Spiritual life and the development of world culture in the first. Development of culture in the first half of the 20th century
You can better understand the historical processes of the first half of the 20th century by looking at paintings by artists of that time and reading interesting literary works their contemporaries. Let's go on a short excursion.
Culture and art of the first half of the 20th century: a summary
At the turn of the century European culture Decadence reigned - there were a huge number of different contradictory currents that had no connection with each other common features. Culture and art of the first half of the 20th century has two main directions:
- Modern (French - Art Nouveau, German - Art Nouveau).
- Modernism.
The first one arose in the last decade of the 19th century and gradually ended its existence with the outbreak of the First World War (in 1914).
Modernism is an interesting movement of the late 19th - first half of the 20th century. It is so rich in masterpieces of painting and graphics that it is divided into separate movements according to characteristic features.
Modern: nature is a source of inexhaustible inspiration
The name of the direction comes from the French word "moderne", which means "modern". This is a movement in American, European and Russian art at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Art Nouveau is often confused with modernism, although these are fundamentally different things that have little in common with each other. Let's list distinctive features this direction in art:
- seeking inspiration in nature and the surrounding world;
- rejection of sharp lines;
- faded, muted tones;
- decorativeness, airiness;
- the presence of natural elements in the paintings: trees, grasses, shrubs.
The easiest way to understand what modernism is is by contemplating the architecture of European cities in this style. Namely - the buildings and cathedrals of Gaudi in Barcelona. The capital of Catalonia attracts so many tourists precisely due to its unique architecture. The decor of the buildings is distinguished by sublimity, asymmetry and airiness. Holy Family) is the most striking project of the great Antonio Gaudi.
Modernism
Why was this trend able to emerge, win the love of viewers and give rise to the development of such interesting movements as surrealism and futurism?
Because modernism was a revolution in art. It arose as a protest against the outdated traditions of realism.
Creative people were looking for new ways to express themselves and reflect reality. Modernism has its own characteristic features, peculiar only to him:
- high role inner world person;
- search for new original ideas;
- great importance is given to creative intuition;
- literature contributes to the spiritualization of a person;
- the emergence of myth-making.
Culture and art of the first half of the 20th century: we will study pictures by various artists in the next two sections.
What are they? Amazing: you can reflect on them and constantly discover something new. The culture and art of the first half of the 20th century will be briefly described below.
Let's not bog you down and present the information in the most concise form - in the form of a table. On the left will be the name of the artistic movement, on the right - its characteristics.
Culture and art of the first half of the 20th century: table
| Current name | Characteristic |
| Surrealism | The apotheosis of human fantasy. It is distinguished by a paradoxical combination of forms. |
| Impressionism | It originated in France and then spread throughout the world. The impressionists conveyed the world in its variability. |
| Expressionism | Artists sought to express their emotional state in their paintings, from fear to euphoria. |
| Futurism | The first ideas arose in Russia and Italy. Futurists masterfully conveyed movement, energy and speed in their paintings. |
| Cubism | The paintings consist of whimsical geometric shapes, located in a certain composition. |
Culture and art of the first half of the 20th century (table, grade 9) reflects basic knowledge on the topic.
Let's take a closer look at impressionism and surrealism as movements that brought fundamentally new ideas to art.
Surrealism: creativity of the mentally ill or geniuses?
It was one of the movements of modernism that arose in 1920 in France.
Studying the work of the surrealists, the average person often wonders about their mental health. For the most part, artists of this movement were quite
Then how did they manage to draw so unusual paintings? It's all about youth and the desire to change standard thinking. Art for the surrealists was a way of liberation from generally accepted rules. Surreal paintings combined dream with reality. The artists were guided by three rules:
- relaxation of consciousness;
- accepting images from the subconscious;
- if the first two points were completed, they took up the brush.
It is quite difficult to understand how they painted such multi-valued pictures. One suggestion is that the surrealists were fascinated by Freud's ideas about dreams. The second is about the use of certain mind-altering substances. Where the truth is here is unclear. Let's just enjoy art, no matter the circumstances. Below is the painting “The Clock” by the legendary Salvador Dali.
Impressionism in painting
Impressionism is another direction of modernism, its homeland is France...
Paintings in this style are distinguished by reflections, play of light and bright colors. Artists sought to capture on canvas real world in its variability and mobility. From impressionist paintings ordinary person The mood improves, they are so vital and bright.
Artists of this movement did not raise any philosophical problems- they simply drew what they saw. At the same time, they did it masterfully, using various techniques and a bright palette of colors.
Literature: from classicism to existentialism
The culture and art of the first half of the 20th century are new trends in literature that changed people's consciousness. The situation is similar to painting: classicism is becoming a thing of the past, giving way to new trends of modernism.
He contributed to such interesting “discoveries” in literature as:
- internal monologue;
- mindflow;
- distant associations;
- the author’s ability to look at himself from the outside (the ability to talk about himself in the third person);
- unrealism.
Irish writer James Joyce was the first to use such literary devices, like internal monologue and parodies.
Franz Kafka is an outstanding Austrian writer, the founder of the movement of existentialism in literature. Despite the fact that during his lifetime his works did not cause great delight among readers, he is recognized as one of the best prose writers of the 20th century.
His work was influenced by the tragic events of the First World War. He wrote very deep and difficult works, showing the powerlessness of man when faced with the absurdity of the surrounding reality. At the same time, the author is not deprived of a sense of humor, although he has a very specific and black one.
We caution that meaningful reading of Kafka may contribute to decreased mood. It is best to read the author in good mood and slightly abstracting himself from his gloomy thoughts. In the end, he only describes his vision of reality. Most famous work Kafka - "The Process".
Cinema
Funny silent films are also the culture and art of the first half of the 20th century; read the message about them below.
There is no other art form that is developing as rapidly as cinema. Filmmaking technology appeared at the end of the 19th century: in just 50 years it was able to change greatly and win the hearts of millions of people.
The first films were created in advanced countries, including Russia.
Initially, the film was in black and white and without sound. The point of silent film was to convey information through the movements and facial expressions of actors.
First time cinema with talking actors appears in 1927. The American company Warner Brothers decides to release the film “The Jazz Singer”, and this is already a full-fledged film with sound.
B also did not stand still. First successful project became the film " Don Cossacks" True, censorship in Russian films also took place: filming of church rituals and members of the royal family was prohibited.
A special stage in the development of Russian cinema began after the Bolsheviks came to power. These comrades quickly realized that cinema can be not just entertainment, but also a serious weapon of propaganda.
The most famous Soviet director of the 30s was Works such as “Battleship Potemkin” and “Alexander Nevsky” have long become classics. Kiev director Alexander Dovzhenko also reached heights in cinema. The most striking work is the film “Earth”.
The most interesting topic for conversation among adults is the culture and art of the first half of the 20th century. 9th grade gives truncated information that quickly disappears from your head. This gap can be filled by constant self-education.
Spiritual life and development of world culture in the first half of the 20th century Understanding history
O. Spengler (1880–1936), Germany
“The 20th century is the era of decline in Europe”
Understanding History
N. Berdyaev (1874–1948), Russia
“XX century – new Middle Ages”
Understanding History
J. Ortega y Gasset (1883–1955), Spain
“The 20th century is the era of the uprising of the masses”
Understanding History
A.J. Toynbee (1889–1975), UK
"History - change life cycles local civilizations and themselves"
S. Freud (1856–1939), Austria
“Human behavior is determined by sexual instinct, repressed into the subconscious”
Development of philosophy: irrationalism
“Human behavior is determined by archetypes (collective unconscious)”
K. Jung (1875–1961), Switzerland
Development of philosophy: irrationalism
Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908 - 2009),
“Man created a world of symbols,
expressing unconscious
the beginning of reason"
Development of philosophy: rationalism
John Dewey (1859–1952), USA
“Culture is useful to the extent that it helps a person solve pressing problems”
Painting: impressionism
Claude Monet
(1840–1926, France)
"Poplars in the sunny
light" (1887)
Painting: post-impressionism
Paul Gauguin (1848–1903, France-Polynesia) “Magnificent Days”
Painting: modern
Gustav Klimt (1862–1918, Austria)
"Life and death"
Painting: modernism (primitivism)
A. Rousseau (1844-1910, France). War
Painting: modernism (cubism)
Marriage Georges (1882–1963, France)
"The Violin and the Jug"
Painting: modernism (futurism)
Carlo Carra (1881–1966, Italy)
"Portrait of Marinetti"
V. Kandinsky
World War"
Painting: modernism (abstract art)
Piet Mondrian
Painting: modernism (abstract art)
K. Malevich
"Black square"
"Woman with Matches"
Painting: modernism (Dadaism)
Marcel Duchamp
"Fountain"
Painting: modernism (expressionism)
Edvard Munch (1863–1944, Norway)
Painting: modernism (surrealism)
S. Dali. Dream
Architecture: modern
Architecture: constructivism
Le Corbusier. Villa
Poster art
Pierre Bonnard
Caricature
Jean Effel
"World creation"
Herluf Bidstrup
“Long live freedom of speech!”
Literature: romanticism
Rudyard Kipling
Burden white man
Per. Vyacheslav Radionov
Bear the burden of the Whites Among foreign tribes - Send your sons to serve for their good; Working tirelessly for suffering people - Half demons, Just as many children...
Literature: critical realism(psychological realism)
Ernest Hemingway
Main victory hero -
victory over yourself
Literature: critical realism (intellectual realism)
Erich Maria Remarque
“You still experience a strange feeling on your birthday, even if you don’t attach any importance to it. Thirty years... There was a time when it seemed to me that I would never live to see twenty, I so wanted to become an adult as soon as possible. And then...
I pulled out a piece of notepaper from the drawer and began to remember. Childhood, school... All this is so far gone, as if it had never happened. Real life began only in 1916. That’s when I became a recruit.”
Literature: modernism (avant-garde)
James Joyce
"Ulysses"
Literature: modernism (existentialism)
Jean Paul Sartre
“As long as you live, there are no adventures. The scenery changes, people come and go - that's all. Never any beginning. Days are added to each other without any meaning, endlessly and monotonously. From time to time you draw a partial conclusion and say to yourself: I’ve been traveling for three years now, three years since I’ve been in Bouville. And there is no end either - a woman, a friend or a city is not abandoned in one fell swoop. And then everything is similar - be it Shanghai, Moscow or Algeria, after a decade and a half they all look the same. Sometimes - rarely - you suddenly understand your situation: you notice that a woman has lassoed you, that you have gotten yourself into a dirty story. But this is a short moment. And then everything goes on as before again, and you add up the hours and days again. Monday Tuesday Wednesday. April May June. 1924, 1925, 1926.
It's called living." "Nausea".
Literature: social dystopia
Evgeny Zamyatin
“In 120 days, the construction of INTEGRAL will be completed. The great, historical hour is near, when the first INTEGRAL will soar into world space. A thousand years ago, your heroic ancestors conquered the entire Earth. You have an even more glorious feat ahead of you: with a glass, electric, fire-breathing INTEGRAL, integrate the infinite equation of the Universe.”
Literature: socialist realism
Frederico Garcia Lorca
Maksim Gorky
Music and theater
Expressionism: And Stravinsky, B. Bartok (music),
V. Meyerhold, M. Reinhardt (theater)
Musical design: “Six” (France, L. Durey, D. Milhaud, etc.)
Formation of national music schools(Boston and Philadelphia Symphony Orchestras)
Film art
1895 – the emergence of cinema
Silent Film (Max Linder, Charlie Chaplin)
1933 – first color film
Understanding history O. Spengler (1880–1936), Germany “The 20th century is the era of the decline of Europe”
Understanding the history of J. Ortega y Gasset (1883–1955), Spain “The 20th century - the era of the uprising of the masses”
Understanding the history of A. J. Toynbee (1889–1975), Great Britain “History is the change in the life cycles of local civilizations and themselves”
Development of philosophy: irrationalism S. Freud (1856–1939), Austria “Human behavior is determined by the sexual instinct, repressed into the subconscious”
Development of philosophy: irrationalism “Human behavior is determined by archetypes (collective unconscious)” C. Jung (1875–1961), Switzerland
Development of philosophy: irrationalism Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908 - 2009), France “Man created a world of symbols expressing the unconscious principles of the mind”
Development of philosophy: rationalism John Dewey (1859–1952), USA “Culture is useful to the extent that it helps a person solve pressing problems”
Painting: Impressionism Claude Monet (1840–1926, France) “Poplars in sunlight"(1887)
Literature: romanticism Rudyard Kipling The White Man's Burden Trans. Vyacheslav Radionov Bear the burden of the Whites Among the alien tribes - Send your sons to serve for their good; Working tirelessly for suffering people - Half demons, Just as many children...
Literature: critical realism (intellectual realism) Erich Maria Remarque “You still experience a strange feeling on your birthday, even if you don’t attach any significance to it. Thirty years. . . There was a time when it seemed to me that I would never live to see twenty, I so wanted to become an adult as quickly as possible. And then. . . I pulled out a piece of notepaper from the drawer and began to remember. Childhood, school. . . All this is so far gone, as if it never happened. Real life began only in 1916. That’s when I became a recruit.”
Literature: modernism (existentialism) Jean Paul Sartre “As long as you live, there are no adventures. The scenery changes, people come and go - that's all. Never any beginning. Days are added to each other without any meaning, endlessly and monotonously. From time to time you draw a partial conclusion and say to yourself: I’ve been traveling for three years now, three years since I’ve been in Bouville. And there is no end either - a woman, a friend or a city is not abandoned in one fell swoop. And then everything is similar - be it Shanghai, Moscow or Algeria, after a decade and a half they all look the same. Sometimes - rarely - you suddenly understand your situation: you notice that a woman has lassoed you, that you have gotten yourself into a dirty story. But this is a short moment. And then everything goes on as before again, and you add up the hours and days again. Monday Tuesday Wednesday. April May June. 1924, 1925, 1926. This is called living." "Nausea" .
Literature: social dystopia Evgeny Zamyatin “We” “In 120 days, the construction of INTEGRAL ends. The great, historical hour is near, when the first INTEGRAL will soar into world space. A thousand years ago, your heroic ancestors conquered the entire globe to the power of the One State. You have an even more glorious feat ahead of you: to integrate the infinite equation of the Universe with a glass, electric, fire-breathing INTEGRAL.”
Music and theater Expressionism: And Stravinsky, B. Bartok (music), V. Meyerhold, M. Reinhardt (theater) Musical design: “Six” (France, L. Durey, D. Milhaud, etc.) Jazz Formation of national music schools (Boston and Philadelphia Symphony Orchestras)
Film art 1895 – the emergence of cinema Silent films (Max Linder, Charlie Chaplin) 1933 – the first color film
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Slide captions:
Spiritual life and development of world culture in the first half of the 20th century
Understanding history O. Spengler (1880–1936), Germany “The 20th century is the era of the decline of Europe”
Understanding history N. Berdyaev (1874–1948), Russia “XX century - the new Middle Ages”
Understanding the history of J. Ortega y Gasset (1883–1955), Spain “The 20th century - the era of the uprising of the masses”
Understanding the story of A.J. Toynbee (1889–1975), Great Britain “History – changing life cycles of local civilizations and themselves”
Development of philosophy: irrationalism S. Freud (1856–1939), Austria “Human behavior is determined by the sexual instinct, repressed into the subconscious”
Development of philosophy: irrationalism “Human behavior is determined by archetypes (collective unconscious)” C. Jung (1875–1961), Switzerland
Development of philosophy: irrationalism Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908 - 2009), France “Man created a world of symbols expressing the unconscious principles of the mind”
Development of philosophy: rationalism John Dewey (1859–1952), USA “Culture is useful to the extent that it helps a person solve pressing problems”
Painting: Impressionism Claude Monet (1840–1926, France) Poplars in Sunlight (1887)
Painting: Post-Impressionism Paul Gauguin (1848–1903, France-Polynesia) “Magnificent Days”
Painting: Art Nouveau Gustav Klimt (1862–1918, Austria) “Life and Death”
Painting: modernism (primitivism) A. Rousseau (1844-1910, France). War
Painting: modernism (cubism) Braque Georges (1882–1963, France) “Violin and jug”
Painting: modernism (futurism) Carlo Carra (1881–1966, Italy) “Portrait of Marinetti”
Painting: modernism (abstract art) V. Kandinsky “The First World War”
Painting: modernism (abstract art) Piet Mondrian
Painting: modernism (abstract art) K. Malevich “Black Square”
Painting: modernism (Dadaism) Picabia, “Woman with Matches”
Painting: modernism (Dadaism) Marcel Duchamp “Fountain”
Painting: modernism (expressionism) Edvard Munch (1863–1944, Norway) “The Scream”
Painting: modernism (surrealism) S. Dali. Dream
Architecture: Art Nouveau A. Gaudi
Architecture: constructivism by Le Corbusier. Villa
Poster art by Pierre Bonnard
Caricature by Jean Effel “The Creation of the World” Herluf Bidstrup “Long live freedom of speech!”
Literature: romanticism Rudyard Kipling The White Man's Burden Trans. Vyacheslav Radionov Bear the burden of the Whites Among the alien tribes - Send your sons to serve for their good; Working tirelessly for suffering people - Half demons, Just as many children...
Literature: critical realism (psychological realism) Ernest Hemingway The main victory of the hero is victory over himself
Literature: critical realism (intellectual realism) Erich Maria Remarque “You still experience a strange feeling on your birthday, even if you don’t attach any significance to it. Thirty years... There was a time when it seemed to me that I would never live to see twenty, I so wanted to become an adult as soon as possible. And then... I pulled out a piece of notepaper from the drawer and began to remember. Childhood, school... All this is so far gone, as if it had never happened. Real life began only in 1916. That’s when I became a recruit.”
Literature: modernism (avant-garde) James Joyce "Ulysses"
Literature: modernism (existentialism) Jean Paul Sartre “As long as you live, there are no adventures. The scenery changes, people come and go - that's all. Never any beginning. Days are added to each other without any meaning, endlessly and monotonously. From time to time you draw a partial conclusion and say to yourself: I’ve been traveling for three years now, three years since I’ve been in Bouville. And there is no end either - a woman, a friend or a city is not abandoned in one fell swoop. And then everything is similar - be it Shanghai, Moscow or Algeria, after a decade and a half they all look the same. Sometimes - rarely - you suddenly understand your situation: you notice that a woman has lassoed you, that you have gotten yourself into a dirty story. But this is a short moment. And then everything goes on as before again, and you add up the hours and days again. Monday Tuesday Wednesday. April May June. 1924, 1925, 1926. This is called living.” "Nausea".
Literature: social dystopia Evgeny Zamyatin “We” “In 120 days, the construction of INTEGRAL ends. The great, historical hour is near, when the first INTEGRAL will soar into world space. A thousand years ago, your heroic ancestors conquered the entire globe to the power of the One State. You have an even more glorious feat ahead of you: with a glass, electric, fire-breathing INTEGRAL, integrate the infinite equation of the Universe.”
Literature: socialist realism Frederico Garcia Lorca Maxim Gorky
Music and theater Expressionism: And Stravinsky, B. Bartok (music), V. Meyerhold, M. Reinhardt (theater) Musical design: “Six” (France, L. Durey, D. Milhaud, etc.) Jazz Formation of national music schools (Boston and Philadelphia Symphony Orchestras)
Film art 1895 – the emergence of cinema Silent films (Max Linder, Charlie Chaplin) 1933 – the first color film
Entering the 20th century, Russia was changing. The world was changing too. The industrial era dictated its own conditions and standards of life. Under their onslaught, traditional values and ideas of people collapsed. Russian culture experienced amazing growth. It covered all types creative activity, gave rise to outstanding works of art And scientific discoveries, new directions creative search, discovered brilliant names that have become the pride of not only Russian, but also world culture, science and technology. Beginning of the 20th century called the Silver Age of Russian culture. The Silver Age is historical time since the 90s
XIX century until 1922.
However, one of the main contradictions was never overcome Russian life- inaccessibility high achievements culture to the broad masses and isolation from them.
Spiritual life in the 20s.
In 1919 The government of the RSFSR adopted a decree “On the Elimination of Illiteracy among the Population of Russia,” according to which all citizens aged 8 to 50 were required to learn to read and write in their native or Russian language. However, the conditions Civil War and the devastation prevented the solution of the task. In the mid-1920s. only about half of the USSR population over the age of 9 were literate.
Figures artistic culture Silver Age, met the proletarian revolution in different ways. Some of them believed that domestic cultural traditions will either be trampled or brought under control new government. Valuing creative freedom above all else, they chose the lot of emigrants. By the mid-20s. Writers, poets, composers, singers, musicians, artists found themselves abroad: I.A. Bunin, A.I. Kuprin, A.K. Glazunov, S.S. Prokofiev, S.V. Rachmaninov, F.I. Shalyapin , I.E.Repin, V.V.Kandinsky, M.Z.Chagal and others.
Other prominent figures cultures did not choose the fate of emigrants. Such as A.A. Akhmatova, M.A. Voloshin, M.M. Prishvin, M.A. Bulgakov, went into deep spiritual opposition and continued the traditions of Russian dissent.
It seemed to many that the revolution, like a cleansing thunderstorm, would rejuvenate the country and awaken creative forces. They walked towards a new life, considering themselves continuers of the revolutionary traditions of Russian culture.
For the first time, the October Revolution was sung in the poems of V.V. Mayakovsky and A.A. Blok, depicted in the paintings of K.S. Petrov-Vodkin and B.M. Kustodiev, as well as in the first Soviet play “Mystery-bouffe” by Mayakovsky's play, directed by V.E. Meyerhold and designed by K.S. Malevich.
With the end of the Civil War, the Bolsheviks began to actively control spiritual life in the country. In August 1921 some scientists and cultural figures of a certain Petrograd military organization were shot, including the chemist M.M. Tikhvinsky and the poet N.S. Gumilyov.
At the end of August 1922 soviet government expelled from the country 160 scientists and cultural figures who did not share the ideological principles of Bolshevism, but were not active fighters against it.
In 1922 Glavlit was established, which exercised control over all printed products. A year later, the General Repertoire Committee joined him; he controlled the repertoire of theaters and other entertainment events. Their task was to prevent materials objectionable to the authorities from leaking into public life.
The Bolsheviks set themselves the goal of raising a “new man” worthy of living in a communist society. For the Bolsheviks dangerous competitor Religion played a role in the spiritual life of the country. In April - May 1922 in Moscow and in July in Petrograd were organized trials, a number of major church hierarchs were sentenced to death on charges of counter-revolutionary activities. Patriarch Tikhon was arrested and transferred to prison. In 1925, after the death of Patriarch Tikhon, the authorities did not allow the election of a new patriarch, and Metropolitan Peter, who assumed patriarchal duties, was exiled to Solovki.
The Bolsheviks needed new ones art forms influence on feelings, agitation for a communist future. The art of posters flourished, masters of this genre - V.N. Denis (“Gang”), D.S. Moore (“Have you signed up as a volunteer?”, “Help!”). "Windows of Satire ROSTA" (Russian Telegraph Agency) - new form propaganda art. Sharp satirical posters with short poetic texts covered topical events, illustrated telegrams that were transmitted by the agency to newspapers.
The spiritual life of Soviet society in the early years Soviet power was distinguished by relative freedom, but as Stalin’s position strengthened, the party’s attack on culture began.
