Folk tales are not copyrighted. Oral folk art of the Russian people. Fairy tales for the little ones

We consider some songs well known to every Russian (and not only Russian) people as folk songs. They are often declared “Russian folk song...”. Remember the incomparable Ekaterina Savinova-Frosya Burlakova in the legendary film “Come Tomorrow” said: “folk music, I don’t know whose words, probably also folk.”
But someone wrote them! Today I want to remind you of two such truly popular poets: Alexei Koltsov and Ivan Surikov.

Everyone, perhaps, is familiar with the lines from childhood

This is my village;
This is my home;
Here I am sledding
Steep up the mountain...

This is Surikov’s “Childhood”. And I'm no exception. One of my first books, I even remember the pictures from it.

But this post is about songs. One of the most famous, which is often sung even now in concerts and at feasts (despite its one and a half century history!) is “Rowan” (“Why are you standing swaying, thin rowan?”). This is how it sounds performed by a Russian folk song choir

But the poems of I.Z. Surikov
:
"Why are you making noise, rocking,
Thin rowan,
Bent low
Head to the rear?
- “I speak with the wind
About your misfortune
That I grow alone
In this garden.
Sad, little orphan,
I'm standing, rocking,
What a blade of grass is to the ground,
I bend over to the tine.
There, behind the thorns, in the field,
Over the deep river
In the open, in freedom,
The oak grows tall.
How I wish
Move to the oak tree;
I wouldn't do it then
Bend and swing.
The branches would be close
I snuggled up to him
And with its sheets
Whispered day and night.
No, rowan is not allowed
Move to the oak tree!
Know, me, an orphan,
A century of swinging alone."
<1864>
As you can see, the words in the song have been slightly altered. Well, the author of the music is completely unknown. So the song can easily be attributed to folk art. So to speak, the co-authorship of the Poet and the People.

And here is another poem by Ivan Zakharovich
Horses rush and carry,
The steppe continues to run into the distance;
Snowy blizzard
The steppe is buzzing.

Snow and snow all around;
Sadness takes over my heart;
About Mozdok
The steppe coachman sings...

Like the expanse of the steppe
Wide-large;
Like the steppe is deaf
The coachman was dying;

Like your last one
Hour before death
He's a friend
Gave an order...

Did you find out? Of course, the famous song “Steppe, and steppe all around.” Also quite modified compared to the original. There are many variations of the lyrics to this song. And Surikov’s poems sound like this.
"I see the death of me
Here, in the steppe, it will strike, -
Don't remember, friend,
My evil grievances.

My evil grievances
Yes and nonsense
Unreasonable words
The old rudeness.

Bury me
Here, in the deserted steppe;
Black horses
Take me home.

Take me home
Give them to the priest;
Take a bow
To the old mother.

To a young wife
Tell me, my friend,
So that she
I didn't wait to go home...

By the way, she still
Don't forget to say:
It's hard for a widow
I should throw it!

Pass the word
Farewell to her
And give me the ring
Engagement.

Let her talk about me
Doesn't grieve;
With someone after your heart
He'll get married!"

The coachman fell silent,
A tear is rolling...
And in the steppe the deaf
The blizzard is crying.

"Like the expanse of the steppe
Wide-large;
Like the steppe is deaf
The coachman was dying."

By the way, these poems were inspired by Surikov’s old coachman’s song “MOZDOK STEPPE...”

Is it my steppe, Mozdok steppe,
Mozdok Steppe!
How wide, how far, steppe, do you stretch,
Stretched out
From Saratov you, steppe, to the village of Tsaritsyn,
To Tsaritsyn;
A large path ran across the steppe,
The path is wide...
Young cab drivers drove along it,
Young;
Like their horses are dun, all are dun,
Their clamps are silver,
Serebryany;
Like their bridles are all set,
All typesetting;
Like their carts are all spiked,
All studded...
Something bad happened to them,
Yes, quite a lot.
Their good fellow fell ill and fell ill,
Young izvoschik...
He asked something, he asked his comrades,
Comrades:
“Oh, you, my brothers, you are friends and comrades,
Comrades!
Do not leave, brothers, my black horses,
Black horses.
And you, brothers, take a deep bow to my father,
Low bow,
To my dear mother petitioner,
Yes to the petitioner,
To the little children, my blessing,
Blessing
I give my young wife a lot of love,
Everything is free."

The song “Steppe and steppe all around” is also most often called Russian folk song. But it has authors of both words and music. Ivan Surikov and S. Sadovsky.
Performed by Lidia Ruslanova

We find the origins of another folk song in the works of Surikov (or are the poems inspired by a folk song? Now we don’t know)

I grew up an orphan
Like a blade of grass in a field;
My youth was passing
Others are in captivity.

I've been since I was thirteen
I walked among people:
Where I rocked the children
Where she milked the cows.

I am of bright joy,
I didn’t see any affection:
Mine is worn out
Beauty has faded.

They wore her out
Grief and bondage;
Know that this is mine
The share was born.

I was born
A beautiful girl
Only God didn’t give it
May I be happy.

Bird in a dark garden
Sings songs
And the she-wolf in the forest
He plays happily.

The bird has a nest
The she-wolf has children -
I have nothing
No one in the world.

Oh, I'm poor, poor,
I'm poorly dressed, -
No one will marry me
And he didn’t take it for it!

Oh you, my share,
Orphan share!
Like wormwood grass,
Bitter aspen!

The most famous lines “I am good, good...”, which Tatyana Peltzer sang so colorfully here, as we see, are not present at all in the original.

Another national poet is Alexey Koltsov.

Russian song

I loved him
Hotter than day and fire,
How to love others
They will never be able to!

Only with him alone
I lived in the world;
My soul to him,
She gave her life to him!

What a night, what a moon,
When I'm waiting for a friend!
And pale, cold,
I'm freezing, trembling!

Here he comes, singing:
Where are you, my dawn?
Here he takes your hand,
Here he is kissing me!

Dear friend, turn it off
Your kisses!
And without them with you
Fire burns in the blood

And without them with you
The blush burns on the face,
And my chest is worried
And it's boiling hot!

And the eyes shine
A radiant star!
I lived for him -
I loved with my soul!

In a sense, Koltsov was luckier; the texts of his poems in songs have remained practically unchanged.

Don't make any noise, rye, with your ripe ears!
Music by Gurilev, sung by students of the vocal department of the Gnessin Russian Academy of Music,

The exception is perhaps the most famous song based on his poems - “Khutorok”. And even then, it has not been redone, but simply greatly shortened, because... the original poem is quite long.
Sings Sergei Lemeshev.

There are many songs and romances based on Koltsov’s poems here

Oral folk art represents a vast layer of Russian culture, formed over many centuries. The works of Russian folklore reflect many of the feelings of the people and their experiences, history, serious thoughts about the meaning of life, humor, fun and much more. Most works of oral folk art exist in poetic form, which made it possible to remember them well and pass them on from generation to generation orally.

Small genres of folklore include works of small volume: ditties, nursery rhymes, jokes, proverbs, riddles, lullabies, fables, tongue twisters. Sometimes they are classified as children's folklore, because in ancient times a person's acquaintance with these works occurred at an age when he did not even speak. These works are interesting for their brightness, accessibility, and form that is understandable to everyone.

Small genres of Russian folklore:

Russian folk proverbs

Russian proverbs and sayings are short, rhythmically organized, figurative folk sayings, often with edifying, instructive content; these are original folk aphorisms. They often consist of two parts, supported by rhyme, have rhythm, characteristic alliteration and assonance.

Russian folk nursery rhymes

Folk nursery rhymes are rhymed short stories, songs and rhymes, combined with simple movements, designed to entertain the child, train his memory, develop fine motor skills and coordination of movements, and harmonious development of the child as a whole, through an unobtrusive form of play.

Russian folk jokes

Jokes or amusements are small, funny, often rhymed works that tell in a bright, entertaining form about interesting events that happened to its heroes. They are distinguished by dynamic content, energetic actions of the characters, designed to interest the child, develop his imagination, and bring positive emotions.

Russian folk tales

Russian folk tales are small-scale fairy tales, sometimes presented in rhymed form, the plot of which is built on meaningless events that defy logic. Their task is to amuse the listener, instill in the child a sense of humor, logic, imagination and develop the entire thinking process as a whole.

Russian folk tongue twisters

Russian tongue twister is a short comic phrase built on a combination of hard-to-pronounce sounds, invented by our ancestors for entertainment and now used to correct problems with speech and diction.

What Russian doesn't like to sing? Do you have a voice and hearing, or is the bear in your ear, but such a moment comes - and the heart itself asks for a song: dear, artless, heartbreaking. It is believed that folk songs came to us from time immemorial, passing on the mysterious folk soul from generation to generation. But it turns out that many of our favorite “originally Russian” songs are not folk songs at all!

Climbing Kalinka-Malinka

This song occupies a special place in Russian folklore. “Kalinka-Malinka” and “There was a birch tree in the field” became almost a symbol of Russian folk songs. Countless restaurants serving Russian cuisine, souvenir shops both in Russia and abroad are called “Kalinka-Malinka”, orchestras of folk instruments perform a dashing dance chorus, it would seem that you cannot find anything more popular. "Kalinka" is danced everywhere - from children's matinees and

F. Malyavin. Folk song, 1925

And this song appeared in 1860, in Saratov, its author was a former officer, music critic and composer Ivan Petrovich Larionov. He wrote it for an amateur performance - and the people of Saratov liked the song, at least that’s what they wrote about it in local newspapers.

Kalinka, Kalinka, my Kalinka!

There is a raspberry in the garden, my raspberry!

D. S. Agrenev-Slavyansky, the director of a choir known throughout Russia and a passionate folklorist himself, begged Larionov, his friend, to “donate” the song to his group - and performed by the Slavyansky choir (a kind of predecessor of the Turetsky choir), “Kalinka-Malinka” became quite popular, stepping beyond Saratov. Well, the song was made a real world hit by Professor A.V. Alexandrov, who arranged it for his Red Banner Song and Dance Ensemble. The song literally thundered - and now this melody is recognized from the very first notes all over the world.

The most famous number of figure skaters I. Rodnina and A. Zaitsev “Kalinka” finally established “Kalinka-Malinka” as the musical calling card of Russian folklore. Unfortunately, Ivan Petrovich Larionov never found out what amazing fame befell his creation: he died in 1889, and he was completely forgotten - even his grave was not preserved in Saratov. But “Kalinka-Malinka” does not fade.

"Black Raven" and green willow

If “Kalinka-Malinka” is known to everyone, but only a few sing it - the long, sing-song verses and rollicking chorus are very intricately combined - then the song about the black raven that hovers over a dying soldier is known to everyone. It is an indispensable attribute of a spiritual feast, it is constantly sung in karaoke, many performers include it in their repertoire.

It would seem that it is the most popular. Nevertheless, the song has an author. His name was Nikolai Veryovkin, he served as a non-commissioned officer in the Nevsky Regiment under Nicholas I, fought with the Turks and Persians - and during his service he composed several songs that the entire army sang with pleasure.

Don't hang yourself, black raven,

Over my head!

You won't get any spoils,

I'm a soldier still alive!

The brave non-commissioned officer knew his job very well: his songs were simple, uplifting, rude and extremely patriotic, so other regiments willingly adopted them. The soldiers sang about their glorious victories, about the life of a soldier, about regimental exercises and reviews, the most, one might say, routine thing in the Nicholas army, and also about the wisdom of their officer fathers and the happiness of fighting for the Russian Tsar. Veryovkin, as they would say now, was engaged in “creating an attractive image of army life in the eyes of the population”:

Right, our lives

It couldn't be more fun!

Vodka and cabbage soup with porridge

We have it for lunch.

The texts of Verevkin's soldiers' songs were published in cheap songbooks and distributed throughout Russia. His song with words about a black raven entitled “Under the Green Willow” was published in 1837.

In Soviet times, they forgot about non-commissioned officer Nikolai Veryovkin - and now we know nothing about him except his name and the regiment in which he served. And, apparently, we will never know. The brave regimental poet has sunk into the past, but the eerie song about the raven remains with us.

“Oh, frost, frost” with a happy ending

What Russian folk song is sung loudest and most willingly in drunken groups - from Moscow to the very outskirts? In the time of Dostoevsky, “Khutorok” was an unconditional tavern hit; a little later, “The Reeds rustled” was considered the most “drunk” song, and since the mid-twentieth century, nothing compares to “Oh, frost, frost.”

Oh, frost, frost,

Don't freeze me

Don't freeze me

My horse.

This song has everything: length, melancholy, lyrics - and, most importantly, a good, optimistic ending. The coachman, most likely, gets home to his beautiful young wife. But here’s what’s strange: this text was not found in any pre-revolutionary songbook - and folklorists collecting songs from villages did not record a single option until a certain time.

But already in the 70s, “Oh, Frost” was sung everywhere. The favorite folk song first appeared in 1956 on the record of the Voronezh Russian Choir, performed by its soloists, spouses Maria Morozova and Alexander Uvarov. And two years earlier, Maria Morozova wrote this song, and the director of the choir included it in the repertoire, like other works of her soloist.

The song was performed as a folk song, without revealing the author's incognito identity. When the record was recorded, the authorship was also not noted - in order to avoid unnecessary bureaucratic fuss. At that time, neither Maria nor Alexander thought about copyright and copyright. The choir toured a lot - and everywhere this song was received with a bang, they demanded an encore, the whole audience sang along with the choir.

The song became especially popular after 1968, when it was sung from the silver screen by actor Valery Zolotukhin in the film “Master of the Taiga.” By the way, he himself was sure that the song was folk. Then the last verse appeared - with a return home and hugs, but who came up with it is completely unknown.

In the original version, it all ended with the wife “waiting and sad.” The author herself reacted rather coolly to the unexpected happy ending. In 2008, Maria Morozova, who at that time was 84 years old, tried to prove her authorship through the court, but the case stalled: by that time, almost everyone who could testify in her favor had already died.

T. Yushmanova. Gatherings, 2000.

This is not the only song about a coachman that the Russian people know. There is a tragic ballad “When I served as a coachman at the post office”, where the coachman finds his beloved, frozen to death on the winter road, and, of course, “Steppe and steppe all around”- there, too, it happens in winter, but the coachman himself dies and asks to convey his last words of greetings to his family. Both of these songs also had their own authors and also went to the people. The ballad was written by the Belarusian poet Vladislav Syrokomlya (Ludvig Kondratovich), and translated by Leonid Trefolev. Initially, it was called “The Postman” - and it was superbly performed by F. Chaliapin. And the famous “Steppe and steppe all around” is a fragment of the poem “In the Steppe” by Ivan Zakharovich Surikov, a self-taught peasant poet, processed by the people.

English spleen and Russian melancholy

But a truly stunning story happened with the Cossack song “The day of my beauty will awaken”. This poignant, amazingly beautiful song was recorded in large numbers in different villages from Kuban to the Urals - wherever the Cossacks lived. It is performed with pleasure by various Cossack choirs and ensembles. The words, however, are not always clear, as is the logic of the plot development, but the song fascinates with its whimsical rhythmic pattern, the flow of voices, and some kind of unearthly riotous melancholy.

The day of my beauty will awaken,

It is all decorated with God's light.

I see the sea, sea, ay and heaven,

Father's house, we'll drink away the house en masse,

It will be overgrown with green grass. 2p

Oh, it will be overgrown with green grass.

Dog, faithful, faithful and he is my little animal,

Barks at my gate. 3p

The heart will ache, the heart will become sad.

I shouldn’t be in that native country. 2p

I should not be in that native country,

in which I was born,

And to be a stranger to me in that country,

In which the boy was condemned. 3p

There's an owl above the roof, an owl and he shouted,

A voice rang out through the forests. 2p

Children, children and wife will wake up,

The little ones will ask about me...3p

Imagine the surprise of philologists when it turned out that this song is a folk arrangement of a fragment from the first chapter of Byron’s poem “Childe Harold”! This fragment, entitled “Good Night,” was translated into Russian by the poet I. Kozlov; the hero says goodbye to his homeland, sailing into unknown distances. His companions are sad - some are yearning for their wife and children, some have left their old parents... Only Childe Harold has no one to yearn for, no one will remember him. Everything is quite Byronian, the canons of romanticism are fully observed. In Kozlov’s translation, an excerpt from the poem reads like this:

Forgive me, forgive me, my native land!

You have already disappeared into the waves;

The killer whale curls, the night wind

Plays in the sails.

The fiery rays are already drowning

In the bottomless blue...

My native land, forgive me, forgive me!

Good night to you!

The day will wake up; its beauty

God's light will comfort you;

I will see the sea, the heavens, -

And there is no homeland!

I left my father's house;

It will be overgrown with grass;

My faithful dog

There will be a howl at the gate.

How did it happen that these poems reached the people? Perhaps one of the courtyard servants heard the gentlemen reciting sonorous poetry and remembered how he did it. Either one of the literate people accidentally read it and couldn’t help but respond to the piercing lines with his soul: he shared it with his fellow villagers.

Well, what they couldn’t understand, they figured out: the hero is going to a foreign land clearly not of his own free will, this is exile for some offense, and even his father’s house has already been drunk for this reason. And the owl, whose “tongue” is heard through the forests, is needed for a gloomy coloring; Byron did not have any owl. But the people took Childe Harold’s stern melancholy and doom to heart. Not only the nobles dressed up in "Harold's Cloaks"- The peasants and Cossacks also strongly sympathized with the rebellious lord. True, in my own way.

By the way, this is not I. Kozlov’s only contribution to the treasury of folk songs. Famous "Evening Bells" which gives a lot of thought is also his translation. This time Kozlov translated the Irish poet Thomas Moore, but the song quickly became folklore. Although it has not undergone such a popular re-interpretation as “Good Night”.

Derzhavinskaya “Bee” in the Cossack style

One of the most cheerful and daring Cossack songs, "Golden Bee", we are indebted to Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin. True, the glorious poet who blessed young Pushkin hardly valued people’s love - it certainly would not have occurred to him to indicate his authorship: his “Bee” has changed too much compared to the original version.

Derzhavin wrote the elegant “Bee” in 1796, already being an important statesman, president of the Commerce College, that is, minister of trade.

Golden bee!

What are you buzzing about?

Flying all around

Aren't you flying away?

Or do you love

My Lisa?

Are honeycombs fragrant?

In yellow hair,

Roses or fires

In scarlet lips,

Is sugar white?

Guys, we put our soul into the site. Thank you for that
that you are discovering this beauty. Thanks for the inspiration and the goosebumps.
Join us on Facebook And VKontakte

17 of the most beautiful types of folk art in Russia.

Folk crafts are exactly what makes our culture rich and unique. Foreign tourists take with them painted objects, toys and textile products in memory of our country.

Almost every corner of Russia has its own type of needlework, and in this material we have collected the brightest and most famous of them.

Dymkovo toy

The Dymkovo toy is a symbol of the Kirov region, emphasizing its rich and ancient history. It is molded from clay, then dried and fired in a kiln. After that, it is painted by hand, each time creating a unique copy. There cannot be two identical toys.

Zhostovo painting

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Vishnyakov brothers lived in one of the villages near Moscow of the former Trinity volost (now the Mytishchi district), and they were engaged in painting lacquered metal trays, sugar bowls, pallets, papier-mâché boxes, cigarette cases, teapots, albums and other things. Since then, artistic painting in the Zhostovo style has begun to gain popularity and attract attention at numerous exhibitions in our country and abroad.

Khokhloma

Khokhloma is one of the most beautiful Russian crafts, which originated in the 17th century near Nizhny Novgorod. This is a decorative painting of furniture and wooden utensils, which is loved not only by connoisseurs of Russian antiquity, but also by residents of foreign countries.

The intricately intertwined herbal patterns of bright scarlet berries and golden leaves on a black background can be admired endlessly. Therefore, even traditional wooden spoons, presented on the most insignificant occasion, leave the recipient with the kindest and longest memory of the donor.

Gorodets painting

Gorodets painting has existed since the mid-19th century. Bright, laconic patterns reflect genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, and floral patterns. The painting is done in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline; it decorates spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.

Filigree

Filigree is one of the oldest types of artistic metal processing. Elements of a filigree pattern can be very diverse: in the form of a rope, lace, weaving, herringbone, path, satin stitch. The weaves are made from very thin gold or silver wires, so they look light and fragile.

Ural malachite

Known deposits of malachite are in the Urals, Africa, South Australia and the USA, however, in terms of color and beauty of patterns, malachite from foreign countries cannot be compared with that from the Urals. Therefore, malachite from the Urals is considered the most valuable on the world market.

Gusev crystal

Products made at the Gus-Khrustalny crystal factory can be found in museums all over the world. Traditional Russian souvenirs, household items, sets for the festive table, elegant jewelry, boxes, and handmade figurines reflect the beauty of our native nature, its customs and primordially Russian values. Products made from colored crystal are especially popular.

Matryoshka

A chubby and plump cheerful girl in a headscarf and Russian folk dress won the hearts of lovers of folk toys and beautiful souvenirs around the world.

Now the nesting doll is not just a folk toy, a keeper of Russian culture: it is a memorable souvenir for tourists, on the apron of which play scenes, fairy tale plots and landscapes with attractions are finely drawn. The nesting doll has become a precious collectible that can cost hundreds of dollars.

Enamel

Vintage brooches, bracelets, pendants, which quickly “entered” modern fashion, are nothing more than jewelry made using the enamel technique. This type of applied art originated in the 17th century in the Vologda region.

Masters depicted floral patterns, birds, and animals on white enamel using a variety of paints. Then the art of multi-color enamel began to be lost, and monochromatic enamel began to supplant it: white, blue and green. Now both styles are successfully combined.

Tula samovar

In his free time, Fyodor Lisitsyn, an employee of the Tula Arms Factory, loved to make something out of copper, and once made a samovar. Then his sons opened a samovar establishment, where they sold copper products, which were wildly successful.

The Lisitsyn samovars were famous for their variety of shapes and finishes: barrels, vases with chasing and engraving, egg-shaped samovars, with dolphin-shaped taps, with loop-shaped handles, and painted ones.

Palekh miniature

Palekh miniature is a special, subtle, poetic vision of the world, which is characteristic of Russian folk beliefs and songs. The painting uses brown-orange and bluish-green tones.

Palekh painting has no analogues in the whole world. It is done on papier-mâché and only then transferred to the surface of boxes of various shapes and sizes.

Gzhel

The Gzhel Bush, an area of ​​27 villages located near Moscow, is famous for its clay, which has been mined here since the mid-17th century. In the 19th century, Gzhel craftsmen began to produce semi-faience, earthenware and porcelain. Of particular interest are still items painted in one color - blue overglaze paint applied with a brush, with graphic detailing.

Pavlovo Posad shawls

Bright and light, feminine Pavloposad shawls are always fashionable and relevant. This folk craft appeared at the end of the 18th century at a peasant enterprise in the village of Pavlovo, from which a shawl manufactory subsequently developed. It produced woolen shawls with printed patterns, which were very popular at that time.