors,

grandfather's

folk

history, we are proud of our Cossack roots. This means we are confidently stepping into

third millennium! All this confirms the choice of this work.

It is advisable to start with history about traditional folk culture

settlement of Kuban, because it is in this historical event that the origins are laid

culture of the Kuban Cossacks.

features

historical

development,

a unique region where for two centuries they interacted,

elements of the cultures of the southern

Russian, Eastern Ukrainian and other peoples.

House building- an important element of traditional folk culture.

This is a big event in the life of every Cossack family, a collective affair. IN

it was usually attended by, if not all, then

This is how turluch houses were built: “By

perimeter

buried

big

"with oh and"

"podshaniks"

intertwined

When the frame was ready, relatives and neighbors were called for the first stroke

“under fists” - clay mixed with straw was hammered into the fence with fists.

mixed with sex, pressed and smoothed with fingers. For the third

"smooth"

added

thoroughly

mixed with straw cutting)".

Public

Ataman

governing body,

erected

iron

decorate

Kuban

Special rituals when laying a house."To the construction site

they threw scraps of pet hair and feathers - “so that everything would run smoothly.”

Motherfucker

(wooden

laid out

they were raised on towels or chains “so that the house would not be empty.”

Ritual

construction

housing.

front

built in

wood

calling

blessing

inhabitants of the house.

After the completion of construction work, the owners arranged a treat

instead of payment (it was not supposed to be taken for help). Most participants

was also invited to a housewarming party.

Interior decoration of a Cossack hut. Interior of a Kuban home

was basically the same for all regions of Kuban. There were usually two in the house

rooms: great (vylyka) and small hut. In the small hut there was a stove,

wooden

custom-made furniture: cupboard: (“mountain” or “corner”),

chest of drawers, chests, etc. The central place in the house was "Red

"goddess".

"Goddess"

was formalized

big

consisting of one or more icons, decorated with towels, and a table -

square

decorated

paper

"goddess"

kept

objects,

sacred

ritual

meaning: wedding candles, “paskas”, as they are called in Kuban,

Easter eggs, buttermilk, records of prayers, memorial books.”

Towels- a traditional element of decorating a Kuban home. Their

home

production,

sheathed

lace and embroidered with a cross or satin stitch. Embroidery most often took place

towels

predominance

vegetable

ornament,

flowers, geometric shapes, paired images of birds.

common

interior

Cossack

photos

traditional

family

relics.

Small

photo studio

appeared

Kuban

villages

years of the 19th century.

We took pictures

funeral.

They were especially often photographed during the First World War, in

every Cossack family tried to take a photo as a souvenir or receive

photo from the front.

Cossack

costume. Male

casual clothes. The uniform has gone through a complex path of development, and

affected

culture

Caucasian

neighborhood.

Were at enmity

strived for mutual understanding, trade and exchange, including cultural

household

established

mid-19th century: Circassian from

black cloth, dark trousers, beshmet, bashlyk, winter cloak, hat,

boots or caps.

Uniform

composite

Cossack

“to the right”, i.e. equipment at your own expense. The Cossack was “celebrated” long before

how he went to serve. This was due not only to material costs

for ammunition and weapons, but also with the Cossack’s entry into a new world for him

objects surrounding the male warrior. His father usually told him:

“Well, son, I got you married and celebrated. Now live by your wits - I'm more

I’m not answerable to God for you.”

Bloody

showed

inconvenience

impracticality

traditional

Cossack

they made peace while the Cossack was on guard duty. Already in 1915, during the first

World War, which acutely revealed this problem, the Cossacks were allowed

replace the circassian coat and beshmet with an infantry-style tunic, and a burka with

an overcoat, and replace the hat with a cap. The traditional Cossack uniform was

left as a front door.

The traditional women's costume was formed by the middle of the 19th century.

blouses

(cow),

made from chintz. She could be fitted

basso,

Necessarily

sleeve, trimmed with fancy buttons,

homemade

lace.

pomp

gathered at the waist.

purchased

material

five six

panels (shelves) on an upturned cord - uchkur. Canvas skirts in Kuban

worn, as a rule, as underwear, and they were called in Russian - podol,

in Ukrainian, speednitsa. Petticoats were worn under cotton, satin and

other skirts, sometimes even two or three, one on top of the other. The lowest one was

must be white."

The meaning of clothing in the system of material values of the Cossack family

beautiful

raised

emphasized

wealth, distinguished from non-residents. Clothes, even festive ones, are a thing of the past.

cost the family relatively cheap: each woman knew how to spin and

weave, and cut, and sew, embroider and weave lace.

Cossack

food. basis

Kuban

were

wheat bread, livestock products, fish farming, vegetable growing and

gardening...

Most

popular

was considered

sauerkraut, with beans, with meat, lard, on fast days - with vegetable

oil Each housewife had her own unique taste of borscht. It was

due not only to the diligence with which the housewives prepared the food, but also

various culinary secrets, among which was the ability to make

frying The Cossacks loved dumplings and dumplings. They knew a lot about fish: they

salted, dried, boiled. Fruits were salted and dried for the winter, compotes were made

prepared

watermelon

fruity

Honey was widely consumed and wine was made from grapes.

In Kuban they ate more meat and meat dishes(especially poultry, pork and

lamb) than in other places in Russia. However, lard was also highly valued here.

products

were used

seasoning

food

In large undivided families, all products were in charge

mother-in-law, who handed them over to the “on-duty” daughter-in-law... The food was cooked as

usually in the oven (in the winter in the house, in the kitchen, in the summer - also in the kitchen or in the summer

necessary

simplest

cast iron, saucepans, bowls, frying pans, slinger grips, bowls, pokers.”

Family and social life. Families in Kuban were large, so

explained

dissemination

farm

natural

farms,

constant

situation

military

Main

The Cossack's duty was military service. Every

having reached

took

oath and was required to attend drills in

pass

education

upon reaching 21 years of age, he entered a 4-year

military service, after completion of which he was assigned to the regiment, and until 38

years old had to participate in three-week camp training, have a horse and

set

uniforms,

regular

drill

military training. All this took a lot of time, so in Cossack families

a big role was played by the woman who ran the household and took care of

about the elderly, raised the younger generation. The birth of 5-7 children in the Cossack

family was a common occurrence. Some women gave birth 15-17 times.

The Cossacks loved children and were happy about the birth of both a boy and a girl. But

they were more happy about the boy: in addition to the traditional interest in the birth

successor

mixed in

practical

interests - for the future Cossack warrior, the community issued plots of land. Children

They were introduced to work early, from the age of 5-7 they did feasible work. Father

and grandfather taught their sons and grandchildren labor skills, survival in dangerous

conditions, stamina and endurance. Mothers and grandmothers taught their daughters and

granddaughters, the ability to love and take care of the family, and thrifty housekeeping.

Peasant-Cossack pedagogy always followed everyday precepts, in

obedience,

demanding

conscientious

justice,

moral

dignity and diligence at work. In a Cossack family, father and mother, grandfather and grandmother,

taught the main thing - the ability to live wisely.

respect

enjoyed

performed

guardians

public

Cossack self-government.

Cossack families worked tirelessly. Especially heavy

there was field work during the lean season - cleaning

Worked

moved

homemade

was studying

mother-in-law

daughter-in-law.

were engaged

all kinds of repairs and repairs of buildings, tools, transport

funds, their responsibility was to care for horses and livestock.

The Cossacks knew how not only to work, but also to rest well. On Sunday

festive

work

was considered

went to church, a kind of place of spiritual communication.

Traditional

"conversations"

"gatherings". Married and elderly people whiled away their time at the “conversations.” Here

discussed

shared

memories,

Necessarily

Young people preferred the “street” in the summer or “gatherings” in the winter. On

“on the street” people made acquaintances, learned and performed songs, songs

and dancing was combined with games. “Gatherings” were organized with the onset

cold weather in the homes of girls or young spouses. The same people gathered here

"street" companies. At the “get-togethers” the girls crushed and carded hemp,

embroidered.

accompanied

arrival

The boys started dancing and playing.

Rituals

holidays. On

existed

various

wedding,

maternity,

naming,

christening,

funeral.

long

strict

rules. In the old days

I've never had a wedding

material

wealth

parents

state,

spiritual

moral

event

The ban on holding weddings in

preferred

time

the years for weddings were considered to be autumn and winter, when not

there was field work and, moreover, this was a time of economic prosperity after

harvesting. The age of 18-20 years was considered favorable for marriage. IN

procedure

conclusions

intervene

military

administration. So, for example, it was not allowed to give girls away to other

village, if there were many bachelors and widowers in its own. But even within

village young people were deprived of the right to choose. The final word in

The choice of the bride and groom was left to the parents. Matchmakers could appear without

the groom, only with his hat, so the girl did not see him until the wedding

your betrothed.

“There are several periods in the development of a wedding: pre-wedding,

which included matchmaking, shaking hands, vaults, parties in the house

bride and groom; wedding and post-wedding ritual.” At the end of the wedding

the main role was given to the groom's parents: they were rolled around the village in a trough,

locked

had to

pay off

"quarters". The guests also suffered: their chickens were “stolen”, they were smeared at night

lime

offensive,

meaningless, not aimed at the future good of man and society.

Ancient rituals outlined and consolidated new connections, imposed on people

social

responsibilities.

Deep

filled

actions, but also words, objects, clothes, songs.”

noted

calendar holidays: Christmas, New Year, Maslenitsa, Easter,

Easter was considered a special event and celebration among the people. About it

The names of the holiday are also spoken - “Vylyk Day”, Bright Sunday.

We need to start talking about this holiday with Lent. After all, it is he who

preparation for Easter, a period of spiritual and physical cleansing.

Great Lent lasted seven weeks, and each week had its own

Name. The last two were especially important: Verbnaya and Passionate.

After them came Easter - a bright and solemn holiday of renewal.

On this day they tried to wear everything new. Even the sun, we noticed, rejoices,

changes, plays with new colors. The table was also updated, prepared in advance

ritual

pig.

painted in different colors: red - blood, fire, sun; blue - sky, water;

green - grass, vegetation. In some villages they applied

geometric pattern - “pysanky”. Paska ritual bread was real

work

art.

We tried

"head"

decorated with pine cones, flowers, bird figures, crosses, smeared with egg

protein, sprinkled with colored millet.

Easter linen

"still life"

beautiful

walkie talkie illustration

mythological

ideas

a pig is a symbol of fertility, an egg is the beginning of life, vital energy.

Returning

consecration

ritual

washed with water containing red dye to be

beautiful and healthy. We broke our fast with eggs and paska. They were given as gifts

beggars, exchanged with relatives and neighbors.

The gaming and entertainment side of the holiday was very eventful:

driving

round dances,

paints,

arranged

swings, carousels. By the way, riding on a swing had a ritual meaning - it

was supposed to stimulate the growth of all living things. Easter ended with Red

Gorka, or Farewell, a week after Easter Sunday. This -

"Parents' Day", remembrance of the dead.

Attitude towards ancestors is an indicator of the moral state of society,

belonged

deep

respect. On this day, the whole village went to the cemetery, knitted on crosses

scarves and towels, held a funeral feast, distributed “for the wake”

food and sweets.

Oral spoken Kuban speech- valuable and interesting element

folk traditional culture.

It is interesting because it represents a mixture of two related languages

peoples - Russian and Ukrainian, plus borrowed words from languages

highlanders, a juicy, colorful fusion corresponding to the temperament and spirit

population

Kuban

speaking

related Slavic languages - Russian and Ukrainian, easily learned

linguistic features of both languages, and without difficulty many Kuban residents passed

in conversation from one language to another, taking into account the situation. Chernomorets in

when talking with Russians, especially with city people, they began to use

Russian language. In communication with village residents, neighbors, acquaintances, relatives

“balakali”, i.e. spoke the local Kuban dialect. In the same time

the language of the Lineians was colorful in Ukrainian words and expressions. To the question, to

what language do they speak Kuban Cossacks, in Russian or Ukrainian, many

They answered: “On ours, Cossack! In Kuban."

Kuban

overslept

sayings,

proverbs,

phraseological units.

phraseological units

Armavir

Pedagogical Institute. It contains more than a thousand phraseological

units of type: bai duzhe (all the same), sleeps and kurei bachit (sleeps lightly), bisova

believer),

(sit back)

reflect

national

specifics

originality.

phraseology - a stable phrase that captures the rich historical

the experience of the people, reflects ideas related to labor activity,

culture

Correct,

appropriate

usage

phraseological units

unique

originality,

expressiveness and accuracy.

Folk arts and crafts- an important part of traditional folk

culture.

Kubanskaya

was famous

masters,

gifted

manufacturing

folk

practical purpose, but did not forget about beauty. From simple materials

were created

true

works

art.

Pottery production is a typical small peasant craft. IN

every Kuban family had the necessary pottery: makitras,

makhotki, bowls, bowls, etc. In the potter’s work, a special place was occupied

making a jug. The creation of this beautiful form was not possible

everyone, skill and skill were required to make it. If the vessel breathes,

keeping

cool

a piece of soul in simple dishes.

Blacksmithing has been practiced in Kuban since ancient times. Every sixth

The Cossack was a professional blacksmith. The ability to forge your own horses, chaises,

weapons and, above all, all household utensils were considered the same

natural,

cultivate

formed

blacksmith centers. In the village of Staroshcherbinovskaya, for example, blacksmiths

made plows, winnowing machines and harrows. They were in great demand

Stavropol region

Imereti

made agricultural tools, and in small villages

in the forges they forged what they could: axes, horseshoes, pitchforks, shovels. Deserves

mentions

skill

artistic

was called

"forging".

highly artistic

treatment

was used

visors,

decorations

blacksmith

meet

buildings XIX

beginning of the 20th century

villages and cities of Kuban.

Eyewitnesses

everyday life writers

folk

trades

allocated

weaving production. Weaving provided material for clothing and decoration

dwellings. Already from the age of 7-9, girls in a Cossack family learned to weave,

spinning. Before reaching adulthood, they managed to prepare a dowry for themselves

several

dozens

tabletop,

The raw materials for weaving were mainly hemp and sheep's wool.

The inability to weave was considered a great disadvantage among women.

Integral objects of the Kuban home were weaving mills

looms, spinning wheels, combs for making threads, beeches - barrels for bleaching

especially for sale.

Our ancestors knew how to make household utensils of openwork weaving in

Slavic style. They wove cradles, tables and

chairs, baskets, baskets, yard fences - wattle fence. In the village of Maryanskaya

this fishery has survived to this day. In the markets of Krasnodar you can see

bread bins,

bookcases,

furniture

headsets,

decorative wall panels.

Conclusion

During the transformation, Russian society faced difficult

moral, political, economic problems that are not

can be solved without the help of humanities. People care about worries

about the future, but at the same time their interest in the past, in

its history. Delving into history brings back to people what they once lost

values.

historical

truly

spiritual

Humanity

accumulated

countless

wealth

values, values

priority

stands

culture. Cultural values have a truly wonderful gift - they

aimed at the ideological and spiritual elevation of man.

This creative work talked about rituals, life and traditions

Kuban Cossacks.

The development of culture was determined by the traditions of literary and spiritual

life of peoples. This was manifested in the development of the educational system, cultural

educational institutions, publishing activities, the emergence of kuban-

Russian literature, science, art. It had a certain impact

the policy of the government, the military administration and the church. Before

In all, this concerned the Cossack population of Kuban.

Bibliography

Bentkovsky I. “The origin of the Cossacks, its development and ideas.”

Kuban, No. 5, 1882.

"Traditional

spiritual

culture

Kubansky

Cossacks." - Krasnodar, 1994.

Bykaderov S. “History of the Cossacks.” – Prague, book 1.

Manaenkov

"Culture

Kuban

villages, 1794-1917." Historical sketch. - Krasnodar, 1993.

Gorodetsky

Sources

studying

Black Sea region." - Krasnodar, 1924.

Mazhuev V. “Culture and History.” - M., 1977.

Slenov A.A. "Musical culture of Soviet Kuban". - Red-

Lyakh V.N. "Enlightenment and culture in the history of the Kuban village."

Irina Vladimirovna Popovets
Project “Culture and Traditions of the Russian People”

Relevance

Currently, it is necessary from preschool age to pay attention to issues spiritual and moral development of children, which contributes to the formation of love for their native land. Respect for folk traditions , as well as the creative development of children in various activities.

That is why it is important to include a variety of artistic and creative activities in a child’s life. It is in them that every child can express himself most fully and realize his creative activity.

One of the most important means of aesthetic education and the formation of an active creative personality is folk art. IN folk art generalizes ideas about beauty. Aesthetic ideals, wisdom people, which are passed on from generation to generation. Through folk child learns art traditions, customs, features of their life people, joins him culture. Folk creativity is rich in rhythms and repetitions, it carries specific images, colors, is accessible and interesting to the child, which is the basis for awakening and strengthening the emotionally positive attitude of children towards it.

Value folk art is also determined by the fact that it influences the child’s feelings through means of expression, and this influence is natural, non-violent. Because of this, it is accessible to children with different levels development, and every child gets pleasure and emotional charge from it. It attracts the attention of children, and therefore, based on the selection of elements folk art, color structure, composition, it can be used for the development baby: perception of aesthetic attitude and aesthetic evaluation, i.e. impact on the child’s sensory sphere folk art stimulates development creativity personality.

Formulation of the problem:

Introducing children from an early age to their native culture, native speech, works of oral folk art, contributes to the development of spiritual, moral, aesthetic education. In the future they will be able to save everything cultural the values of our Motherland and Russia will live on, giving the world a huge amount of talent.

Target project:

Nurturing a creatively developed personality of preschoolers by means of introducing children to the origins Russian folk culture. On the basis of cognition, promote speech, artistic-aesthetic, moral and social development child.

Tasks project. Show children beauty Russian language through oral folk art, expressed in songs, choruses, carols, rituals.

II. Introduce children to folk traditions and include them in children's lives, because they reflect deep wisdom and creative potential Russian people.

III. To assist parents in the revival and creative development of the best traditions centuries of experience in raising children and attracting them to cooperation in creating a subject-development environment.

IV. Promote the development of cognitive activity and curiosity in children.

Planned educational result:

Awakening interest in history and culture of their homeland, love for the native land.

Formation of feelings of national dignity.

Expanding children's understanding of everyday life Russian people.

Joining folk traditions through folklore.

Interaction between teachers and parents when organizing work to introduce children to...

Pedagogical implementation program project:

I. Study of psychological and pedagogical literature on problems project.

II. Studying positive teaching experience, using folk folklore for the education of preschool children.

III. Studying folk traditions family education.

IV. Developing a plan for working with children.

Basic forms of working with children:

I. Direct educational activity:

1. Conversations, examination of paintings, illustrations, visual and didactic material on topics:

- "Getting to know your native land".

- “Acquaintance with decorative and applied arts”.

-"Nature of the native land"

- “Fish looks for where it’s deeper, and man looks for where it’s better.” (places of residence, housing construction)

- "Being a guest is good, but being at home is better" (life and main activities Russian people)

- "Story Russian folk costume»

- “Oh, bast shoes, yes my bast shoes”(introduction to shoes)

- "The History of Headdresses"

- "Oh, my pancakes" (story Russian cuisine)

2. Artistic creativity children:

Drawing on themes:

- “Gorodets painting of tablets”

- “Painting of Gzhel dishes”

- “Painting of Dymkovo toys”

Modeling on themes:

- "Fairy Tale World"

- "Dymkovo toys"

Application on themes:

- “Decoration of sundresses and kokoshniks”

Matryoshka - Russian beauty. We all really like it"

II. Celebrations and entertainment:

- “Autumn, autumn, we ask for your visit”

Christmas gatherings"

- “We invite you to visit and treat us to tea”

- "Wide Maslenitsa"

- "Easter Bells"

- "Journey through a fairy tale"

III. Play activity:

Didactic games:

- "Whose suit", "Decorate the kokoshnik", "Make a pattern", "Guess the painting"

Movable folk games:

- "Swan geese" "Burners", "Tag", "Paints", "Golden Gate", "Grandfather the Cat", “How a cat walked on a bridge”

Dramatization Games:

By Russian folk tales: "Kolobok", "Turnip", "Teremok" And "Swan geese"

IV. Introduction to artistic literature:

Acquaintance with small folklore forms (rhymes, songs, proverbs, sayings, jokes, chants);

Reading Russian folk tales: "By magic", "Fox with a rolling pin", "Swan geese"

Reading stories by Valery Kostryuchin from the book “Heavenly Bells” "Grains": "Christ and the Children", « Mother's love» , “Love for people drives away boredom”, "Easter Bells"

V. Competition of children's drawings based on folk paintings:

- "Blue flowers of Gzhel"

- "Golden Khokhloma"

VI: Exhibitions:

- “Skillful hands know no boredom”

- "World of Patterns"

- "Easter compositions"

VII: Excursions:

To the local history museum;

To the children's library.

System of working with parents:

I. Questioning parents on topic: “Introducing children to the origins Russian culture» .

II. Roundtable conversation table: “The role of the family in introducing children to Russian national culture».

III. Joint gatherings with parents and children:

- “I am a family – clan – people»

- "Family traditions»

- « Russian samovar and tea drinking in Rus'"

IV. A joint visit by parents, children and teachers to the local history museum.

V. Holding a joint exhibition « Folk DIY toys".

VI. Conducting parent meetings topic:

- "Introducing children to Russian culture»

-“Spiritual and moral education in preschool age”

VII: Consultations for parents:

- "Introduce children to folk games»

- “How to introduce children to Russians folk art , crafts, everyday life"

- "From the history Russian folk costume»

- « Russian folk toy»

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

1 slide

Slide description:

Customs, rituals and traditions of the Russian people for organizing work in the direction of “Art + Computer” 1st year. Municipal autonomous educational institution for additional education of children Center for Children's Creativity Prepared by: Teacher of additional education Gribova Alena Valerievna Birobidzhan 2014

2 slide

Slide description:

Very often, behind the events and the hustle and bustle of the days, we don’t remember our Antiquity, We forget about it. Flights to the Moon have become more familiar to us. Let's remember the old customs! Let's remember our old days!

3 slide

Slide description:

4 slide

Slide description:

Russian people The indigenous area of settlement of the Russian people is the East European Plain. As the lands were developed, the Russians were in close contact with other peoples. Thanks to this, a great geographical and historical space is united by the concept of Rus' and Russia. Russia is multinational state, on whose territory more than 180 nations live, the importance of this fact is reflected in the preamble to the Constitution of the Russian Federation. But according to the criteria of the United Nations, Russia is a mononational state, since more than 67% of its population is of one nationality, while in official UN documents Russia is a multinational state.

5 slide

Slide description:

National culture is the national memory of a people, what distinguishes a given people from others, protects a person from depersonalization, allows him to feel the connection of times and generations, receive spiritual support and support in life. Mentality - each nation has its own unique properties of mentality, inherent only to it; depending on the mentality of the nation, traditions, rituals, customs and other components of culture are built. The mentality of the Russian people, of course, is qualitatively different from other nationalities, primarily in its special hospitality, breadth of traditions and other features. “Tradition”, “custom”, “rite” - essential elements culture of every nation, these words are familiar to everyone, evoke certain associations and are usually associated with memories of that “gone Rus'”. The invaluable value of traditions, customs and rituals is that they sacredly preserve and reproduce the spiritual image of a particular people, their unique features, accumulating all the accumulated cultural experience of many generations of people, bringing into our lives the best of the spiritual heritage of the people. Thanks to traditions, customs and rituals, peoples are most different from one another.

6 slide

Slide description:

Tradition, custom, ritual are identical concepts in general terms, but have their own characteristic features and characteristics. Tradition is the transmission from previous generations of customs and rituals, aimed at the spiritual world of the individual and serves as a means of reproducing, repeating and consolidating generally accepted social relations not directly, but through the formation of the moral and spiritual image of a person, which develops in accordance with these relations. (For example: Russian hospitality)

7 slide

Slide description:

Custom prescribes more detailed behavior and actions for a person in certain situations. It is not only symbolic, but any generally repeated action established by tradition. (For example: handshakes when meeting close friends or relatives, morning and evening prayer God, it is a harmful custom to serve alcohol when meeting relatives, friends and acquaintances).

8 slide

Slide description:

A rite specifies the form of expression of generally accepted behavior in a particular area at especially significant moments in a person’s life (For example: wedding rites, baptisms, burials). Rituals were considered just as necessary a component of life as holidays. Ritual culture is the order in all manifestations of social life for a given occasion, the ritual actions of the people, an ethical code that regulates collective moods and emotions.

Slide 9

Slide description:

The folk calendar in Rus' was called the monthly calendar. The month book covered the entire year of peasant life, “describing” it day by day, month by month, where each day had its own holidays or weekdays, customs and superstitions, traditions and rituals, natural signs and phenomena. The folk calendar is a kind of encyclopedia of peasant life. It includes knowledge of nature, agricultural experience, rituals, norms of social life and is a fusion of pagan and Christian beginnings, popular Orthodoxy.

10 slide

Slide description:

Festive and ritual culture The main winter holidays are two holy weeks (Yuletide): Christmas, New Year (old style) and Epiphany. On holidays they started magical games, performed symbolic actions with grain, bread, straw (“so that there would be a harvest”), went from house to house to carol, girls told fortunes, dressing up was an obligatory element of Christmastide.

11 slide

Slide description:

Maslenitsa (farewell to winter and welcome to spring) lasted a whole week and starting from Thursday of Maslenitsa week, all work stopped and noisy fun began. We went to visit each other, treated ourselves generously to pancakes, pancakes, pies, and there was also booze. Wide Maslenitsa – Cheese Week! You came dressed up to greet us in Spring. We will bake pancakes and have fun all week, To drive the cold winter out of the house! Monday – “Meeting” Tuesday – “Flirting” Wednesday – “Gourmet” Thursday – “Running” Friday “Evenings at Mother-in-Law’s” Saturday – “Sister-in-Law’s Treats” Sunday – “Forgiveness Day” Magnificent festivities The Fair crowns. Goodbye, Maslenitsa, come again!

12 slide

Slide description:

Easter (the blossoming of spring, the awakening of life) is a church holiday. On Easter, they decorated the house with cut willow, baked rich breads (Easter cakes, Easter cakes), painted eggs (Krashenki), attended church, visited each other, exchanged dyes when they met, and said Christ ( kissed), greeted each other: “Christ is risen!” - “Truly risen!” Eggs are a symbol of the Sun and the birth of new life. On Easter they danced in circles, walked through the streets, rode on swings, and rolled eggs. After Easter week, on Tuesday they celebrated Parents' Day - they visited cemeteries, brought food to the graves of deceased relatives, including Easter food.

Slide 13

Slide description:

Semik and Trinity. They were celebrated in the seventh week after Easter (Semik - on Thursday, and Trinity - on Sunday). On Semik, girls went into the forest, wove wreaths from birch branches, sang Trinity songs and threw wreaths into the river. If the wreath sank, it was considered a bad omen, but if it stuck to the shore, it meant that the girl was about to get married. Before that, we brewed beer together and had fun with the guys on the river bank until late at night. Before that, we brewed beer together and had fun with the guys on the river bank until late at night. On Trinity Sunday it was customary to decorate the inside of the house with birch branches. The traditional food was eggs, scrambled eggs and other egg dishes.

Slide 14

Slide description:

Gatherings (supredki) were held in the autumn-winter period. In the evenings, young people gathered with a lonely elderly woman, girls and young women brought a tow and other work - spinning, embroidering, knitting. Here they discussed all sorts of rural affairs, told stories and fairy tales, and sang songs. The guys who came to the party looked after the brides, joked, and had fun.

15 slide

Slide description:

Gatherings (round dances, streets) are summer entertainment for young people on the outskirts of the village, on the river bank or near the forest. They wove wreaths of wildflowers, played games, sang and danced, and danced in circles. We stayed late. The main figure was a good local accordion player.

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Russian wedding ceremony. Not only in every village, but even in the city there were their own characteristics, shades of this poetic and at the same time fulfilled deep meaning actions. One can only be amazed at how thoroughly and respectfully our ancestors approached the birth of a new family. The memory of the main moment of their lives remained with the young forever. The young were showered with hops, since hops are ancient symbol fertility and many children. The bride takes her parents' blessing and a dowry chest with her to the groom's house. An ancient custom is for the young wife to take off her husband's shoes. The meaning is that in this way the young wife emphasized her submission or consent to the dominance of a man in the family.

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Rite of Baptism The main rite that marked the beginning of a child’s life was his baptism. The ceremony was performed in church or at home. As a rule, the baby was baptized on the third or fortieth day after birth. Parents were not supposed to be present at baptism; instead they were godmother, who gave a shirt and Godfather, which was supposed to be given to the child pectoral cross

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Riding on a Russian troika Troika, the troika has arrived, The horses in that troika are white. And in the sleigh sits Queen Belokosa, white-faced. As she waved her sleeve - Everything was covered with silver,

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Russian hut Russian traditional house consists of two parts: cold (canopy, cage, basement) and warm (where the stove was located). Everything in the house was thought out to the smallest detail and verified over centuries. The house was built from pine. And the roof was covered with straw or aspen planks. The front end of the roof had a ridge - a sign of aspiration. Only the Russians compared the house to a chariot that should lead the family to a better future. The outside of the houses was decorated with carvings. The tradition of using platbands has survived to this day. The owners kept various utensils in the entryway, and in the house itself the so-called “woman’s kut” was clearly visible. Where housewives cooked and did handicrafts.

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No matter the tower or the hut - Gilding and carving. Tower, tower, tower, It is intricate and tall, It has mica windows, All the frames are carved, And on the roof there are cockerels with Golden combs. And in the railings on the porch the Master cut out rings, curls and flowers and painted them by hand. There are carved doors in the mansion, Flowers and animals on the doors, Birds of paradise sitting in a row on the tiles on the stove.

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Next to the front room there is a bedroom in the next room, and the bed in it is high, high - up to the ceiling! There are feather beds, blankets, and a lot of pillows, and there stands, covered with a carpet, a chest with the owner's goods.

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Russian stove in the hut There are carved benches on the walls and a carved oak table. The herbs were drying near the stove, they were collected in the spring and the infusion was brewed to drink from the sickness in the winter. The main thing in the house was the stove. The walls are black, smoky, not beautiful from the inside, but did not rot and served good people from the heart. (the stoves were heated black)

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Russian towels A towel is a small towel for wiping hands and face, and was also hung for decoration in the red corner of the hut. A towel is a symbol of home and family. This is not only a towel, but also an object for ceremonies and rituals. A linen towel, embroidered with large roosters along the edges. A cheerful creation of female hands: Two roosters - oblique combs, spurs; They blew the dawn, and flowers were woven around everything and patterns were laid out.

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Russian bathhouse The bathhouse was not only a place for washing, but also a special, almost sacred place. It was believed that the bath unites 4 main natural elements: fire, water, air and earth. Therefore, a person who visited the bathhouse seemed to absorb the power of all these elements and became stronger, stronger and healthier. It’s not for nothing that there was a saying in Rus': “When you wash yourself, it’s as if you were born again!” It is not for nothing that a broom is not only a symbol of a Russian steam bath, its decoration, but also a tool for treating or preventing diseases. Brooms collected from a variety of tree species and medicinal herbs are used to treat a wide variety of diseases and ailments.

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Women's costume: Girls' shirt, festive headdresses, poneva Men's costume: Shirt, ports, belt, sermyaga Russian national costume

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Lapti Lapti are one of the most ancient types of shoes. Bast shoes were woven from bast various trees, mainly linden (bastweed), from bast - linden bast, soaked and torn into fibers (bastweed). Bast shoes were also made from the bark of willow (verzka), willow (willow), elm (elm), birch (birch bark), oak (oak), from tal (shelyuzhniki), from hemp combs, old ropes (kurpa, krutsy, chuni, sheptuny ), from horsehair - manes and tails - (hairworts), and even from straw (strawmen).

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Russian hospitality Russian hospitality is also an integral part of our cultural traditions. Guests were also always welcome and the last piece was shared with them. No wonder they said: “What is in the oven, swords are on the table!” Guests were greeted with bread and salt. With the words: “Welcome!” The guest breaks off a small piece of bread, dips it in salt and eats it. We welcome our dear guests with a lush round loaf. It's on a painted saucer with a snow-white towel! We present the loaf to you, bowing and asking you to taste it!

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Russian feast The Orthodox festive feast has preserved many traditions, customs and rituals since ancient times. All family members and close relatives gathered at the table. Table etiquette was very restrained and strict. They sat decorously at the table, and they tried to have serious and kind conversations. A mandatory element of the holiday is prayer. For many holidays, strictly defined ritual dishes were intended, and they were often prepared only once a year. They knew in advance and waited for stuffed pig, goose or turkey, honey or poppy seed pie, fluffy and rosy pancakes, colored eggs and Easter cakes to be on the table.

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