Economic specialization of India. Indian textile industry
INDIA
Territory - 3.28 million km 2. Population - 935.5 million people. The capital is Delhi.
Geographical location, general information.
The Republic of India is located in South Asia on the Hindustan Peninsula. It also includes the Laccadive Islands in the Arabian Sea and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. India borders Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar. The maximum length of India is 3200 km from north to south, 2700 km from west to east.
India's EGP is conducive to economic development: India is located on the sea trade routes from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, halfway between the Middle and Far East.
Indian civilization arose in the third millennium BC. e. For almost two centuries, India was a colony of England. India gained independence in 1947, and in 1950 it was declared a republic within the British Commonwealth.
India is a federal republic consisting of 25 states. Each of them has its own legislative assembly and government, but while maintaining a strong central government.
Natural conditions and resources.
The main part of the territory is located within the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Deccan Plateau.
India's mineral resources are significant and varied. The main deposits are located in the northeast of the country. Here are the largest iron ore, coal basins, and manganese ore deposits; this creates favorable conditions for the development of heavy industry.
The mineral resources of South India are diverse - bauxite, chromite, magnesite, brown coal, graphite, mica, diamonds, gold, monazite sands, ferrous metal ores, coal; in Gujarat and on the continental shelf - oil.
The climate of the country is mainly monsoonal subtropical and tropical, in the south it is equatorial. The average annual temperature is about 25°C, only in winter in the mountains it drops below 0°. The distribution of precipitation by season and across the territory is uneven - 80% of it occurs in the summer, the eastern and mountainous regions receive the largest amount, and the northwest receives the smallest.
Land resources are the natural wealth of the country, since a significant part of the soil has high fertility.
Forests occupy 22% of India's area, but there is not enough forest for economic needs.
Indian rivers have great energy potential and are also the main source of artificial irrigation.
Population.
India is the second most populous country in the world (after China). The country has a very high population reproduction rate. And although the peak of the “demographic explosion” has generally passed, the demographic problem has not yet lost its urgency.
India is the most multinational country in the world. Representatives of several hundred nations, nationalities and tribal groups live in it, at different stages of socio-economic development and speaking different languages. They belong to the Caucasoid, Negroid, Australoid races and the Dravidian group.
The peoples of the Indo-European family predominate: Hindustani, Marathi, Bengalis, Biharis, etc. The official languages in the country are Hindi and English.
More than 80% of the inhabitants of India are Hindus, 11% are Muslims. Complex ethnic and religious composition population often leads to conflicts and increased tension.
The distribution of the population of India is very uneven, since for a long time the fertile lowlands and plains in the valleys and deltas of rivers and on the sea coasts were primarily populated. Average population density is 260 people. per 1 km 2. Despite this high rate, and now there are sparsely populated and even deserted areas.
The level of urbanization is quite low - 27%, but the number of large cities and “millionaire” cities is constantly increasing; In terms of the absolute number of city residents (220 million people), India ranks 2nd in the world. But, nevertheless, most India's population lives in crowded villages.
Figure 11. Economic map of India.
(to enlarge the image, click on the picture)
Industry, energy.
India is a developing agro-industrial country with enormous resources and human potential. Together with traditional industries for India ( agriculture, light industry) mining and manufacturing industries are developing.
Currently, 29% of GDP comes from industry, 32% from agriculture, 30% from the service sector.
Energy. The creation of an energy base began in the country with the creation of hydroelectric power stations, but among those newly built in recent years power plants are dominated by thermal power plants. The main source of energy is coal. Nuclear energy is also developing in India - 3 nuclear power plants are operating.
Electricity production per capita is still very low.
Ferrous metallurgy. This is a growing industry. The current level is 16 million tons of steel (1993). The industry is represented by enterprises located mainly in the east of the country (Calcutta-Damodara industrial belt), as well as in the states of Bihar, Adhra Pradesh, etc.
Non-ferrous metallurgy also developed in the east. The aluminum industry, based on local bauxite, stands out.
Mechanical engineering. India produces a variety of machine tool and transport engineering products (TVs, ships, cars, tractors, airplanes and helicopters). The industry is developing rapidly.
The leading centers of mechanical engineering are Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Hyderabad, Bangalore.
In terms of production volume of the radio-electronic industry, India has reached the foreign Asia to second place. The country produces a variety of radio equipment, color televisions, tape recorders, and communications equipment.
Chemical industry. In a country with such a role for agriculture, the production of mineral fertilizers is of exceptional importance. The importance of petrochemicals is also growing.
Light industry- a traditional branch of the economy, the main directions are cotton and jute, as well as clothing. There are textile factories in all major cities countries. 25% of India's exports are made up of textile and clothing products.
Food industry- also traditional, produces products for the domestic and foreign markets. Indian tea is the most widely known in the world.
Transport. Among other developing countries, India's transport is quite developed. In first place in importance are railway transport in internal transportation and sea transport in external transportation.
Service sector. The largest film producer. Second only to the USA. In recent years, the creation of software products for largest corporations USA (1st place in the world).
Agriculture.
India is a country of ancient agricultural culture, one of the most important agricultural regions in the world.
Agriculture employs 3/5 of India's agricultural sector, but the use of mechanization is still insufficient.
4/5 of the value of agricultural products comes from crop production; agriculture requires irrigation (40% of the sown area is irrigated).
The main part of the arable land is occupied by food crops: rice, wheat, corn, barley, millet, legumes, potatoes.
The main industrial crops of India are cotton, jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and oilseeds.
There are two main agricultural seasons in India - summer and winter. Sev most important crops(rice, cotton, jute) is carried out in the summer, during the summer monsoon rains; In winter, wheat, barley, etc. are sown.
As a result of several factors, including the Green Revolution, India is completely self-sufficient in grain.
Livestock farming is much inferior to crop production, although India ranks first in the world in terms of livestock numbers. Only milk and animal skins are used; meat is practically not consumed, since Indians are mostly vegetarians.
In coastal areas, fishing is of considerable importance.
Foreign economic relations.
India is still poorly involved in the MGRT, although foreign trade is of considerable importance to its economy. The main export items are light industry products, jewelry, agricultural products, medicines, fuel resources; the share of machinery and equipment is growing.
The largest trading partners are the USA, Germany, Japan, Great Britain, Hong Kong.
Problems and tests on the topic "India"
Basic concepts: Western European (North American) type transport system, port-industrial complex, "development axis", metropolitan region, industrial belt, "false urbanization", latifundia, ship stations, megalopolis, "technopolis", "growth pole", "growth corridors"; colonial type of industrial structure, monoculture, apartheid, subregion.Skills and abilities: be able to assess the influence of EGP and GGP, the history of settlement and development, characteristics of the population and labor resources of the region, country on the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy, the level of economic development, the role in the MGRT of the region, country; identify problems and forecast development prospects for the region and country; highlight specific, defining features of individual countries and explain them; find similarities and differences in the population and economy of individual countries and give an explanation for them, draw up and analyze maps and cartograms.
Indian Industrial Structure
In terms of the structure and level of economic development, India is an agrarian-industrial country. More than $60\%$ of the country's economically active population is employed in agriculture, and $20\%$ in industry and handicraft production.
Indian industry produces approximately $1.5\%$ of global industrial output. But the structure of the industrial complex is not yet perfect enough. It is in the formative stage.
Indian industry is dominated by extractive industries. Modern manufacturing industries are developing rapidly.
Let us consider the sectoral and territorial structure of Indian industry in more detail.
Fuel and energy complex
The basis of the Indian fuel industry is the coal industry. Coal deposits are concentrated in east of the country. Oil and gas are produced at west of the country, in the Mumbai (Bombay) region. Oil refineries are located in Delhi and in seaports:
- Calcutta,
- Mumbai,
- Chenai ( focused on imported oil).
The basis of the electric power industry is thermal power plants , which provide $72\%$ of electricity. A significant amount of energy in the country is obtained by burning wood, straw, and waste from sugar cane processing.
Built on the mountain rivers of the Himalayas and rapids watercourses of the Deccan plateau hydroelectric power stations, producing $26\%$ of electricity. The share is growing and nuclear energy .
Metallurgy
Metallurgical centers are:
- Bokaro,
- Durgapur,
- Bhilai,
- Jamshedpur.
The main branch of non-ferrous metallurgy is aluminum (Hirakud, Rihand), which runs on its own bauxite using local electricity. Copper, lead, and zinc are also melted. The gold processing industry is developing. For the needs of mechanical engineering, India imports from $20$ to $60\%$ various non-ferrous metals.
Chemical industry
India is one of the countries with an average level of development of the chemical industry. The chemical industry occupies an important place in the country's economy. The production of amino acids, fertilizers, artificial and synthetic fibers, varnishes and paints predominates. The main centers of the industry are located in the states:
- Gujarat,
- Maharashtra,
- Tamil Nadu,
- Punjab,
- Bihar.
Petroleum-based polymer chemistry is developing in Mumbai.
Mechanical engineering
Mechanical engineering is characterized by the development of the transport industry. Thus, locomotives are produced in Varanasi, diesel engines - in Mumbai, Kolkatpi, railway cars, airplanes - in Chennai (Madras), Bangalore, sea and river vessels - in Mumbai, Visakhapatnami. Recently, heavy engineering has been developing in the cities of Durgapur and Ranchi.
Along with the old branches of heavy metal-intensive engineering, labor-intensive and knowledge-intensive industries are developing, using local cheap labor. These factories where they assemble motorcycles, bicycles, machine tools, household appliances, develop computer programs, develop in large cities:
- Mumbai,
- Chena,
- Kolkata,
- Bangalore.
Light industry
Light industry covers the cotton, leather and footwear industries. India produces the world's largest quantity of cotton fabrics in $750 mills located primarily in the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. The products of jute mills, concentrated in Kolkata, make up a large share of the country's exports.
Food industry
The food industry is characterized by the production of oil and vegetable fat from peanuts, sesame seeds, castor beans, mustard, flax, coconuts, as well as cane sugar and tea.
Other industries
Handicraft production plays an important role in the Indian economy. It provides almost half of the cheap industrial products that satisfy the needs of the domestic market and for export. These are artistic crafts and various crafts. These include carpet weaving, jewelry making, weaving, carving ivory, artwork on metal. There are oil mills, forges, carpentry, tanning, pottery, soap, sewing, and furniture factories in every locality. They satisfy the everyday needs of the population and serve to attract tourists.
Example 1
India is the only country in the world that produces small diamonds.
Mumbai is a major center for the film industry. The largest film factories in India are located there, which are popularly called "Bollywood". Popular film actors are considered by Indians to be national heroes.
In the structure of the country’s national economy over the years of independence and the government’s plan for industrialization of the economy, significant changes have occurred - the share of industry, especially heavy, while the share of light and food products was reduced, the share of agriculture decreased significantly and the share of the non-production sphere increased.
The basis energy India's coal industry is major. Every year India produces about 350 million tons of coal and only 30-35 million tons of oil. Electricity production is growing rapidly (more than 700 billion kWh). Several nuclear power plants and a number of large hydroelectric power plants have been built.
With the assistance former USSR India has gained a powerful ferrous metallurgy, becoming one of the ten largest steel producers. Largest centers ferrous metallurgy- Bhilai, Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Durgapur, Rourkela - are concentrated in the east of the country, where the main coal and metallurgical base of the country - the “Indian Ruhr” - was formed. Has been developed and non-ferrous metallurgy, especially aluminum production (Singraul and Hirakud).
Mechanical Engineering in India has a complex structure and is represented various industries. India produces cars, locomotives, carriages, ships, metal-cutting machines, a variety of electrical and electronic equipment, and agricultural machinery. The defense complex is developing, including the aircraft and missile industries. The main engineering centers of India are Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi, Madras, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ranchi.
In structure chemical industry The dominant position is occupied by the production of mineral fertilizers, but the share of other industries is constantly increasing. The output of oil refining products, chemical fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics and pharmaceutical products is growing. The most important centers of the country's chemical industry were Bombay, Visakhapatnam, Delhi, Sindri, Cochin, Madras, etc.
Traditional sectors of the economy remain light And food industry. India has developed the production of almost all types of fabrics: cotton, jute, silk, wool, synthetic and artificial fibers. India ranks 3rd in the world in the production of all types of fabrics, and in the production of jute products India is the absolute world leader. The largest centers of light industry are Calcutta, Ahmedabad, Bombay, Delhi, Madurai, Kanpur. Among industries food industry Tea, sugar and oil mills are of export importance. Material from the site
They occupy a very special place in India software industry, that is, the production of software, software, and film industry. The main centers of the software industry in recent years have been Delhi, Bombay, Madras, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Jaipur, Pune and Noida. The main buyers of Indian computer programs are the USA (59%), countries European Union(22%) and Japan (4%). The main center of the Indian film industry is Bombay. India ranks first in the world in the production of feature films (more than 700).
India ranks among the top ten countries in the world for a number of industrial production indicators. Heavy industry enterprises are concentrated mainly on the Kota-Nagpur plateau, where coking coal deposits are adjacent to iron ore deposits. New industrial centers are also being created in previously backward hinterland areas (Bhilai, Bokaro, Rourkela, Durgapur).
Over the years of political independence, a powerful industrial base has emerged, scientific and technical potential has been accumulated (more than 3,700 different research institutes, design bureaus, research laboratories) that meets the advanced world level, one of the most powerful supercomputers in the world - “Param-10000” has been created, production of a wide range of civil and military launch vehicles. Modern India owns high technology, is a major software manufacturer and exporter - 140 of the world's top 500 companies satisfy their software needs software precisely at the expense of India. The country ranks third in the world in terms of the number of scientific and technical personnel, and in 1998 it became a space and nuclear power.
The state's share in the total volume of investments in R&D has increased to 80%. The state allocates half of these funds to R&D in the defense, space and nuclear industries. At the same time, 10% goes directly to research institutes, and 30% to the implementation of developments in industry.
The scope of the infrastructure in the field of R&D is impressive - there are more than 900 scientific departments, including universities, private research institutes, training centers, as well as banking, financial, insurance and other structures.
When assessing economic efficiency India uses a criterion such as the Gloss Value Addition of each sector for financial allocations to R&D. In the defense, space and nuclear industries, this figure is $1.2 billion. (for comparison: in the country’s agriculture it is equal to 100 billion dollars, and from the introduction of various know-how in industry - 90 billion dollars).
Light industry is represented by handicrafts and modern enterprises. Indian natural silks, Kashmiri shawls, wood carvings, papier-mâché products, saffron, furs, and jewelry are world famous. Each Indian state, many cities and individual localities are famous for their handicrafts:
Varanasi (Benares state) is a famous center of silk weaving production, as well as bronze, silver, and gold products;
Mirzapur and Aligarh are famous for metal products, various kinds of utensils, production of locks, iron chests, etc.;
Firozabad is the largest glass bangle manufacturing center in the country;
Mysore (the former capital of the princely state of the same name) is a center for the production of products made from ivory, sandalwood, natural silk, etc.
Agricultural and mineral processing plants are usually located near raw material extraction sites. These are factories for ginning cotton, processing peanuts, sugar cane, freezing and drying foods, and primary processing of metals. State governments strongly welcome the development of local industry: so-called industrial parks are appearing everywhere - small free zones where lower taxes and low land prices are established.
In recent years, India has become known as a producer of medicines and pharmaceuticals that are quite competitive with Western products, but cheaper. Such a traditional Indian industry as cutting diamonds and other precious stones also maintains a high share in exports.
Indian industrial capital, both private and public, is willing to business relations with foreign partners in order to acquire the latest technologies, as well as the opportunity to expose their management to foreign business expertise and gain access to foreign markets.
The growth of the Indian economy is greatly facilitated by the vast financial and banking sector. India can be proud of its broad and well-organized banking sector. It has a network of national financial institutions (its own and foreign investment funds, investors, leasing companies, venture capital firms, etc.) and a well-developed stock market, where the interests of 23 stock exchanges collide. The total market capitalization of the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange (NSE) was more than $8 billion in 2008.
The depth and scale of Indian stock markets exceeds the size of stock markets of competing countries such as South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan (“eastern dragons”), Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia. Indian stock markets are equipped with the latest exchange technology and have won recognition in the business world due to the high professional level of stock transactions, developed market infrastructure, special conditions for trading via the Internet, 26% participation of foreign assets in the insurance sector, simplified procedure for making and withdrawing investments for a number of companies and enterprises, etc.
Indian stocks, fueled by the growth of the nation's knowledge-based industries, have made strong gains on the stock markets USA. It is no coincidence that India arouses quite a lot of interest among national and foreign investors. The investment problem is subject to a number of important questions, namely, what is the investment attractiveness of a given country, whether the government's liberalization policy promotes the flow of capital into the country, whether the problem of external debt is relevant, etc.
Active capital inflow over the past 5-6 years amounted to about 56% of net capital inflow into developing countries generally. Moreover, if in previous years portfolio investments in the country were more than direct ones, now the picture has changed noticeably: direct investments up to 100% are allowed in all industries and sectors of the Indian economy, except for areas where the investor already has a business or an Indian company provides financial services or foreign direct investment that is contrary to industry policy. The largest share of foreign direct investment falls on electrical goods (16%), transport (10%), telecommunications (9.6%), and services (9%).
One of the important factors determining the interest of foreign investors in India is the presence of a huge domestic market. Indeed, the rapid growth of the urban population, the breakthrough of electronic media, education, tourism, the changing nature of spending of the Indian family, the increasing attention of Indian buyers to the quality of goods, their design, brands, comfort, increased interest in the services of hotels, restaurants, personal transport, etc. - all this provides the domestic market with a steady upward trend, actively fueling the interest of foreign investors in this country.
However, the effectiveness of the measures taken does not fully meet the requirements of the Indian national economy, since the share of foreign direct investment is still no more than 1% of global foreign direct investment. Moreover, almost half of them are located in two large industrial centers of the country - Delhi and Bombay. However, India has a vested interest in becoming an active participant in international trade and interstate capital flows.
A significant territory of South Asia is occupied by the Federal Republic of India, which is the seventh largest in the world in terms of area and second in terms of population.
It is a country that is characterized by a great diversity of nationalities, as well as rapid growth and industrial development.
Population
India can rightfully be considered a favorable haven for representatives of all kinds of nationalities. To confirm this, it can be clarified that despite the fact that state language is considered Hindi, the country has approved 14 more constitutional languages, including English, Sanskrit, Marathi, Assami and others.
Eighty years ago, during the colonies, the mortality rate exceeded the birth rate, and the average life expectancy barely reached 30 years. Two decades later, the country's demographic situation improved dramatically, as healthcare began to actively develop, and each family was encouraged to produce at least two children. Today, population growth is so rapid that in 5 years India will surpass China in terms of the number of inhabitants. That is why unemployment has been one of the significant problems in the country over the last decade - more than 20% of working-age residents do not have permanent job or are part-time employed.
Although India cannot be called an urbanized state, it is still urban population exceeds the rural one several times. According to this indicator, India also ranks second in the world. The majority of city residents work in trade and the service sector. It is worth pointing out that the largest cities in India are not very comfortable, on the contrary - there are many basti slums, lack of water supply and sewerage, problems with transportation, regular traffic jams during rush hour, poor conditions for the urban population. The life of the rural population can be called more comfortable.
Industry of India
The service sector accounts for the bulk of India's gross domestic product. The most developed industries in the country include energy, ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and light industry, since these areas are state property and make a huge contribution to India’s GDP.
Energy
(North Chennai Thermal Power Plant, India)
Despite the fact that the energy sector in the country is at the stage of rapid development, the majority of the population meets their household fuel needs through agricultural waste and firewood. Coal It is mined mainly in the northeast, and the costs of its transportation are quite high and economically unjustified. Processing of oil deposits is practically undeveloped, so mainly imported raw materials are processed. Therefore, the center of the energy industry is hydroelectric power stations and nuclear power plants. And yet in India I received rapid development nuclear energy program.
Metallurgy
(Steel plant in Bhilai, India)
Ferrous metallurgy is one of the main industries in India, because the country has large number ore and coal deposits. The city of Kolkata has the richest sources. The seat of the largest metallurgical plants is located in the eastern part of the country. Basically, the work of the factories is aimed at meeting government needs. However, India exports some minerals, including mica, manganese and iron ore. It should be noted that metallurgical industry differs in aluminum smelting, since the country has its own fairly large reserves of the necessary raw materials. India obtains all other non-ferrous metals through imports.
Mechanical engineering
(Conveyor assembly of cars by hand)
Over the last decade, the engineering industry in India has reached its zenith. The aviation, ship, carriage and automobile industries began to develop rapidly, producing almost all types of necessary transport equipment. About forty different enterprises, which are located mainly in large cities, are a hotbed of mechanical engineering and produce the necessary parts thanks to their own mechanical engineering complex.
Textile and chemical industries
(Textile industry)
About two tens of millions of Indians work in the textile industry. Today, many foreign representatives of the textile business are investing in it. Thanks to this industry, the state's economy has significantly strengthened. The country's treasury receives huge profits (more than $30 billion) from the sale of chemical industry products: mineral fertilizers, plastics, chemical fibers, rubber. Now most factories have directed their efforts towards organic synthesis.
Agriculture in India
(Collection of traditional Indian tea)
Indian agriculture is mainly focused on farming and growing a variety of food crops (rice, wheat). Tea, cotton and tobacco exported from India are valued throughout the world. The country's climate makes it possible to grow these crops and distribute quality goods far abroad. The development of livestock farming is hampered by Hinduism, widespread in the state, which promotes vegetarianism and even considers the processing of hides to be a low and sinful craft. But agriculture does not suffer from this, since Indian residents can engage in crop production all year round, which gives them a constant stable income.
