What connecting vowels are written in compound words. Connecting "o" and "e" in compound words. Compound words in Russian: connecting vowels
In this lesson we will look at concepts such as compound words, connecting vowels; Let's answer the question when the connecting vowel O is written, and when - E.
Complex words are those that were created as a result of combining two (less often three) words into one word:
alone, fly - airplane
steam, walk - steamboat
porridge, cook - cook
poultry, factory - poultry farm
Difficult words are formed using the connecting vowels O and E. These vowels are added to the end of the first stem that is part of the compound word.
Please note a number of words below:
Based on these examples, we will formulate a rule for writing the connecting vowels O and E in complex words.
The connecting vowel E is written after:
1) hissing: w, w, shch, h;
2) letters C;
3) soft consonants.
And the connecting vowel O is written after the stems on a hard consonant (except zh, sh and ts): fabulist, trapper.
How to determine which connecting vowel should be written in a word?
To do this, you must first select the first root. If the final consonant of the root is sibilant, the letter C or a soft consonant, then the letter E should be written to connect the roots.
In other cases, the connecting O is written.
For example:
In other cases, the connecting letter O is written in complex words, for example:
It is important to learn how to correctly identify roots in complex words, remember the rule for writing connecting vowels O and E and apply it.
List of used literature:
- Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A., Shansky N.M., Vlasenkova A.I. Work programs and calendar-thematic planning in the Russian language for the textbook “Russian Language” for grade 6, edited by Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A., Trostentsova L.A., Grigoryan L.T.
- Sokolova G.P. Russian language lessons in 6th grade: A book for teachers: From work experience. - M.: “Enlightenment”, 1986. - 80 pages.
- Calendar and thematic planning “Russian language grade 6” according to the textbook: “Russian language grade 6”. Tutorial for educational institutions. Authors and compilers: Ladyzhenskaya T.A., Trostentsova L. and others - M.: Education, 2012. Federal State Educational Standard.
- Gromov S.A. Russian language. Practical literacy course. Textbook for general education institutions. – M.: Moscow Lyceum, 2006. -55 pages.
- Blinov G.I., Antokhina V.A. Collection of dictations on spelling and punctuation. Teacher's manual. – M.: “Enlightenment”, 1986.
- Yarovikova O.V. Remembering through an image. Toolkit for teachers and students. - Yoshkar-Ola: “String”, 2008. – 84 pages.
In complex words, letters are used as connecting vowels O And e . Compound words formed using connecting vowels O And e or the first part of which is a numeral, are written together, for example: oil and gas production, fiftieth anniversary, two-millimeter.
Connecting vowel ABOUT
After stems on a hard consonant (except and , w And ts ) the letter is written O , For example: world O opinion, free O darling.
In a few compound words, the consonant sound of the first stem is hardened, so a connecting vowel is written O , For example: fable O scribe, shelter O appeal.
Connecting vowel E
After stems on a soft consonant, on th , to a hissing sound and ts a connecting vowel is written e , For example: pestilence e swimmer, kra e leading, walking e move, birds e Vodstvo, syn e big-eyed, big e winged.
IN in some cases in the first word of a compound noun the ending is preserved nominative case, For example: pastime, pastime, timekeeping.
Note
Words on -ification (electrification, gasification, classification etc.) are not complex. They are formed using the suffix -ification , so they are written with the letter And .
Compound words with numerals
When forming complex words, cardinal numbers are used in the form genitive case, For example: heels And taphole(five years old) eleven And meter(eleven meters), fourty A minute(forty minutes).
Numerals one hundred And ninety, being part of a compound word, do not change their form, for example: century, ninetieth anniversary.
With letter O the word is written fourty O leg.
Numeral thousand, being part of a compound word, has a connecting vowel e , For example: thousand e anniversary.
(6
ratings, average: 5,00
out of 5)
In order to rate a post, you must be a registered user of the site.
As service morphemes, connecting vowels (interfixes) o/e are distinguished only in the derived stems of complex words. This property sharply distinguishes them from suffixes and prefixes, which can be both complex and in simple words. Unlike suffixes and prefixes, which can be both word-forming and formative affixes, connecting vowels o/e are specifically word-forming morphemes. Unlike suffixes and prefixes, which always (if they are regular) have a certain lexical and grammatical meaning, connecting vowels o!e have a meaning that acts as a purely word-formative one and is reduced to expressing the idea of connection. In terms of their semantics (completely independent, in contrast to the meaning of suffixes and prefixes from the forming stems), connecting vowels o/e are similar to connecting conjunctions.
In some cases, connecting vowels o/e acquire the character of semantically empty sounds that appear in a word only
for phonetic reasons. So, if in the words reinforced concrete, fisherman, dried fruits the connecting vowel o is a copular morpheme conditioned certain rules word formation (addition complete basics and words is carried out, as a rule, with the help of connecting vowels), then in the word tehnoruk it, from a word-formation point of view, represents an illegal phenomenon (for the addition of abbreviated stems is carried out without the help of connecting vowels o/e; cf.: political instructor, military instructor, physical education instructor ) and has no meaning. The sound o here is only a means to avoid an unpronounceable combination of consonants (technruk - technoruk).
Connecting vowels o/e most often act as phonetically determined variants: if the first stem of the addition ends in a paired hard consonant, then o acts as a connecting vowel (mortar mixer, water carrier, etc.); if the first stem of the addition ends in a soft consonant, a hard hissing or c, then the connecting vowel e is used (sailor, pedestrian, sheep farmer, etc.). The appearance of e after hard sibilants and c is historically justified: the hissing zh, sh and c were soft in the Old Russian language and hardened only in the 14th-15th centuries, when the noted word-formation rule for the use of o/e was already a strong tradition.
However, in a number of complex words, the first stem of which ends in a soft consonant n, p, t or v, in place of the expected e there is an “illegal” o: hitching post, trapper, animal-like, stonecutter, quarry, ambition, lust for power, carnivore, carnivore, blood circulation, bloodsucker, bloodthirsty, chant, fabulist, etc. Next to this kind of words, there are also words where, after the same first stem, the connecting vowel e naturally appears: horse breeder, stud farm, stone processing, stone-cutting, bone-crushing, blood-bearing, songwriting, etc. . d. All these words are much later formations than their related words with the connecting vowel o.
The undivided dominance of the word-formation model with o/e in the production of complex words is evidenced, first of all, by the large number and variety of types of additions with o/e compared to additions without a connecting vowel. Almost all neoplasms of a complex nature that appeared in Lately(both among nouns and among adjectives; in the sphere of the verb there is no method of addition) are words with connecting vowels o/e.
Connecting vowels o/e must be clearly distinguished from phenomena that outwardly resemble them. Thus, the words little-used, wild-growing, following, etc., arising using the lexical-syntactic method of word formation (about it, see § 31), do not contain connecting vowels: o/e in them are adverbial suffixes (o - word-forming, e - formative). In the words car factory, bicycle race, auto regulator, weather report, o is the same integral part of the abbreviated stems (automobile, bicycle, automatic, meteorological) as the consonants f, t, r in the words trade union, party active, salary. Phonetically, connecting vowels o/e are characterized by unstress. In complex words, stress is always observed on root morphemes (vacuum cleaner, water supply, frost-resistant, mechanical engineering, etc.).
Connecting vowels o/e as significant parts of a word can, naturally, be isolated only if the analyzed word is recognized as complex. If a word has undergone a process of simplification or re-decomposition, then it does not contain any copular morphemes. Thus, the connecting vowels in the words pandemonium (which arose by ellipsis on the basis of the phraseological phrase Babylonian pandemonium), porcupine (the addition of wild and image), horizon (the addition of circle and zor - from seeing), psychologist, library, etc. . d. There is no connecting vowel in some compound words that have undergone the process of dropping one of the syllables, for example: tabakur, standard bearer (originally tobacco smoker, standard bearer).
Difficult words. United o, e in compound words. Spelling compound words together and with a hyphen
Compound words are formed by combining two or more bases.
The components of complex words can be connected to each other by a coordinating or subordinating connection. With the coordinating method of communication, the bases from which complex words are formed are combined as equals, and between them you can put the conjunction and: prime minister, physical-mathematical.
With the contract method of communication, one basis is syntactically dependent on the second: rolled metal (rolling iron), electric welding (welding with electricity), short-term ( a short time), eloquent (to say eloquently), handwritten (to write by hand), car repair (to repair cars).
The stems of complex words can be connected using connecting vowels o, e (is) or without them. The letter o is written if the forming stem ends with a hard or hissing consonant: reinforced concrete, man-day, blue-eyed.
The letter e is written if the forming stem ends in a soft consonant: steelmaker. The connective is written after the base, ends with and or an elongated soft consonant: landscape, life-giving. If the first part of such a word is an adjective of the soft group, then before it is written ь: Old Russian.
Compound nouns can be written together or hyphenated.
Compound nouns formed together are written:
1. Of the two bases with the help of connecting vowels o, e, are: stork, farmer, chaerizka, Novopetrovka, Belopole, Krasnovodsk.
2. Without connecting vowels combination
— Verbs in imperative form and noun: hemlock, tumbleweed, Tyagnyryadno, Gulyaypole;
- Numerals (written in letters) and nouns: decades, but: 10th anniversary, Tripolye, Pyatigorsk.
Compound adjectives can be written together or hyphenated.
Compound adjectives formed from:
1) complex nouns that are written together: reinforced concrete, black earth, Novobelichi (Novobelichi), Starokonstantinovsky (Starokonstantinov)
2) phrases with a subordinating connection:
— Noun and adjective: dark-eyed (dark eyes), eastern ( Eastern Ukraine), Belaya Tserkovsky (Belaya Tserkov);
- Numerals (written in letters) and nouns: five-story, twenty-five volumes;
— Noun and verb: coal crusher, grain harvester;
— Adverbs and adjectives: above-mentioned, long-term;
— From several adjectives that form the terms modern Greek (language), compound, ancient German, deaf-blind and mute.
Compound adjectives are written with a hyphen:
1) formed from complex nouns that are written with a hyphen: diesel-motor, ex-champion, Pushcha-Voditsky (Pushcha-Voditsa), Ivano-Frankivsk (Ivano-Frankivsk);
2) formed from phrases with a coordinating connection: Russian-Ukrainian, resort-sanatorium, but: cunning, malicious;
3) with the first part, which ends in -iko, (-iko): physico-mathematical, chemical-technological;
4) with the first part military, military: air force, military-industrial. Exception: person liable for military service, prisoner of war;
5) which mean additional shades of quality, color: bitter-salty, dark red. Exception: orange, crimson;
6) which mean the names of the cardinal directions: southwest, northeast;
7) geographical names, which include the names of the cardinal directions: Northwestern Front, Southwestern Iron, but: North Crimean Canal, Western Lowland, Southern Steppe (according to general rule contractual dependence of phrases).
