Common use of language. The concept of a language norm

A
outdated(
ext., decom., and
At the first stage, the only form A dominates; its variant B is beyond the limits of the literary language and is considered incorrect. At the second stage, option B already penetrates into the literary language, is considered acceptable (additional mark) and, depending on the degree of its distribution, is qualified as colloquial (colloquial mark) in relation to norm A or equal to it (mark I). At the third stage, the senior norm A loses its dominant role, finally gives way to the junior norm B and becomes obsolete norms. At the fourth stage, B becomes the only norm of the literary language. The sources of changes in the norms of the literary language are different: live, colloquial speech; local dialects; vernacular; professional jargon; other languages,
Changes in norms are preceded by the appearance of their variants, which actually exist in the language at a certain stage of its development and are actively used by its speakers. Variants of norms are reflected in dictionaries of modern literary language.
For example, in the “Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language”, accented variants of such words as normalize and normalize, mark and mark, thinking to thinking are recorded as equal. Some variants of words are given with the corresponding markings: cottage cheese and (colloquial) cottage cheese, agreement and (simple) agreement. If we turn to the “Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language” (M., 1983), then we can follow the fate of these options. Thus, the words “normalize” and “thinking” become preferred, and “normalize” and “thinking” are labeled “additional.” (acceptable). Of the options, mark and mark, marking becomes the only correct one. Regarding cottage cheese and cottage cheese, the norm has not changed. But the contract option has moved from a colloquial form into a colloquial form, and is marked “additional” in the dictionary.
Shifts in standardization can be clearly seen in the example of the pronunciation of the combination -chn.
Let's present this in a table: *
Word Tolk, lyrics. Russian, language, 1935-1940 Orthoepic dictionary Russian. language 1997 everyday [SHK] [chn] and extra. [shn] bakery [shn] [shn] and additional. [chi] snack bar [schn] [chn] toy [schn] [chn] on purpose [schn] [schn] decent [schn] [schn] and [chn] decent [schn] [schn] and [chn] creamy [schn] add. outdated [shn] scrambled eggs [shn] [shn] apple [shn] don. [shn] As you can see, out of 10 words, only two (on purpose, scrambled eggs) retain the pronunciation [shn]; in one case (bakery), preference is given to the pronunciation [shn], but [chn] is also allowed; in two cases, both pronunciations are considered equal (see decently, decently)> in the other five, the pronunciation [chn] wins, while in a nutshell ( snack bar, toy) it is considered the only correct one, and in three (everyday, creamy, apple) the pronunciation [shn] is also allowed* Indicators of various normative dictionaries give reason to talk about three degrees of normativity:
norm of the 1st degree - strict, rigid, not allowing options;
the 2nd degree norm is neutral, allowing equivalent options;
norm 3 degrees - more flexible, allows the use of colloquial as well as outdated forms.
The historical change in the norms of a literary language is a natural, objective phenomenon. It does not depend on the will and desire of individual native speakers* The development of society, changes in the social way of life, the emergence of new traditions, the improvement of relationships between people, the functioning of literature and art lead to the constant renewal of literary language and its norms.
According to scientists, the process of changing language norms has become especially intensified in recent decades*
Characteristics of the basic norms of the literary language,
Grammatical norms are the rules for using morphological forms of different parts of speech and syntactic structures.
¦ The most common grammatical errors associated with the use of gender of nouns* You can hear incorrect phrases: railway rail, French shampoo, big callus, registered parcel, patent leather shoes*
But the nouns rail, shampoo are masculine, corn, parcel are feminine, so we should say: railway rail^ French shampoo, big corn, custom parcel. The word shoes in such
form is considered incorrect. It is correct to say: /and/flya with the emphasis on the first syllable: there is not one shoe; bought beautiful shoes; there are a lot of winter shoes in the store; I'm glad to have new shoes.
Verbs, for example, reflexive and non-reflexive, are not always used correctly in speech. Thus, in the sentences “The Duma must decide on the date of the meeting”, “Deputies need to decide on the proposed bill”, the reflexive verb decide is colloquial in nature. In the above examples, the verb should be used without - xia: “The Duma must determine the date of the meeting,” “Deputies need to determine their attitude to the proposed bill.” The verb to decide has a colloquial connotation in a sentence like: “We need to decide,” i.e., “We need to determine our attitude towards someone/something.”
Violation of grammatical norms is often associated with the use of prepositions in speech. Thus, the difference in semantic and stylistic shades between synonymous constructions with prepositions due to and thanks is not always taken into account. The preposition thanks retains its original lexical meaning associated with the verb to thank, therefore it is used to indicate the reason that causes the desired result: thanks to the help of comrades, thanks to the correct treatment. If there is a sharp contradiction between the original lexical meaning of the preposition thanks and the indication of a negative reason, the use of this preposition is undesirable: I did not come to work due to illness. In this case, it would be more correct to say - because of illness.
In addition to tosh, the prepositions thanks to, contrary to, according to, towards, according to modern standards of literary language, are used only with the dative case: “thanks to activity”, “contrary to the rules”, “according to the schedule”, “towards the anniversary*.
Lexical norms, i.e. the rules for using words in speech, require special attention. M. Gorky taught that words must be used with the strictest precision. The word must be used in the meaning (literal or figurative) that it has and which is recorded in Russian language dictionaries. Violation of lexical norms leads to a distortion of the meaning of the statement. There are many examples of inaccurate use of individual words. So, the adverb somewhere has one meaning “in some place”, “unknown where* (music started playing somewhere). However, recently this word has begun to be used in the meaning of “about, approximately, sometime”: “Somewhere in the 70s of the 19th century”, “The classes were planned to be held somewhere in June”, “The plan was completed somewhere by 102%."
The frequent use of the word order in the meaning of “a little more”, “a little less” should be considered a speech defect. In Russian there are words to denote this concept: approximately, approximately. But some people use the word order instead. Here are examples from the speech: “About 800 people left the city schools before the revolution, and now there are about 10 thousand”; “The living area of ​​the constructed houses is about 2.5 million square meters, and the green ring around the city is about 20 thousand hectares”; “The damage caused to the city is about 300 thousand rubles*.
The words somewhere, in order, in the meaning “about”, *approximating” but* are often found in colloquial speech:
How many examples did you pick on the topic?
Somewhere around 150.
How many printed sheets are checked?
About 3 printed sheets.
What weather is expected?
In the near future the temperature will be somewhere around zero degrees. (Recording of oral speech).
An error is also the incorrect use of the verb lozhet instead of put. The verbs lay and put have the same meaning, but put is a commonly used literary word, and lay is a colloquial word. The expressions sound unliterary: “I put the book in its place,” “He puts the folder on the table,” etc. In these sentences, the verb to put should be used: “I put the books in its place,” “He puts the folder on the table.” It is also necessary to pay attention to the use of prefix verbs put7 fold, fold. Some say “report to place”, “add up numbers”, instead of the correct “put in place”, “add up numbers”.
Violations of lexical norms are sometimes due to the fact that speakers confuse words that are similar in sound but different in meaning. For example, verbs are not always used correctly to provide I imagine. Sometimes we hear incorrect expressions such as: “The floor is presented to Petrov,” “Let me introduce you to Dr. Petrov.” The verb to provide means “to give the opportunity to take advantage of something” (to provide an apartment, vacation, position, credit, loan, rights, independence, word, etc.), and the verb to present means “to transfer, give, present something, to anyone" (submit a report, certificate, facts, evidence; submit for an award, an order, a title, for a prize, etc.). The above sentences with these verbs correctly sound like this: “The floor is given to Petrov,” “Allow me to introduce you to Dr. Petrov.”
Sometimes the nouns stalagmite and stalactite are used incorrectly. These words differ in meaning: stalagmite - a conical limestone build-up on the floor of a cave, gallery (cone up); stalactite - a conical limestone growth on the ceiling or vault of a cave or gallery (cone down).
The words differ in their meaning: college (secondary or higher educational institution in England, USA) and college (secondary educational institution in France, Belgium, Switzerland); effective (effective, leading to the desired results) and spectacular (producing a strong impression, effect); Offensive (causing offense, insulting) and touchy (easily offended, inclined to see offense, insult where there is none).
To clarify the lexical norms of the modern literary language, it is recommended to use explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language and special reference literature.
Orthoepic norms are pronunciation norms of oral speech. They are studied by a special branch of linguistics - orthoepy (Greek orthos correct and epos speech).
One of the largest researchers of pronunciation norms, R.I. Avanesov, defines orthoepy as
a set of rules of oral speech that ensure the unity of sound design in accordance with the norms of the national language, historically developed and entrenched in the literary language.
Maintaining uniformity in pronunciation is important* Spelling errors always interfere with the perception of the content of speech: the listener’s attention is distracted by various incorrect pronunciations, and the statement is not perceived in its entirety and with sufficient attention* Pronunciation that corresponds to spelling norms facilitates and speeds up the communication process* Therefore, the social role correct pronunciation is very large, especially now in our society, where oral speech has become a means of the widest communication at various meetings, conferences, congresses*
What are the rules of literary pronunciation that must be followed in order not to go beyond the generally accepted, and therefore generally understandable, Russian literary language?
We list only those that are most often violated*

A linguistic norm is a set of the most stable traditional implementations of the language system, selected and consolidated in the process of public communication.

A norm, as a set of stable and unified linguistic means and rules for their use, consciously fixed and cultivated by society, is a specific feature literary language, since it is the norms that make the literary language generally understandable and accessible to the public, and contribute to its stabilization.

The question of the norm arises when the language offers a choice for codification (see p. 10 about this), and this choice is far from unambiguous. Currently infrequent, but still possible to hear kilometer, although in any spelling dictionary such a pronunciation is accompanied by the mark simple, those. is colloquial, and therefore is outside the norms of the Russian literary language. In this case, the stress on the 3rd syllable is considered normative - kilometer Sounds much more often agreement Thirty years ago such an emphasis was prohibited, now it is no longer categorically prohibited, it is considered acceptable in the colloquial speech of managers, although the emphasis on the 3rd syllable remains normative for the Russian literary language - agreement This indicates that the modern Russian literary language does not remain unchanged. He constantly needs rationing. If you follow the established norms once and for all, then there is a danger that society will simply stop taking them into account and will spontaneously establish its own norms.

Language norms are not invented by scientists. They reflect natural processes and phenomena that happened and are happening in the language and are supported by the speech practice of native speakers of the literary language. The main sources of language norms include the works of classical writers and some modern writers, the language of announcers on Central Television, the mass press, data from live and questionnaire surveys, and scientific research by linguists.

The literary norm depends on the conditions in which speech is carried out. Linguistic means that are appropriate in one situation (everyday communication) may turn out to be absurd in another (official business communication). The norm indicates their communicative expediency. What is the main task of language norms?

As noted above, norms help the literary language maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. In addition, the norms reflect what has developed historically in the language: the desire of speakers and writers to consciously preserve traditions in the use of linguistic means provides a unique opportunity for subsequent generations to understand the language of the “fathers” and more distant generations. This is an important task of the norms - the task of protecting the literary language.

However, the linguistic norm is a socio-historical category in nature, but dynamic in the nature of its functioning and development. It is stable and systemic and at the same time changeable and mobile. Changes in literary norms are due to the constant development of language. What was the norm in the last century, and even 15–20 years ago, today may become a deviation from it. For example, the word bankrupt was borrowed in the 18th century. from the Dutch language and originally in Russian it sounded like bankrut. Its derivatives also had a similar pronunciation: bankrutstvo, bankrutsky, go bankrupt. During the time of Pushkin, a pronunciation variant with “o” appeared along with “u”. You could say bankrupt and bankrupt. By the end of the 19th century. finally won bankrupt, bankruptcy, bankrupt, go bankrupt. This has become the norm. Another example. In modern Russian, train in the nominative plural has the ending -a, while in the 19th century. was the norm. “Trains on the railway are stopped for four days due to heavy snowfall,” wrote N.G. Chernyshevsky (1855).

The norms of accents also change. So, at the end of the 90s, both variants of pronunciation were acceptable: m s thinking and thinking e tion. In the modern dictionary (2005) only one form is given - thought e tion. Or another example. Let's compare the pronunciation in the 40s. XX century and today the following words:

So, the historical change in the norms of a literary language is a natural, objective phenomenon. It does not depend on the will and desire of individual language speakers. The development of society, changes in the social way of life, and the emergence of new traditions lead to the constant updating of the literary language and its norms.

Highlight:

· orthoepic norms of the Russian literary language;

· accentological norms of the Russian literary language;

· lexical norms of the Russian literary language;

· morphological norms of the Russian literary language,

· syntactic norms of the Russian literary language.

The morphological and syntactic norms of the Russian literary language are called by the general term grammatical norms. Let us consider in more detail the main types of language norms.

Question 2. SPELLING NORS OF THE MODERN RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE: TRADITIONS AND NEW TRENDS

Orthoepia (from the Greek orthos - "correct" and epos - "speech") is the science of correct literary pronunciation. Orthoepic norms - these are the rules for pronunciation of vowels and consonants.

The pronunciation norms of the modern Russian literary language have evolved over centuries, changing. So, for example, in Ancient Rus' the entire population who spoke Russian was Okala, i.e. pronounced the sound [o] not only under stress, but also in unstressed syllables (similar to how this happens today in the dialects of the North and Siberia: v[o]da, dr[o]va, p[o]du etc.). However, okanye did not become the norm of the national Russian literary language. What prevented this? Changes in the composition of the Moscow population. Moscow in the 16th–18th centuries. accepted many people from the southern provinces and absorbed features of southern Russian pronunciation, in particular akanya: v[a]da, dr[a]va, p[a]du. And this happened just at the time when the solid foundations of a single literary language were being laid .

Since Moscow and subsequently St. Petersburg were the capitals of the Russian state, centers of economic, political and cultural life in Russia, it so happened that the literary pronunciation was based on Moscow pronunciation, on which some features of St. Petersburg were subsequently “layered.”

Deviation from the norms and recommendations of Russian literary pronunciation is regarded as a sign of insufficient speech and general culture. Working on your own pronunciation and improving your pronunciation culture requires a person to have certain knowledge in the field of orthoepy. Since pronunciation is largely an automated aspect of speech, a person “hears” himself worse than others, controls his pronunciation insufficiently or does not control it at all. As a rule, we are uncritical in assessing our own pronunciation and are sensitive to comments in this area. The rules and recommendations for spelling, reflected in manuals, dictionaries and reference books, seem to many to be overly categorical, different from the usual speech practice, and common spelling errors, on the contrary, are very harmless. However, it is not. It is unlikely that incorrect pronunciation (for example: guardianship, [te]rmin) will contribute to the creation of a positive image of a person.

To successfully master orthoepic norms you need:

1) learn the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation;

2) learn to listen to your speech and the speech of others;

3) listen and study exemplary literary pronunciation, which should be mastered by radio and television announcers, masters of literary expression;

4) consciously compare your pronunciation with the exemplary one, analyze your mistakes and shortcomings;

5) correct mistakes through constant speech training in preparation for public speaking.

Studying the rules and recommendations of literary pronunciation should begin with differentiation and awareness two main pronunciation styles: full recommended for public speaking, and incomplete(colloquial), which is common in everyday communication. The complete style is characterized by 1) compliance with the requirements of orthoepic standards, 2) clarity and distinctness of pronunciation, 3) correct placement of verbal and logical stress, 4) moderate tempo, 5) correct speech pauses, 6) neutral intonation. With an incomplete pronunciation style, there is 1) excessive reduction of words, loss of consonants and entire syllables, for example: right now(Now), thousand(thousand), kilogram of tomato(kilograms of tomatoes), etc., 2) unclear pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations, 3) inconsistent tempo of speech, unwanted pauses. If in everyday speech these features of pronunciation are acceptable, then in public speaking they must be avoided.

A person is manifested, first of all, in its correctness. It covers not just one side of the language, but concerns absolutely everyone, necessarily both for oral and oral language.

Linguistic norms are the rules on the basis of which certain means of language are used at a certain stage of its development. It is also the generally accepted, exemplary use of phrases, sentences and words in speech.

The following languages ​​are distinguished:

Word formation (norms for the formation of new words);

Orthoepic (or pronunciation norms);

Morphological;

Spelling;

Lexical;

Syntactic;

Punctuation;

Intonation.

Some of them are typical for both and some are only for oral or only for written.

Language norms are a historically formed phenomenon. Some of them appeared a long time ago and have remained unchanged to this day, while others have disappeared. Some even come into conflict. For example, the German word “applicant” comes from a Middle Latin word meaning “one who is going to leave”, and today it is used to describe someone who, on the contrary, is going to enroll to study. That is, over time the norm of using this word has changed.

Orthoepic language norms are also not stable. For example, the borrowed word “bankrupt” was written as “bankrupt” before the 18th century. Until the end of the 19th century, both forms were used, and then a new form of its use won and became the norm.

The pronunciation of the combination -chn- has also undergone changes. Thus, explanatory dictionaries of the 1935-1940s present different norms than those that exist today. For example, in the words “toy, snack bar” the combination -chn- was pronounced as -shn-, which is now completely unacceptable. Some words have retained a double variant: bakery, decently.

Morphological language norms also change. This can be clearly seen in the example of the endings of masculine nouns in the plural and nominative case. The fact is that some have the ending -s, while others have the ending -a. This is due to the existence of the dual number form in the Old Russian language until the 13th century, which was used when it was necessary to indicate two objects. Thus, three variants of endings were obtained: zero for singular nouns, ending -a to indicate two objects, and ending -ы to indicate the number of objects exceeding two. At first, the ending -a was preserved in those words that denoted paired objects: eye, side, etc. Gradually it almost replaced the ending -ы in other words as well.

But animate nouns in the plural mostly retain the ending -y: accountants, drivers, engineers, lecturers, inspectors and inspectors, but professors.

Sometimes you also need to take into account For example, the word “teacher” with the meaning “teacher” has the ending -i in the nominative plural, and with the meaning “head of teaching” - the ending -i; the word “leaf” (of paper) has the ending -ы, and the word “leaf” (of wood) has the ending -я.

The multivariance of norms testifies to the incredible richness of the Russian language. But at the same time, this creates certain difficulties, since it becomes necessary to choose the right option from this number. This can be done correctly only if the characteristics of each option and its syntactic coloring are known. As a result of a detailed study of the use of different variants in and in writing, linguists have created special dictionaries and explanatory dictionaries, which record the language norms characteristic of the modern literary language.

And accentological norms. Lexical and phraseological norms

Plan

1. The concept of a language norm, its characteristics.

2. Standard options.

3. Degrees of normativity of linguistic units.

4. Types of norms.

5. Norms of oral speech.

5.1. Orthoepic norms.

5.2. Accentological norms.

6. Norms of oral and written speech.

6.1. Lexical norms.

6.2. Phraseological norms.

Speech culture, as mentioned earlier, is a multifaceted concept. It is based on the idea of ​​a “speech ideal” that exists in the human mind, a model in accordance with which correct, competent speech should be constructed.

Norm is the dominant concept of speech culture. In the Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language D.N. Ushakova meaning of the word norm is defined as: “legalized establishment, usual mandatory order, state.” Thus, the norm reflects, first of all, customs and traditions, streamlines communication and is the result of the socio-historical selection of one option from several possible ones.

Language norms– these are the rules for the use of linguistic means in a certain period of development of a literary language (rules of pronunciation, word usage, the use of morphological forms of different parts of speech, syntactic structures, etc.). This is a historically established uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of language elements, recorded in grammars and standard dictionaries.

Language norms are characterized by a number of features:

1) relative stability;

2) common use;

3) universally binding;

4) compliance with the use, tradition and capabilities of the language system.

Norms reflect natural processes and phenomena occurring in language and are supported by language practice.

The sources of norms are the speech of educated people, the works of writers, as well as the most authoritative media.

Functions of the norm:

1) ensures that speakers of a given language can correctly understand each other;

2) inhibits the penetration of dialectal, colloquial, colloquial, slang elements into the literary language;

3) develops linguistic taste.

Language norms are a historical phenomenon. They change over time, reflecting changes in the use of language. The sources of changes in norms are:

Colloquial speech (cf., for example, colloquial options such as Ringing- along with lit. callsIt; cottage cheese- along with lit. cottage cheese; [de]kan along with lit [d'e]kan);

Colloquial speech (for example, in some dictionaries they are recorded as acceptable colloquial stress options agreement, phenomenon, which until recently were colloquial, non-normative variants);

Dialects (for example, in the Russian literary language there are a number of words that are dialectal in origin: spider, snowstorm, taiga, life);

Professional jargons (cf. variants of stress actively penetrating into modern everyday speech whooping cough, syringes, adopted in the speech of health workers).

Changes in norms are preceded by the appearance of their variants, which exist in a language at a certain stage of its development and are actively used by native speakers. Language options- these are two or more ways of pronunciation, stress, formation of grammatical forms, etc. The emergence of variants is explained by the development of language: some linguistic phenomena become obsolete and fall out of use, while others appear.

In this case, the options may be equal – normative, acceptable in literary speech ( bakery And bulo [sh]aya; barge And barge; Mordvin And Mordvin ov ).

More often, only one of the options is recognized as normative, the others are assessed as unacceptable, incorrect, violating the literary norm ( drivers and wrong. driverA; catholOg and wrong. catalog).

Unequal options. As a rule, variants of the norm specialize in one way or another. Very often the options are stylistic specialization: neutral – high; literary - colloquial ( stylistic options ). Wed. stylistically neutral pronunciation of the reduced vowel in words like s[a]net, p[a]et, m[a]dern and the pronunciation of the sound [o] in the same words, characteristic of a high, specifically bookish style: s[o]no, p[o]et, m[o]dern; neutral (soft) pronunciation of sounds [g], [k], [x] in words like jump up, jump up, jump up and the bookish, firm pronunciation of these sounds characteristic of the Old Moscow noma: flutter, flutter, jump up. Wed. also lit. contract, locksmith And and decomposition contract, locksmith I.

Often options are specialized in terms of their degree of modernity(chronological options ). For example: modern creamy and outdated plum[sh]ny.

In addition, the options may have differences in meaning ( semantic options ): moves(move, move) and drives(set in motion, encourage, force to act).

Based on the relationship between the norm and the variant, three degrees of normativity of linguistic units are distinguished.

Standard I degree. A strict, rigid norm that does not allow options. In such cases, the options in the dictionaries are accompanied by prohibitive notes: choice s – not right. choice A; shi[n’e]l – not right. shi[ne]l; motionSolicitation – not right. petition; pampered – not rec. spoiled. In relation to linguistic facts that are outside the literary norm, it is more correct to speak not about variants, but about speech errors.

Standard II degree. The norm is neutral, allowing equal options. For example: a loop And a loop; pool And ba[sse]yn; stack And stack. In dictionaries, similar options are connected by the conjunction And.

Standard III degree. A flexible norm that allows the use of colloquial, outdated forms. Variants of the norm in such cases are accompanied by marks add.(acceptable), add. outdated(acceptable obsolete). For example: Augustovsky – add. Augustovsky; budo[chn]ik and additional mouth budo[sh]ik.

Variants of norms in the modern Russian literary language are represented very widely. In order to choose the right option, you need to refer to special dictionaries: spelling dictionaries, stress dictionaries, difficulty dictionaries, explanatory dictionaries, etc.

Language norms are mandatory for both oral and written speech. The typology of norms covers all levels of the language system: pronunciation, stress, word formation, morphology, syntax, spelling, and punctuation are subject to norms.

In accordance with the main levels of the language system and the areas of use of linguistic means, the following types of norms are distinguished.

Types of norms

Norms of oral speech	Standards of writing	Norms of oral and written speech
- accentological(norms for stress setting); - orthoepic	(pronunciation standards)- spelling (spelling norms);- punctuation	- (punctuation norms) lexical (norms of word usage);- phraseological(norms for the use of phraseological units); - word-formative (norms for word formation);-

morphological

(norms for the formation of forms of words of various parts of speech);

-

syntactic(norms for constructing syntactic structures)

Oral speech is spoken speech. It uses a system of phonetic means of expression, which include: speech sounds, word stress, phrasal stress, intonation. Specific to oral speech are pronunciation norms (orthoepic) and stress norms (accentological). The norms of oral speech are reflected in special dictionaries (see, for example: Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / edited by R.I. Avanesov. - M., 2001; Ageenko F.L., Zarva M.V. Dictionary of accents for radio and television workers. - M., 2000). 5.1. Orthoepic norms- these are the norms of literary pronunciation.

Orthoepia (from Greek.

orthos – straight, correct and;

epic – speech) is a set of rules of oral speech that ensure the unity of its sound design in accordance with the norms historically established in the literary language.;

The following groups of orthoepic norms are distinguished: in [zh’zh’]i, [sh’sh’]astye; kone[sh]o;

Pronunciation of consonants in individual grammatical forms (in adjective forms: elastic[gy] – elastic[g’y]; in verb forms: took [sa] – took [s’a], I’m staying [s] – I’m staying [s’];

Pronunciation of words of foreign origin: pyu[re], [t’e]terror, b[o]a.

Let us dwell on individual, difficult cases of pronunciation, when the speaker needs to choose the correct option from a number of existing ones.

The Russian literary language is characterized by the pronunciation of [g] plosive. The pronunciation of the [γ] fricative is dialectal and non-normative. However, in a number of words the norm requires the pronunciation of the sound [γ], which, when deafened, turns into [x]: [ γ ]Lord, Bo[γ]a – Bo[x].

In Russian literary pronunciation there used to be a fairly significant range of everyday words in which instead of letter combinations CHN was pronounced ShN. Now, under the influence of spelling, there are quite a few such words left. Yes, pronunciation ShN preserved as obligatory in words kone[sh]o, naro[sh]o and in patronymics: Ilin[sh]a, Savvi[sh]na, Nikiti[sh]a(cf. the spelling of these words: Ilyinichna, Savvichna, Nikitichna).

A number of words allow variations in pronunciation CHN And ShN: decent And orderly, brown And bun[sh]aya, milk[chn]itsa And milk [sh]itsa. In some words, the pronunciation of ShN is perceived as outdated: lavo[sh]ik, grain[sh]evy, apple[sh]ny.

In scientific and technical terminology, as well as in words of a bookish nature, it is never pronounced ShN. Wed: flowing, heart (attack), milky (path), celibate.

Consonant group Thu in words what to nothing pronounced like PC: [pcs]o, [pcs]oby, not [pcs]o. In other cases - like Thu: not [that] about, according to [reading] and, according to [reading] a, [that] y, [reading].

For pronunciation foreign words The following trends are characteristic of the modern Russian literary language.

Foreign words are subject to the phonetic patterns in force in the language, so the majority of foreign words in pronunciation do not differ from Russian ones. However, some words retain their pronunciation features. This concerns

1) pronunciation of unstressed ABOUT;

2) pronunciation of the consonant before E.

1. In some groups of borrowed words that have limited use, the unstressed sound is (unstable) preserved ABOUT. These include:

Foreign proper names: Voltaire, Zola, Jaurès, Chopin;

A small part of special terms that hardly penetrate into colloquial speech: bolero, nocturne, sonnet, modern, rococo.

Pronunciation ABOUT in the pre-stressed position, which is typical in these words for a bookish, high style; in neutral speech a sound is pronounced A: V[a]lter, n[a]cturne.

The absence of reduction in post-stressed position is characteristic of words cocoa, radio, credo.

2. The Russian language system tends to soften the consonant before E. In insufficiently mastered borrowed words, the preservation of a hard consonant is observed in accordance with the norm of a number of European languages. This deviation from typical Russian pronunciation is much more widespread than the pronunciation of unstressed ABOUT.

Pronunciation of a hard consonant before E observed:

In expressions that are often reproduced using other alphabets: d e-facto, d e-ju r e,c r edo;

In proper names: Flo[be]r, S[te]rn, Lafon[te]n, Sho[pe]n;

In special terms: [de]mping, [se]psis, ko[de]in, [de]cadence, ge[ne]sis, [re]le, ek[ze]ma;

In some frequent words that have come into widespread use: pyu[re], [te]mp, e[ne]rgy.

Most often, consonants retain firmness in borrowed words D, T; then - WITH, Z, N, R; occasionally - B, M, IN; sounds are always softened G, TO And L.

Some words of foreign origin in modern literary language are characterized by variable pronunciation of hard and soft consonants before E [d'e]kan - [de]kan, [s'e]ssia - [ses]siya, [t'e]terror.

In a number of words, the firm pronunciation of the consonant before E is perceived as cutesy, pretentious: academy, plywood, museum.

5.2. Accentology- a branch of the science of language that studies the features and functions of stress.

Stress norms regulate the choice of options for the placement and movement of a stressed syllable among unstressed ones.

In Russian, a stressed vowel in a syllable is distinguished by its duration, intensity and tone movement. Russian accent is free, or varied, those. not assigned to any specific syllable in a word (cf. the stress in French is assigned to the last syllable, in Polish - to the penultimate). In addition, the stress in a number of words may be mobile– changing its place in various grammatical forms (for example, accepted - accepted, rights - rights).

The accentological norm in the modern Russian literary language is characterized by variability. There are different types of stress options:

Semantic variants (variation of stress in them performs a semantic distinguishing function): Clubs - clubs, cotton - cotton, coal - coal, submerged(for transport) – immersed(into the water; into solving the problem);

Stylistic options (determined by the use of words in different functional styles of speech): silk(common use) – silk(poetic) compass(common use) – compass(prof.);

Chronological (differ by active or passive use in modern speech): thinking(modern) – thinking(obsolete), angle(modern) – cancerUrs(obsolete).

Stress in the Russian language is an individual feature of each word, which causes significant difficulties in determining the place of stress in a number of words. Difficulties also arise due to the fact that in many words the stress moves when the grammatical form changes. In difficult cases, when placing emphasis, you should refer to dictionaries. Taking into account certain patterns will also help to correctly place stress in words and word forms.

Among nouns a significant group of words with fixed stress stands out: dish(cf. plural part named after P.: dishes), bulletin (bulletin, bulletin), keychain (keychain, keychain), tablecloth, area, hospital, font, scarf, syringe, bow, cake, shoes, manger).

At the same time, there are a number of words in which, when the grammatical form changes, the stress moves from the stem to the ending or from the ending to the stem. For example: bandage (bandages), priest (prince), front (fronts), penny (pennies), coat of arms (coat of arms), shred (shreds), hit (hits), wave (waves) etc.

When placing emphasis on adjectives The following pattern applies: if in the short form of the feminine gender the stress falls on the ending, then in the masculine, neuter and plural forms the stress will be on the stem: rights - rights, rights, rights; and in the form of the comparative degree - the suffix: light - brighter, But beautiful - more beautiful.

Verbs in the past tense they often retain the same stress as in the indefinite form: to speak - she spoke, to know - she knew, to put - she laid. In a number of verbs, the emphasis moves in feminine forms to the ending: take - tookA, take - tookA, take off - took offA, start - startedA, call - called.

When conjugating verbs in the present tense, the stress can be mobile: walk, walk - walk and motionless: I call - you call, it rings; Turn it on - turn it on, turn it on.

Errors in stress placement can be caused by a number of reasons.

1. Absence of a letter in the printed text Yo. Hence the erroneous emphasis in words like newborn, prisoner, excited, beets(movement of stress and, as a result, pronunciation instead of a vowel sound ABOUT sound E), as well as in words guardianship, scam, bigamist, being, in which instead E pronounced ABOUT.

2. Ignorance of the stress inherent in the language from which the word is borrowed: blinds,(French words in which the stress falls on the last syllable), genesis(from Greek genesis -"origin, emergence").

3. Ignorance of the grammatical properties of the word. For example, noun toast– masculine, therefore in the plural form it has stress on the last syllable toast(cf. tables, sheets).

4. Incorrect part-speech assignment of the word. So, if you compare the words busy and busy, developed And developed, then it turns out that the first of them are adjectives with a stressed ending, and the second are participles that are pronounced with an accent on the stem.

Norms of oral and written speech are norms characteristic of both forms of literary language. These norms regulate the use in speech of units of different language levels: lexical, phraseological, morphological, syntactic.

6.1. Lexical norms represent the rules for the use of words in a language and their lexical compatibility, which is determined by the meaning of the word, its stylistic relevance and emotional and expressive coloring.

The use of words in speech is governed by the following rules.

1. Words must be used in accordance with their meaning.

2. It is necessary to observe the lexical (semantic) compatibility of words.

3. When using polysemantic words, sentences must be constructed in such a way that it is clear exactly what meaning is realized by the word in a given context. For example, the word knee has 8 meanings in literary language: 1) a joint connecting the femur and tibia; 2) part of the leg from this joint to the pelvis; 3) a separate joint, link, segment in the composition of something, which is a connection of such segments; 4) a bend of something, running in a broken line, from one turn to another; 5) in singing, a piece of music - a passage, a separate thing that stands out. place, part; 6) in dance - a separate technique, a figure, distinguished by its effectiveness; 7) unexpected, unusual act; 8) branching of the clan, generation in the pedigree.

4. Words of foreign origin must be used justifiably; clogging speech with foreign words is unacceptable.

Failure to comply with lexical norms leads to errors. Let's name the most typical of these errors.

1. Ignorance of the meaning of words and the rules of their semantic compatibility. Wed: It was very experienced thorough engineer (thorough - Means "thorough" and cannot be combined with the names of persons).

2. Mixing of paronyms. For example: Leonov is the first rogue space(instead of pioneer). Paronyms(from Greek . para– near, nearby + onyma- Name) – words that are similar in sound, but different in meaning or partially coinciding in their meaning. Differences in the meaning of paronyms lie in private additional semantic shades that serve to clarify thoughts. For example: humane - human; economical - economical - economical.

Humane – attentive, responsive, humane. Human boss. Human – relating to a person, to humanity; characteristic of a person. Human society. Human aspirations.

Economical – one who spends something thriftily, who observes economy. Thrifty housewife. Economical – enabling smth. save money, profitable in economic terms, in operation. Economical loading method. Economic – related to economics. Economic law.

3. Incorrect use of one of the synonyms: The amount of work is significant increased (should be said increased).

4. The use of pleonasms (from the Greek. pleonasmos– redundancy) – expressions containing unambiguous and therefore unnecessary words: Workers again resumed work(again - superfluous word); most maximum (most- a superfluous word).

5. Tautology (from Greek. tautologia from tauto- same thing + logos– word) – repetition of words with the same root: united together, the following features should be attributed, the narrator told.

6. Speech insufficiency - the absence in the statement of components necessary for its accurate understanding. For example: The medicine is made on the basis of ancient manuscripts. Wed. corrected version: The medicine is made based on recipes contained in ancient manuscripts.

7. Unjustified use of foreign words in speech. For example: Abundance accessories burdens the plot of the story, distracts attention from the main thing.

In order to comply with lexical norms, it is necessary to refer to explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of homonyms, synonyms, paronyms, as well as dictionaries of foreign words in the Russian language.

6.2. Phraseological norms – norms for the use of set expressions ( from small to large; to beat one's head; red as a lobster; salt of the earth; no year week).

The use of phraseological units in speech must comply with the following rules.

1. A phraseological unit must be reproduced in the form in which it is fixed in the language: it is impossible to expand or shorten the composition of the phraseological unit, replace some lexical components in the phraseological unit with others, change the grammatical forms of the components, change the order of the components. Thus, it is erroneous to use phraseological units turn the bank(instead of make a roll); play meaning(instead of play a role or matter); the main highlight of the program(instead of highlight of the program);work hard(instead of work hard); get back on track(instead of get back to square one);eat the dog(instead of eat the dog).

2. Phraseologisms should be used in their general linguistic meanings. Violating this rule results in errors like: The buildings are located so close to each other that they you can't spill water (turnover you can't spill water on anyone used in relation to close friends); At the ceremonial assembly dedicated to the holiday of the last bell, one of the ninth-graders said: “We have gathered today to carry out on the last journey their older comrades(to see off on the last journey - “to say goodbye to the dead”).

3. The stylistic coloring of a phraseological unit must correspond to the context: colloquial and colloquial phrases should not be used in texts of book styles (cf. the unsuccessful use of a colloquial phraseological unit in a sentence: The plenary session that opened the conference brought together a large number of participants, the hall was overcrowded - you can't hit it with a gun ). You need to use book phraseological units with caution in everyday colloquial speech (for example, it is stylistically unjustified to use a book biblical phrase in a phrase This gazebo in the center of the park - holy of holies youth of our neighborhood).

Violations of phraseological norms are often found in works of fiction and act as one of the means of creating the writer’s individual style. In non-fiction speech, one should adhere to the normative use of stable phrases, turning to phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language in cases of difficulties.

Questions and tasks for self-control

1. Define a language norm, list the characteristics of the norm.

2. What is a variant of the norm? What types of options do you know?

3. Describe the degree of normativity of linguistic units.

4. What types of norms are distinguished in accordance with the main levels of the language system and areas of use of linguistic means?

5. What do spelling norms regulate? Name the main groups of orthoepic norms.

6. Describe the main features of the pronunciation of foreign words.

7. Define the concept of accentological norm.

8. What are the features of Russian word stress?

9. Define the accentological variant. Name the types of accentological variants.

10. What do lexical norms regulate?

11. Name the types of lexical errors, give examples.

12. Define the concept of phraseological norm.

13. What rules must be followed when using phraseological units in speech?

Lectures No. 4, 5

GRAMMAR STANDARDS

Language norm

Language norm- a historically determined set of commonly used linguistic means, as well as the rules for their selection and use, recognized by society as the most suitable in a specific historical period. A norm is one of the essential properties of a language that ensures its functioning and historical continuity due to its inherent stability, although not excluding the variability of linguistic means and noticeable historical variability, since the norm is designed, on the one hand, to preserve speech traditions, and on the other, to satisfy current and the changing needs of society.

Fixing the norm

The language norm is fixed in normative dictionaries and grammars. Fiction, theater, school education and the media play a significant role in the dissemination and preservation of norms.

Some names and names (for example, names of geographical objects) can exist in a language in different forms (variants), however, usually only one of them is normalized form, that is, in a form that is mandatory for use in scientific, reference and educational publications, as well as in periodicals.

Literary norm

A special case of a linguistic norm is a literary norm.

A literary norm is distinguished by a number of properties: it is uniform and universally binding for all speakers of a given language; it is conservative and aimed at preserving the means and rules for their use accumulated in a given society by previous generations. At the same time, it is not static, but, firstly, changes over time and, secondly, provides for the dynamic interaction of different methods of linguistic expression depending on the conditions of communication.

History of ideas about the norm

Classification of norms

Natural and artificial norms

If the spontaneous use of linguistic means by different speakers of a given language is characterized by identity, we speak of a linguistic norm that has developed natural way. If there is no identity, the norm is determined purposefully(artificially). Artificial norms are established as a result rule-making activities of linguists through the preparation and publication of authoritative dictionaries and reference books, as well as legislative acts on various aspects of language use. Establishing a norm is usually done in one of the following ways:

• preference for one of the options for spontaneous use based on the higher frequency of this option compared to alternative ones;
• preference for one of the variants of spontaneous use based on its correspondence to the internal patterns of a given language identified by linguists;
• recognition of several variants of spontaneous use as corresponding to the language norm.

In addition to the main methods indicated above, other grounds are sometimes used to establish one or another linguistic norm, including aesthetic, ethical, political, etc.

Descriptive and prescriptive norms

There are various approaches to establishing norms, among which two main ones can be distinguished:

• descriptive(descriptive), in which the establishment of norms is carried out primarily on the basis of an analysis of the actual use of certain linguistic phenomena by native speakers;
• prescriptive(prescriptive), in which the establishment of a norm is carried out primarily on the basis of the authoritative conclusion of linguists about the correctness or incorrectness of a particular use.

In their pure form, neither one nor the other approach is usually used, however, the linguistic traditions of a particular country usually give preference to one of them. Prescriptive rule-making usually presupposes a disdainful attitude towards dialects and other regional or social variants of the language, the presence of rigid and developed spelling and punctuation rules, the unification of the school language learning program, etc. At the same time, the descriptive approach is often expressed in the absence of strictly established rules in some aspects of the language (for example, punctuation), a loyal attitude to dialects, recording a large number of different usage options in dictionaries, etc.

By levels and aspects of language

The concept of norm applies to all levels of language. In accordance with level correlation and specificity, the following types of language norms are distinguished:

• (punctuation norms)- ensure the correct choice of words;
• accentological- provide for the correct placement of stress;
• -- describe the correct pronunciation of words;
• spelling- consolidate the uniformity of speech transmission in writing;
• -- rules of inflection and word formation described in grammars;
• (norms for word formation);- regulate the correct construction of grammatical structures.

Morphological and syntactic norms are included in the number grammatical rules .

Notes

Literature

• Language in law. In which? // Russian newspaper. - 2002. (On an attempt to legislatively regulate the use of language in Russia.)
• Mitrofanova A. Globalization and language policy // Top manager. - 2004. - № 625. (About languages, politics and their influence on each other.)

Links

• Federal Law of June 1, 2005 No. 53-FZ “On the State Language of the Russian Federation”. (Retrieved November 6, 2010)
• Language norm. Encyclopedia "Around the World". Archived from the original on May 19, 2012. (Retrieved November 6, 2010)
• Language and speech norms // Portal for support of Russian as a foreign language

Wikimedia Foundation.

2010.

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