White African. Africa for white people. Nostalgia for the gold rush
Every day we learn something new. All this time we mistakenly believed that the whites we meet (there are a lot of them in Botswana and Namibia) are descendants of the British colonialists. But this is not true.
In fact, long before the British, ships with families from Holland (and not only) arrived on the territory of what is now South Africa. There are 300 people on one ship and on the second. The families had money, with all their belongings. Very desperate, apparently. The desperate ones from the first ship went north, the second ships went south. First, we agreed with the Zulus to buy out land for farms. The contract was signed in the afternoon. At night, the Zulus killed everyone, including women and children. The next day, the Zulu leader gathered all the tribes and sent 40,000 people to deal with the remaining 300. What was the unfortunate man to do? They placed the carriages in a circle and prayed. They promised to make this day a holiday if they survived. When the Zulus arrived, a very thick fog descended. The Zulus could not find the desperate. But they could shoot and defend themselves. Not one of the 300 people was even wounded. To this day, the Afrikaans people - descendants - celebrate this day. These people took up farming and populated southern Africa. And then the British came rushing in when they heard about gold and diamonds.
We did not use Wikipedia, we report it from people’s mouths.
Afrikaans are the only white nation in Africa that during this time was able to form its own culture, language, and traditions. Mostly they have farms. Every time we visit an Afrikaans family, we pray before we eat. The Afrikaans language itself is a cross between German and Dutch. They have been here for so long that the Americans are overgrown compared to them. Their history is long and rich, full of mistakes and right decisions. And the mentality seemed very similar to ours. They believe that they are very modern, open-minded, and travel a lot, but in fact, they hold tightly to their culture and do not allow unnecessary things in. You won't hear many foreign songs on Afrikaans radio stations. Afrikaans women, like ours, are not timid. Of course, to sail into such a wilderness with Zulus and lions, and then carry a huge farm of 50,000 hectares...
Now only 5% of the former population remains Afrikaans. Many moved away after the end of apartheid. Those who remain pay the bills. We felt echoes of this back in Tanzania, but the further south we go, the more we see this same racism in reverse. If you are black, poor, then your children can study for free, but if you are white, no matter poor or rich, pay. Nowadays, more and more often you can see articles in newspapers that a farm in South Africa was attacked, everything was stolen and an elderly white family was beaten and abused. There is even a town in South Africa, Orania, where only whites live. It smacks of Nazism, but we were able to understand them.
Nowadays Afrikaans people always have a backup plan - a passport from another country, etc. They all love their country, want to live in it, develop it, but they all seem to be sitting on a powder keg. There was already a story in Zimbabwe, when the lands were taken away from all the whites, and when the economy fell, under pain of prison they were forced to buy them back and restore them Agriculture countries.
New government in southern countries like a monkey with a grenade - they make increasingly strange decisions and ruin the economy - if earlier for 1 African rand you could buy 3 bucks, now for 1 $ they give 10 rand. The Africans had not yet had their fill of material things; they did not have the opportunity. That's why you can see rich blacks a mile away - thick gold chains, huge cars. Yes, just look at any black rapper - this is it.
More fun, less work.
We might consider this to be selfish white nonsense if we ourselves had not seen abandoned houses and farms in Mozambique that no one cares about. Do you know what the African black dream is? It’s not time, as they say, to have a big farm and sit on a chair in the evening and drink cold beer. And who will work on this farm will be unknown :)
What we mean is that the fact that Africans themselves are lazy is a fact. In the same Mozambique, we visited an abandoned farm, which once flourished and grew a lot of fruit there; now the grandson of the former owner lives in big city and doesn't deal with it. But people still live there for free. Do you think they are growing something? No. They eat once a day, sit on the porch and wait for wealth to fall from the sky on them. When we were there, my granddaughter brought food and fed about 70 people. The food disappeared in about ten seconds. Then they asked for more money.
We are telling you all this simply to expand your understanding. Not everything in this world is so simple. You can’t say for sure whether blacks or whites are bad, everyone is good. But this story greatly influenced us after six months here.
The whites here are certainly not oppressed slaves - they work, pay, go on vacation on weekends in a big jeep with cool staff. We are now in a campsite for three hundred cars and there are no black people here, they are not interested.
But the very fact of such different cultures trying to get along together is there.
For us hitchhikers, it’s unclear what’s worse - the white Afrikaans who are afraid of everyone and don’t stop, the rich blacks who don’t stop out of contempt or the poor blacks who stop but ask for money)
Marshmallows in chocolate :)
Travel..THE, friends, by all means!
More stories:
Surprising as it may be for many to learn, indigenous people North Africa is not Negroid Africans or even Arabs, but peoples who are commonly called Berbers. Even more surprising will be the fact that these peoples are peoples of the White Race who were subjected to forced Islamization in the 7th century AD.
By the way, many Berbers are unaware that they are called that, since other peoples gave them this name, and such a name is scientifically called an exoethnonym. There is a theory that it allegedly appeared under the Romans. They derive it from Greek barbaros, or Latin barbarus- “barbarian”.
This is how the Greeks, and after them the Romans, called all the peoples whose culture and language they did not understand. However, if we take into account that the Roman Empire in the sense in which it is presented to us by orthodox historians did not exist, and all “ancient” history was written in the Middle Ages, then everything is not so simple and unambiguous, even with the term “barbarian”, let alone with the origin of “Berber” and even more so. They also, they say, called the ancient Germans barbarians, but they never began to be called Berbers.
But the ancient Spaniards were called Iberians . And here it is impossible not to notice that the ethnonyms “Berber” and “Iber” have the same root"ber" . According to Karl-Wilhelm Humboldt, a German philologist and philosopher of the 19th century, the oldest population of Spain - the Iberians, who lived on the peninsula since the 8th millennium BC, are immigrants from North Africa and the remnants of this ancient population Western Europe are the modern Basques. There is also a version that the name Berber could have come either from the local “ber-aber” - “to move in groups.” In addition, the Braber (or Barabir, Beraber) tribe lives in central Morocco. So, if you wish, you can find several versions of the origin of the word Berbers, but for some reason the most common is the “barbarian” version.
Now Berbers are a collection of many tribes that live throughout northern Africa, from Egypt in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, and from Sudan in the south to Mediterranean Sea in the north, as well as in other countries, including European ones. The number of Berbers in the world is estimated differently - from 20 to 40 million. Human. Most of them live in the so-called Maghreb countries, in Arabic - “Where the sunset is”: Morocco (Shilkh, Amazikh, Rif tribes - about 9.5 million people), Algeria (Kabiles, Chauyas, Tuaregs - about 4, 3 million), Tunisia and Libya (Nafusi tribe 210 thousand). Berbers also live in Mali (0.6 million), Niger (0.4 million), France (1.2 million), Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, the USA and Australia.
It is believed that they call themselves amazigh, amasiyen(can sound like Amazigh, Amazir and even Amazai), which means "people" or « free people» . However, there is another opinion on this matter. It is expressed by A.Yu. Militaryov is a Russian philologist and linguist, a specialist in the field of Semitic, Berber-Canarian and Afro-Asian linguistics. In his article “Through the Eyes of a Linguist: Garamantida in the Context of North African History,” he writes the following:
“Let’s touch on a few more scientific “micromyths” around the self-name of the Berbers. “The self-name that they (Berbers. - A.M.) most often they give themselves, this amasiyen, which means "people". They call their language human, which shows no less pride and contempt for the non-Berbers than the Romans, who called them barbarians” (13). And from another author: “The self-name of the Tuaregs is imohag (or imajirhen), which means “free” (“independent”)” (14). And in another place: “The love of freedom of the Tuaregs, reflected already in their self-name - “imohag”... reminds of the Garamantes who defended their independence...” (15).
In fact, imaziyean- the self-name of the Berbers (and its variants among the southern Berbers - Tuaregs) - is not translated either as “people” or as “free”. This term has existed for at least 2.5 millennia - it is quite reliably identified with Maksyes Herodotus and Mazikes, Mazices other ancient sources and indeed, as Yu. K. Poplinsky suggests, is comparable to the ethnonym msws"Libyan" of Egyptian texts of the 19th and 20th dynasties... denoting one of the Libyan tribes and nothing more. The most plausible etymology for amaziy, plural h. imaziyan, was proposed by T. Sarnelli: he reconstructed it as the adjective “red” with the usual prefix m- from the common Berber verb *i-zway"to be red"
Naming a people by color (hair, skin or traditional clothing) is not a unique phenomenon (16). The additional meaning of this ethnonym developed in Tuareg dialects - “free” - indicates not the love of freedom of the Tuaregs or their desire for independence from some external “oppressors”, but, on the contrary, their own status as free, masters in relation to those dependent on them ethnic groups non-Caucasian type and non-Berber origin..."
At least two very interesting conclusions follow from this. Firstly, the self-name of the Amazih-Berbers may come from the word “red”. And indeed, among them there may be red-haired, white-skinned people with blue or light brown eyes. For example, Miss Algeria 2013, the wife of King Mohammed 6 of Jordan and the world famous and beloved French singer Edith Piaf. She is Berber on her mother's side. Also in the national clothing of the Berbers there is a lot of red. And secondly, the Amazikh tribes are of the Caucasian type. This conclusion is confirmed by quite numerous genetic studies that have identified the so-called "Berber marker"- haplogroup E1b1b, which is found not only in Africa (East, North and South), but also in Europe (Southeast and South) and Western Asia.
However, cautious scholars are wary of directly attributing the Berbers to the white race. They call them white Arabs (Caucasoid Arabs), an intermediate stage between Europeans and black Africans (Sub-Saharan Africans), a cross between white Europeans and the Mediterranean race, a cross between Europeans and West Asians, or simply Eurasians. Also genetic research by Western scientists such as Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza (Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza), Italian geneticist or Carlton Stevens Kuhn (Carleton Stevens Coon), an American anthropologist, concluded that white people came to North Africa several times during the period from 30 to 8 thousand years ago. First from Eurasia and then from the Middle East. Kuhn is confident that the Amasikh Berbers have lived in North Africa for at least 15 thousand years.
Libyan tribes were mentioned above. They are often referred to as the ancestors of the Amazih Berbers. In this regard, it will be interesting to consider one variant of the appearance of the word “Libyans” itself, also an exoethnonym. The Egyptians called these people “the people of the slave” - “worshippers of the sun” and depicted them as people with white skin, tattoos, ostrich feathers on their heads and a braid descending to the temple. “Rabu” was also pronounced as “rebu”, then “lebu”, then “libu” and, finally, “livy”. The fact that the Libyans were a white race is evidenced by Egyptian images (in the first picture - the first Libyan) and mosaics of “Roman” villas in Morocco, Libya and Tunisia (Cyrene, Leptis Magna and Sabratha). It should be noted that one of the Amazih Berbers became a Roman emperor Septimius Severus.
Despite the fact that there are a considerable number of sources on the Internet that mention Berbers and their history, there is no consensus on when it began. The range of opinions is quite large - according to various sources, the history of the Berbers ranges from 3 to 11 thousand years. And nowhere is the possible origin of this people mentioned. On the lands of North Africa, the Berbers lived before all the conquerors known to us - the Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, and even more so, the Arabs, who came to their lands in the 7-8 centuries AD. The latter began to push the indigenous white population deeper into the continent into desert and mountainous areas, forcibly Islamize and assimilate, imposing interethnic marriages. The Berber language was prohibited from being used in schools and official institutions, but despite this and the almost universal adoption of Islam, the Berbers managed to preserve it, as well as their mentality, culture and way of life. Perhaps this also happened because the Berbers somehow managed to combine Islam with their ancestral cults.
Unfortunately, Berber sources about them own history and the culture was not preserved, which, in general, is not surprising, given the number of conquerors who rolled over this ancient people in waves. As usual, each conqueror reshaped the culture and history of those he conquered to suit himself. For this purpose, the previous cultural and historical heritage of the people who had the misfortune of being conquered was destroyed as much as possible. And take, for example, the recent occupation of Libya by NATO troops, who not only attacked a sovereign country, but also Almost all museums were looted and destroyed and museum valuables in Libya, the most ancient cities of Libya - Sabratha and Leptis Magna - were barbarically bombed. Unique mosaics with Slavic-Aryan symbols, which the sands of Libya kept for hundreds of years, are most likely irretrievably destroyed. European savages, who behaved in exactly the same way in Yugoslavia and Iraq, even managed to steal the most ancient rock paintings from Libya. They impregnated the canvas with a special chemical composition and sealed it to the images that were glued to it. He talks about this barbarity Nikolai Sologubovsky, publicist, historian, filmmaker, photographer, in his reports “Libya. The Death of Civilization" and "The Death of the Tripolitan Venus".
But let's return to the ancient Libyans. Mentions of them can be found only in the stories of other peoples - the ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. Let's look at brief mentions of them, and along the way, let's go through the currently known history of the ancient Amazikh Berbers. The earliest written mention of the Libyans can be found in the ancient Egyptian papyri of the end 4th millennium BC The latter had quite close relationships with their neighbors the Berbers. And they traded, and fought with them, and forced them to pay tribute. Military conflicts with the Libyan Berbers decorate the walls of Egyptian temples and tombs of the pharaohs. Thus, in the Temple of Amun in Karnak, Pharaoh Seti I is shown defeating the Libyan warriors, and in Medinet Habu, the funerary temple of Ramesses III in Luxor, faience reliefs were found depicting traditional enemies of Egypt. From left to right: Libyans, Nubians, Syrians, Semites (Shasu nomads) and Hittites.
During the Middle Kingdom (circa 2200-1700 BC), the Egyptians managed to subjugate the eastern Berbers and force them to pay tribute. Many Berbers served in the Pharaoh's army and reached high positions in the government hierarchy. One of the officers of Berber origin seized power in Egypt around 950 BC. and ruled under the name Shoshenq I. The 22nd and the next 23rd, as well as the 26th dynasties founded by him are called “Libyan”.
The Egyptians also talked about battles with tribes militant women(papyrus from the era of Ramesses II (1279-1213 BC) has been preserved). Few people know, but in addition to the well-known Black Sea Amazons and long before them, there were Libyan Amazons - a tribe blond and blue-eyed female warriors. It is of absolute interest that the very name “Amazon” is consonant with the self-name of the Berbers “Amazihi”. The earliest mention of their warlike tribe is contained in the Iliad (presumably 8th century BC), Homer's poem about the Trojan War (14th century BC). In it, the Trojan king Priam remembers that he saw the battle of the Amazons against the Phrygians. In this war, the Amazons sided with the Trojans against the Greeks. Homer says that these women fought "like men like men."
Diodorus Siculus (90-30 BC), an ancient Greek historian and mythographer, also spoke about them, who in turn retold myths recorded by another ancient Greek mythologist - Dionysius Scytobrachion (lived in Alexandria in the middle of the 2nd century BC). e.). He said that The oldest Amazonian kingdom was located in Libya, otherwise in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia), but it disappeared long before the Trojan War. The capital of this kingdom was located near the northeastern part of Lake Shergi (Atlas Mountains of Algeria). South of the capital, near the southeastern shore of this lake there were majestic tombs and palace and religious buildings of the Amazons in the rocks. The most famous Amazon of those times was Myrina. Under her leadership, the Amazons passed Egypt and Arabia, conquered Syria, passed through Asia Minor, where they founded a number of cities and sanctuaries: Myrina, Smyrna, Martesia, Otrera, etc. Myrina died with most of the army in Thrace (a modern region in the east of the Balkans, divided between Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey). The remaining Amazons returned to Libya.
The very first of the ancient authors who wrote about the ancient Libyans is considered to be Herodotus, who in the 5th century. BC. described their tribes and customs in his work “History” (Book IV of Melpomene). In the 6th century. BC. The Libyans actively fought against Carthage, which tried to subjugate them, but during the Second Punic War (218-216 BC) - the war of Rome against Carthage, they sided with the Carthaginians. Hannibal's army included a Libyan cavalry corps. Carthage fell in 146 BC. and the lands of the Libyans became Roman provinces, and they had to pay tribute, or even fall into slavery. References to Libyans gradually disappear in Roman sources, and the indigenous population of North Africa began to be called Moors, and later Berbers. In the 1st century BC. in his "Notes on civil war"Julius Caesar mentions them.
In the 6th century AD Rome and later the Vandals in Africa were replaced by the Byzantines, and in the 7th and 8th centuries all of North Africa was conquered by the Arabs and became part of the Arab Caliphate. Started Islamization of the Berbers who fought with these conquerors. In 698, North Africa was gripped by a powerful Berber revolt. History has preserved the name of the leader of the rebels - the prophetess Daya ( Daya Ult Yenfaq Tajrawt(Berb.), Dihya, or Damya(Arabic)) el-Kahina. By the way, Russian-language Wikipedia calls her the queen of the Berber-Jewish principality. However, the English-language version refers to a number of scholars who deny various reports that circulated in the 19th century that this warrior belonged to a tribe of Judaized Berbers. Moreover, some researchers, for example Nizovsky A.Yu., claim that she descended from the queens of the Libyan Amazons.
The revolt was brutally suppressed in 703. Daya fought with a sword in her hands at the head of her warriors and died in battle. Her severed head was sent to Caliph Abd el-Malik. The population of the African kingdom was offered a choice - convert to Islam or die. Among the many who accepted the Muslim faith were two adult sons of Daya - they claim that before her death she ordered her followers, in case of defeat, to convert to Islam for the sake of appearances in order to save the people from extermination. About 50 thousand people refused to change their faith and were killed.
In the 8th century, Berber tribal militias, together with the Arabs, participated in the conquest of Spain and played a decisive role there. Muslim forces that invaded in 711 under the command of Tariq ibn Ziyad (Tariq ibn Ziyad) to Spain, at the instigation of Spanish Jews (even the Russian-language Wikipedia admits this), they consisted mostly of Berbers - 7 thousand people, and there were only 300 Arabs in the detachment. Look what the “Moors” were like then and, above all, , Tariq himself, after whom, by the way, Gibraltar was named (from the distorted Arabic Jabal al-Tariq - “Mountain of Tariq”). This is how Spanish chroniclers portrayed him in the year of his troops’ invasion of the Iberian Peninsula. In the pictures below: a ceiling fresco depicting the emirs of Granada in the famous palace of the emirs - Alhambra. Medieval miniatures showing Muslim horsemen (right) and Christian horsemen (left) preparing to jointly take the Moroccan city of Marrakesh, Christian allies of Emir Omar Al-Murtada pursuing Muslims from the army of his enemy Abu Yusuf. “Book of Games” 13th century: Christian and Muslim play chess, Muslims play chess. They are all white Caucasians!
Some researchers suggest that“starting from 8-7 thousand BC. there was a migration of Neolithic tribes from Western Asia to North Africa... The reasons for the migration were the end of the first Neolithic climatic optimum and the onset of desertification of the Arabian Peninsula...”But again this doesn't tell us much. What are these “Neolithic tribes”? On Arabian Peninsula lived White race , where did she come from? What caused the end of this “Neolithic climatic optimum”? These researchers have not yet offered clear answers.
Africa for white people.
This phrase is not a populist slogan political party apartheid, and a description of everything I saw in a wonderful country - the Republic of South Africa. Indeed, if the north of the African continent - the Maghreb - can be regarded as more of a continuation of the Arab Middle East, then the center and almost the entire south have a pronounced black (actually dark brown) tint. The Republic of South Africa, with its generally Mediterranean climate, has long been considered white European country, which by some miracle found its way onto this endless continent. However, since the end of apartheid policies, the country has increasingly taken on a distinctly darkish hue.
Undoubtedly, the most beautiful and well-groomed city in South Africa is Cape Town, and the 12 hours (in total) of summer before it, believe me, is worth it. Founded by settlers from Europe, the city has still preserved its European architectural design. And the skyscrapers of the business district are somehow organically located exactly in the middle, without destroying the overall appearance of Cape Town. The main attraction of the city is Table Mountain. Its flat “roof” can be seen from anywhere in the city - the difference at the edges is only 11 m, which is imperceptible, which is why it is called the Dining Room. You can climb it using a cable car or on foot - but this is for those especially interested in trekking. While floating slowly in the cable car, I more than once saw small groups slowly moving along the rocky paths. Table Mountain, by the way, is a gorgeous place for picnics, barbecues and other things. The excellent views from its flat top will help anyone overcome indigestion. From above you can see the entire city, the ocean and Robbin Island ("robbin" is a seal in Dutch), an island that was a prison and became widely known after Nelson Mandela was imprisoned there for a long time. But it’s better to climb the mountain in sunny weather, otherwise the clouds hanging near its foot will obscure all views, and the chilly wind from the ocean will quickly drive out any lover of picturesque landscapes.
The cutest and most party place in the city is the Waterfront or embankment. It houses hundreds of tourist shops and eateries, an Imax cinema (with a screen the size of a 5-story building and special sound equipment; it only shows special films, for example, climbing Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania) and a magnificent aquarium with fish and sea, or rather ocean living creatures from two oceans - the Atlantic and Indian. Also near Cape Town there is a huge amusement park with attractions and hotels like Disneyland or Port Aventura.
Cape Town, so to speak, is the “whitest” city in South Africa. Lives in Cape Town most of white population countries. While still on the plane, I noticed girls with South African passports in their hands, real descendants of the legendary Boers, tall and slender, with freckles on their tanned, ruddy faces, casually dressed and decorated with piercings, mostly blondes.
It must be said that the Boers are not some kind of black population of the country, but descendants, first of all, of Dutch and also French settlers, who, however, were abundantly mixed throughout the history of the country with local peoples and tribes. Currently in South Africa there are no more or less than 11 (!) official languages. By the way, even in the UN there are only six of them. You can imagine what happens at state meetings, for example, parliament during heated and fierce debates. After all, each delegate can speak any language, including English, Afrikaans (the most common), the indescribable clicking language of the Xhosa tribe and others. Translators have a hard time! They say that Afrikaans is not difficult and no more than 2 weeks of studying it is enough; its spelling is similar to Old Dutch (and therefore German).
The outskirts of Cape Town are the most picturesque corners of the country, without visiting which it is difficult to get a complete picture of the beauty of the country. Within a few hours' drive there is the so-called "wine route". It includes several cozy towns, rich in their wine-making traditions. Vineyards stretch for many kilometers around them. South African wine is considered quite good - the farms where wines, champagnes and brandies are produced are owned by Europeans, who practically do not take part in production process, controlling only financial side issues and distribution of products. I was able to visit one of these farms near the lovely university town of Stellenbosch - in addition to wine, due to its even climate, the city is also known as an optimal place for spending a cloudless old age. First, we were taken around the workshops for a long time, showing and explaining the intricate technical process - to obtain the best taste of wine, you need to select grapes, separate the peels and seeds (from which fertilizers are subsequently obtained - waste-free production), and then age for a long time in special oak barrels. After the show, we were taught how to taste wine correctly. It turns out that you shouldn’t drink wine at all when tasting - you can get drunk and lose your taste. To prevent this from happening, jugs of water for rinsing the mouth and biscuits are placed on the tables - they help to “start from scratch” when tasting each new type of wine. Before tasting, you should first inhale the aroma of the wine for a long time, then swirl it in the glass so that traces remain on the walls of the glass - oily wine “legs”. You can also judge the wine by the nature of these legs - for example, long and slender indicate some lightness of the wine, etc. Some of the most popular varieties are red Shiraz and Gewurtstramine. All wines start from $4-5 (or 20-25 rand in local currency).
Also close to Stellenbosch is the location of the Huguenot community. Having fled Bartholomew's Night, they arrived in this area and settled thoroughly, planting vineyards. Currently, there is a Huguenot museum (the most interesting exhibit there is a hefty moonshine still) and a monument to the innocent fallen in that memorable massacre.
And in some other matters. What he writes about on his blog
- The citizen’s political beliefs are contradictory and combine statism, socialism in the form of Titoism, as well as a craving for individual components of the imperial system - in particular, colonialism. Yes, this is such a hodgepodge =)))
- WELL AND THE MOST IMPORTANT THING!!! What can you read about on this blog? Yes, about almost everything!
Interested in the topic of the First World War? - I ask and. Interbellum? ! World War II and the Great Patriotic War? - . Modern Art - . Reviews of all kinds of bni also
There are no specific rules for commenting, swearing is ALLOWED (I’m a sinner myself, I repent). I will hit particularly stubborn citizens painfully with a banhammer (so the fountain of Russophobic and liberal ideas is clearly not for me). !!!
Well, full speed ahead!
P.S.: yes, I know that the blog is almost two years old and I only got around to writing the header now. And no, I'm not Estonian =)))
VERY IMPORTANT UPD: 
March 30th, 2019 , 07:25 pm
In addition to Robert Mackenzie, there was another officer in the Rhodesian SAS, whose name was pronounced by everyone - from the soldier to the unit commander - with undisguised respect. He participated in many operations, was awarded the highest orders of Rhodesia, repeatedly risked his life - in general, his contribution to the war against terrorists was difficult to overestimate. His name was Colin Willis.
A native of Northern Rhodesia (later Zambia), he was forced to leave the country at a young age for political reasons. After Zambia was granted independence, the country almost immediately developed a cult of personality for the new president, Kenneth Kaunda. Once, while walking with friends along the street of Lusaka, Colin, for the sake of laughter, approached a poster with a picture of the president and drew a mustache on it. The police, however, regarded this joke as a political crime and arrested Colin. After serving a month, he was expelled from the country, declared that he was an undesirable element, and warned that if he appeared on Zambian territory, he would immediately be sentenced to a long prison term. Colin had to move to Rhodesia. 
Colin Willis
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March 30th, 2019 , 07:00 pm
COMMON COMPLAINTS
131. A large amount of information about the causes of poor health can be obtained from the words of the victim, for example, what he did before the deterioration began; when he paid attention; where did it happen, etc. Whether you will deal with this case personally or not depends on:
a. Knowledge of first aid techniques.
b. Accessible first aid supplies and medications.
132. In many cases, all you can do is get the victim to a medical facility as quickly as possible or bring him qualified medical care. Always try to create a clear description of what the victim told you and what you saw with your own eyes - this will be of great help to the medical personnel who will be caring for the victim. Three important factors indicate how serious the victim’s condition is: temperature, pulse and respiration (TPR, temperature – pulse – respiration). Be sure to record and record this information. 
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March 30th, 2019 , 06:45 pm
67. Morphine is the best painkiller and also gives the victim a feeling of well-being.
68. “Tartrate” tablets, dosage 15 mg. Instructions for use:
a. Place the tablet under your tongue and begin to dissolve.
b. Do not chew or swallow.
c. The effect occurs within 30 minutes. If the victim is in a state of shock, the effect may occur later.
d. Use only if morphine for injection is not available.
69. Ampoule tubes with morphine, dosage 15 mg (“Omnopon” 30 mg). Instructions for use:
a. Remove from container.
b. Take it into your hand with the needle pointing up.
c. Break the seal by pulling the wire inside the needle.
d. Press lightly to release air.
e. Insert into the muscle at a right angle and squeeze out the contents.
f. The effect occurs within 15 minutes.
70. Important!
a. On the victim’s forehead, use a marker to write the date, time of injection and dose administered, for example: “15 mg, 08/11:05.” You can also write this down on a strip of adhesive tape.
b. Do the injection no more than once every four hours.
c. Metric equivalent: ¼ grain equals 15 milligrams. 
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March 30th, 2019 , 06:30 pm
FIRST AID MANUAL FOR THE RHODESIAN GROUND FORCES AND AIR FORCE
FOR ADMINISTRATIVE USE
OCTOBER 1971
INTRODUCTION
1. The meaning of providing first aid to victims is:
a. Saving lives.
b. Preventing the condition from getting worse.
c. Delivering the victim to a medical facility and providing him with qualified medical care.
2. To provide effective first aid you must:
a. Keep calm.
b. Use common sense.
c. Show the victim confidence in a successful outcome.
3. Remember that you should always:
a. Look. Make sure you treat the most seriously injured first.
b. Think. What are you doing and in what order?
c. Act. Provide first aid quickly and without panic.
4. Priorities. Remember the ABC rule for all injuries:
a. A (Airway) – respiratory tract. They must be cleaned, provided with access to fresh air and maintained in this condition.
b. B (Bleeding) – bleeding. It must be stopped.
c. C (Chest Wounds) – chest wounds. With open wounds of the chest, it is necessary to block the penetration of air.
5. Important. Failure to comply with these conditions may result in the victim dying without receiving qualified medical care. Always remember the ABC rule. 
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March 30th, 2019 , 05:51 pm
A simultaneous flyover of all three types of helicopters that were deployed by the Rhodesian Air Force (photo dated circa 1979). Alouette II (6 helicopters were "loaned" to the Rhodesian Air Force by the South African Police in 1973 and returned to South Africa in 1980); Alouette IIIB (in total the Air Force had 42 helicopters (for the period 1965 - 1980) of which 16 belonged to South Africa) and Augusta-Bell AB-205A "Cheetah" (11 helicopters were secretly delivered to Rhodesia in August 1978, believed to be through mediation Israel - combat missions began in October of the same year).
This photo appears to be from a training flight - the Alouette IIs were assigned to No. 7 Squadron (as were some of the Alouette IIIs) and were used almost exclusively for training flights.
Well, the unofficial song of the helicopter pilots of the 7th squadron (to the tune of Bad Moon Rising by Creedence Cleawater Revival):
BAD K-CAR ARISING
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March 30th, 2019 , 05:48 pm
In Durban, at the base of the 1st RDO, the saboteurs did not have long to rest - soon an order was received to leave for Langebaan again. The operational headquarters of the operation was deployed in Donkergat. Based on the results of studying the data collected by Grif's team, it was decided that the sabotage would be carried out by four groups - three groups of demolitions and a control group. It was also decided not to touch the cement plant - firstly, it was too large, and secondly, there was a risk that civilian casualties would be high. However, Grif proposed a compromise solution - during reconnaissance, the scouts discovered that on a hill above the plant there was some kind of tank that was regularly filled, which apparently made it an important object. The destruction of this tank was assigned to Sam Fourier and two other operatives. Jack Grif and three special forces assigned to him were supposed to blow up a small storage facility for fuel and lubricants. As for Tony, his task was to lead Warrant Officer France F. and six saboteurs to a large storage facility on the other side of the harbor.
South African-made magnetic mines, painted silver, were chosen for detonation so that they would not stand out against the background of the tanks. The charges were strengthened, and through the efforts of military engineers, the mines turned into a formidable weapon - they were capable of igniting even crude oil.
The training schedule in Langebaan did not differ from the previous phase of the operation - in the morning the special forces were engaged in physical training, shooting, overcoming an obstacle course and studying mines. After lunch, they studied photographs of the area, approach and escape routes, location of buildings, illumination of objects, etc. Besides, great attention focused on tactical maneuvers: combat options, emergency evacuation, group movements. As night approached, they practiced secretive movement and overcoming obstacles at night. Each group worked on own schedule, paying, however, attention to how others work. 
Saboteurs in mine training classes
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March 30th, 2019 , 01:00 am
We have already reviewed in this blog the work of special forces of “white” African states against infrastructure neighboring countries who provided assistance to terrorist groups - we are talking about, during which a detachment of the Rhodesian SAS under the command destroyed an oil depot in the Mozambican port of Beira. This post will talk about how the reconnaissance and sabotage detachments of the Republic of South Africa waged their “oil war”.
By the early 1980s, the command of the South African armed forces gradually came to the understanding that special forces units should be engaged in strategic operations. A definite impetus for this was the Battle of Eheki (Operation Cropdoif) - then in October 1977, 7 operatives were killed in battle. Considering that the number of reconnaissance and sabotage detachments was small, such a huge loss was a serious blow for special forces. Since a huge amount of time and money was spent on training one operative, it became clear to even the most skeptical officers from the leadership of the South African Armed Forces that wasting such material was, at a minimum, unprofitable.
It should be noted that the South Africans were not alone - almost everywhere where special forces units were created, the army command initially saw them primarily as well-trained attack aircraft. Not understanding that special forces are people who are designed to solve jewelry problems, to put it simply, it is a scalpel, not an ax.
By strategic operations, the military and political leadership of South Africa understood the following: the operation must cause serious damage to the enemy’s economy or the country that shelters the enemy, must be carried out deep behind enemy lines, its implementation is associated with exceptional risk, and lastly, the leadership of the country conducting the operation should not to take responsibility.
One of the first strategic operations carried out on the territory of Angola, was Operation Amazon - the destruction of the oil terminal in the city of Lobito. It was she who laid a certain model to carry out similar actions in the future. The execution was entrusted to operatives of the 1st and 4th RDO. From the 1st Reconnaissance Regiment, Sergeant Jack de Valence Grief, Corporal Sam Fourier and a black operative named Tony Vieira were assigned in charge. In the spring of 1980, the military personnel were called to the headquarters of the 1st RDO - they were ordered to pack up and leave for Langebaan, to the base of the 4th RDO (4th Reconnaissance Regiment), which specialized in amphibious operations. 
Sam Fourier and Tony Vieira
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March 29th, 2019 , 11:54 pm
The story of Rhodesian SAS captain Robert Cullen Mackenzie about the destruction of the Rhodesian SAS together with the Mozambican RENAMO guerrillas of the oil depot in Beira on March 23, 1979
The Rhodesian SAS was preparing to carry out one of the most daring operations. Moreover, the wine (as well as the laurels) should have gone to others (the interests of the cause required this) - namely, the RENAMO partisans, the Mozambican National Resistance Movement. After the military coup in Portugal in 1974, Lisbon made it clear that it would retain the “overseas provinces of the country” (this is how Portuguese West Africa (Angola), Portuguese East Africa(Mozambique) and Portuguese Guinea (Guinea-Bissau)) he does not intend to. After the departure of the Portuguese administration in Mozambique, the leftist group FRELIMO, oriented toward building socialism, came to power. The economy was transferred to Marxist rails, and domestic politics began to be built on the model of socialist states, adjusted for local conditions. It is not surprising that in the shortest possible time, Mozambique has turned from a relatively developed country into a pale shadow of a once decent state. The population's dissatisfaction with the constant shortage of everything resulted in protests and discontent. Later, the RENAMO political movement arose from these dissatisfied people. It should be noted that she had more than a hand in organizing the movement Secret Service Rhodesia. Well, SAS took over the combat training of the RENAMO partisans.
Mozambique, which until 1974 was a friendly country to Rhodesia, overnight turned, if not into an enemy, then at least into an enemy. The government of Samora Machel almost immediately provided its services to Robert Mugabe's ZANU party and its armed wing ZANLA, militants whose goal was to overthrow the government of Ian Smith. Terrorist bases were established on the territory of Mozambique, from there they carried out raids into Rhodesia, and there they rested after battles with the Rhodesian armed forces. Officially, both Machel and Mugabe stated that Mozambique placed refugee camps on its territory “who fled the repressions of the bloody Salisbury regime.” In fact, these were large (sometimes up to several thousand), well-equipped and fortified terrorist camps that received weapons and necessary supplies from the socialist countries, primarily from China. Mugabe at one time attended more than one course at the military academy in Nanjing, and the most promising cadres of ZANU-ZANLA became frequent guests in Nanjing and Beijing. Basically, there were Chinese instructors in the camps, but some assistance was also provided by Moscow and Berlin. 
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March 28th, 2019 , 11:53 pm
On 23 March 1979, Rhodesian SAS operatives, supported by the Mozambique National Resistance (RENAMO) guerrillas, carried out one of the most significant operations outside the country. The saboteurs managed to destroy an oil storage facility in Beira, the second most important port in Mozambique.
Until this time, RENAMO had limited itself to attacking remote garrisons of armed units of the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) stationed in the countryside. Although RENAMO guerrillas sometimes carried out acts of sabotage at key installations, such as the Mavuz power plant, the strategic initiative always remained with FRELIMO. Something had to be done to change this balance of power. The joint operational command of the Rhodesian armed forces decided to strike Beira. The target of the sabotage was the huge Munhava oil storage facility, located two kilometers from the center of Beira. More than 40 huge tanks with oil, gasoline and diesel fuel were concentrated in Munhava. In addition, in the center of the oil storage facility there were liquefied gas cylinders and several thousand 200-liter barrels of gasoline. A successful attack on such a strategically important facility would mean multimillion-dollar losses for the FRELIMO government, which was already experiencing serious economic difficulties, not to mention the propaganda effect.
Studying the maps, SAS and RENAMO operatives came to the conclusion that in addition to the oil storage facility, there were several more strategically important targets in Beira that could be attacked: a transformer station that supplied electricity to the city, a power line, a port railway line and an oil pipeline leading from Munhava to the port. In addition to these goals, the Rhodesian command would also like to destroy the warehouse of ZANLA (the armed wing of ZANU, the faction of Robert Mugabe), which was filled to capacity with weapons and explosives. However, the head of the operation, Captain Robert McKenzie, taking into account the time factor, refused to disperse his forces. He selected several goals as secondary ones, and the rest were crossed off the list after discussion. 
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The main inhabitants of Morocco are not Arabs - Amazakhs (Greek Berbers). Where the tribes of these light-skinned, thin, tall men and graceful, beautiful women once appeared in Africa is still not known. But this happened many hundreds of years before the Arabs conquered these lands and even before the arrival of the Phoenicians. Now many Amazakhs have assimilated with local population Arab or African appearance, but there are also quite a few “pure” representatives left. ( Famous people Amazakh origin: Zidane Zinedine, Isabelle Adjani.)
Berbers (from Greek βάρβαροι, lat. barbari; self-name amazakh - ruler, free, noble person) - common name indigenous peoples of northern Africa from Egypt in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west and from Sudan in the south to the Mediterranean Sea in the north. They speak Berberg languages. By religion, they are now mostly Sunni Muslims, but they have retained a number of ethnic customs. The name “Berbers” was given by Europeans by analogy with barbarians due to the incomprehensibility of their language.
It is debatable, but the relationship between the Berbers and the GUANCHS is very likely.
Probably, the self-name of the Amazakhs is the same as what the ancient Egyptians called “Mashuesh” (one of the Libyan tribes), Herodotus - Maxies / Mazies (about Libya), also in antiquity the inhabitants of the northern Berbers were called Masilas in Numidia (Algeria and Tunisia) and Masasilis ( western Algeria and Morocco). The prefix “mas, mes - maz, mez”, which was applied to the names of Numidian kings (Massinisa, for example), is still found in the surnames of North Africans: Mazari, Mazuni, Mazali, Mzali, Mesali, Mesis, etc. Also, the name of the village is Amagaz (pronounce a-Magess), eastern Kawilia.
Among the numerous Berber peoples, the main ones can be distinguished:
1. Amazirgi - live in northern Morocco, on the extreme northwestern coastline of the mainland (the so-called Reef, from which its population, famous for its sea robberies, was known as the Reef pirates) and the most northern part Atlas to the province of Tella.
2. The Shillu people of southern Morocco, occupy part of a large plain along Um er Rebia and Tenzift.
3. The Kabyles are a people in Algeria (of the Kabyles, Zinedine Zidane is the most famous).
4. Chauya - a people in Algeria, inhabits Ores. Main city- Batna.
5. Tuareg - Berbers of the Sahara, inhabiting deserts, live separated by vast spaces.
Most Berbers today live in the mountains. There are many Berber villages. Houses made of stacked red local stone or mud huts made of the same color clay are located in the greenery of river valleys on the mountain slopes.
FIRST HISTORICAL INFORMATION
Garamantes (Greek: Γαράμαντες) are an ancient people of the Sahara. They were first mentioned by Herodotus (about 500 BC) as “a very great people” (judging by archaeological data, their state arose much earlier, at the end of the 2nd millennium BC). They had a Caucasian appearance. In the 8th century BC. e. the state of the Garamantes already included all of present-day Fezzan, the southern regions of Tripolitania and a significant part of Marmarica. The Garamante civilization was very highly developed technologically. Herodotus wrote about them as warlike, desperate and quarrelsome tribes that penetrated, on chariots drawn by four horses, deep into the steppe, even then, expanses of northern Africa. The state of the Garamantes was annexed by Rome in 19 BC. e. The Garamantes were finally assimilated by the Arabs in the 7th century AD. e. The Garamantes spoke the language of the Berber group and used the so-called ancient writing Tifinagh (another name is “ancient Libyan”).
KABYLES (from the Arabic qabîlah - tribe) are a people of a group of Berbers in northern Algeria. They speak the northern branch of the Berber-Libyan languages. Writing based on Latin script. French and Arabic are also common languages. Attempts are being made to revive the ancient Tifinagh writing (another name for “ancient Libyan”), preserved in embroidery, etc. (its keepers are mostly women). The Kabyles make up the majority of members of the local parties “Union for Culture and Democracy”, “Front of Socialist Forces”, etc.
They live mainly in Algeria in the mountains of Greater and Lesser Kabylia (historical region of Kabylia) east of the city of Algiers. The number in Algeria is approx. 3 million people (2007, evaluation). They also live in France (676 thousand people), Belgium (50 thousand people), Great Britain (over 3 thousand people). The total number is 4 million people, according to some sources - up to 6 million people.
Settlements are usually located on the top of a mountain and have 2 streets: an internal one for women and an external one for men; The houses, closely placed next to each other, face outward with blank walls. The inhabitants of the settlement form a community (taddart, jamaat), headed by a leader (amine, amekkran); it is divided into groups (adrum), including several related (in the 4th-5th generation) patrilineal associations (tararrubt), consisting of large patriarchal families (aham - lit. big house).
Pre-Islamic folklore has been preserved. Kavila folklore has its own phoenix bird, this is a falcon (or hawk), or rather a female falcon, that is, a falcon, Tha-Nina (tha is a feminine article, like the French La). In terms of its symbolism and meaning for us, it is not inferior to our firebird. She is a symbol of rebirth female beauty and just a woman's name.
Protective symbols applied with henna are designed to protect a woman during the most important periods of her life - wedding, pregnancy, then childbirth. Drawings on the face, neck, décolleté are mainly from North Africa, Morocco - this is another tradition called harquus (“harquus”). For harquus, not henna is used, but other coloring mixtures, black in color. Drawings in the harquus style can often be seen on the faces of tribal belly dancers, and corresponding decorations on the body in the form of drawings and tattoos complement the image.
TUAREG (self-name - imoshag, imoshag) are a people of a group of Berbers in Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso, Morocco, Algeria and Libya. In the past, an extremely aggressive invader people.
By religion, the Tuaregs are Sunni Muslims. However, they retained many pre-Islamic customs, such as matrilineal clan organization and maternal ortho-cousin marriage. Despite the fact that modern Tuaregs practice Islam, where polygamy is allowed, a real Tuareg marries only once in his life. Women are respected in Tuareg society. Girls with early age learn to read and write, but a man is allowed to be illiterate.
The main occupation is hoe farming (grains, legumes, vegetables), combined with breeding small cattle. Some of the Tuaregs who inhabit the Algerian Sahara and the Tenere Desert roam with herds of camels and goats.
The ancient Tuagers were white and consisted of castes. Slaves and blacksmiths have nothing to do with the Tuaregs of the higher castes. They are usually dark-skinned, while the Tuaregs themselves are light-skinned and tall and thin. They considered life to be just a toy, so they were not afraid of losing it or having it taken away from others, and therefore they were distinguished by a free disposition. A woman's position was determined by the number of lovers and admirers. The Tuaregs raided neighboring tribes, capturing people as slaves. (Colin M. Turnbull. Man in Africa)
There is a legend about the origin of the Tuareg people. According to her, the “mother-ancestress” Tin-Khinan came to them from Morocco on a white camel with her maid Takamat. It is unknown how they got to Ahaggar, where Tin-Khinan became queen. The most beautiful, youngest and strongest male admirers came to her to copulate, then she killed them. The queen and the maid gave birth to children, marking the beginning of the Tuareg family. From Tin-Khinan came a noble tribe, and from a maid came a tribe of vassals. In 1925, in the area of the ancient fortification of Abalessa in Ahaggar, a rich burial of a woman was found; many Tuaregs believe that this was Tin-Khinan.
In the 11th century Arab conquerors invaded the territory of Tuareg settlement in North Africa, again shifting the Tuareg area to the west. During this period, the Tuaregs underwent Islamization and Arabization. Ironically, modern Tuaregs have assimilated into the black population.
In the Middle Ages, the Tuaregs were involved in trans-Saharan trade and created several short-lived state entities, such as the Sultanate of Agadez; controlled important transshipment trading points, such as Takedda (a city-state on the territory of Niger, in an oasis in the west of the Air highlands, which existed in the Middle Ages.).
During the colonial era, the Tuaregs were included in the French West Africa. Unlike many other peoples, the Tuaregs resisted for a long time new government(Tuareg revolt 1916-1917). For example, the colonial power in the colony of Niger was able to subjugate the Tuareg tribes only by 1923. The French colonial power controlled the Tuaregs through clan leaders, trying to exploit inter-clan contradictions.
The Tuaregs became the prototype for the Fremen people in Frank Herbert's epic Dune series.
The GALLERY contains mainly photographs of Kabyles (hereditary Amazakhs) and several Tuaregs (assimilated Amazakhs).
