Raskolnikov's theory - social and philosophical origins of the theory and its meaning. Raskolnikov's theory in the novel "Crime and Punishment" and its debunking

Purpose: to analyze the reasons for the emergence of Raskolnikov’s theory; reveal the essence of Raskolnikov’s theory; give her an assessment

I. Introduction by the teacher.

After reading the novel, we come to the conclusion that Raskolnikov became a victim own idea. What kind of idea is this? How did it come about? What reasons led Raskolnikov to create an inhumane theory? How do you evaluate this theory? What assessment does Dostoevsky give it?

These questions will be answered in class.

II. Conversation

What can be called the main reason in Raskolnikov’s creation of the theory that led him to the crime?

One that is born of the social environment, and primarily poverty.

What happens to a person who finds himself in the grip of poverty?

It humiliates a person’s dignity, hurts his pride; suppresses a person, gives rise to an inferiority complex in him; he is constantly captivated by problems from which he sees no way out; he painfully reflects on his life, compares himself with other people, trying to explain the reasons for his troubles, and begins to draw the wrong conclusions; Having made the wrong conclusions, a person incorrectly evaluates everything around him; personal qualities cease to be a support, moral guidelines are lost, and in order to get out of difficulties, a person is ready and capable of criminal acts.

Support this with examples from the novel. (Students retell the content of individual episodes of the novel, present and comment on the history of the Marmeladov family).

Marmeladov - having become a beggar, he is insulted by the fact that he cannot find a job, provide

family, to feel respected; not finding a job to ease his mental suffering, he starts drinking and becomes an alcoholic; poverty and difficulties weakened his will and deprived him of hope; Marmeladov’s consciousness changes, and he does something that he would never have done before - he steals things from the house, lets his family go around the world; and as a result, the daughter is sent to the panel and is no longer embarrassed to live at her expense, with the money earned by her terrible “labor”. This is his gravest moral crime.

But not every person necessarily commits a crime. An example of this is Raskolnikov’s friend Razumikhin. What, besides need, can push a person to crime? - Much depends not only on the circumstances, but also on the person himself.

III. Working with the text of a novel.

(Commented reading; drawing up a social and psychological portrait of Raskolnikov; searching for quotes, retelling and analyzing episodes that reveal the essence of the theory; note-taking; drawing up a reference outline-scheme, work with a linguistic dictionary).

What is the main character's social status?

The main feature of Raskolnikov's social portrait is the extreme degree of poverty. The son of a poor provincial official, he has a mother who lives on a pension for her deceased husband of 120 rubles a year, and an adult sister who became a governess in the house of a wealthy landowner Svidrigailov to help her brother study. Currently, he, a penniless student, is expelled from the university for non-payment. The mother sent money for training from her tiny pension, earning money by knitting, and from her sister’s salary. This money was not enough to live on, and Raskolnikov tried to support himself by doing tutoring, for which they paid pennies, and they could not significantly support him. He didn’t have enough for the basic necessities, so he became very worn out, lost his decent appearance and, as a result, lost his job. This trouble dragged on from day to day. Therefore, a once noble man turned into a “rag.”

Does this mean that Raskolnikov found himself in a hopeless situation? And is it hopeless? Although he is emaciated and physically weakened by constant malnutrition, he could earn money through intellectual work, for example, by translating, like Razumikhin, or by copying papers . Why is it inactive? Is pride getting in the way, or are there other reasons?

(We discuss the question: is it humiliating, is it shameful for a person to do “menial” work? We recall specific historical examples, in particular, the facts of Nekrasov’s biography).

What are Raskolnikov's personality traits?

Razumikhin characterizes him as a kind person; Marmeladov reveals to him the tragedy of his life; children do not shy away from him; he disinterestedly, to his own detriment, at the first impulse of his soul helps the poor Marmeladovs, the girl on the boulevard, his university friend, his sick father; rescues children from fires; ruins his sister's wedding with the scoundrel Luzhin; treats Sonya with respect; his theory is also created out of compassion for disadvantaged people.

It’s like there are two people in him, opposite to each other; no wonder he wears telling surname- Raskolnikov. Kindness, compassion for the disadvantaged, the ability to selflessly help, a heightened sense of justice and individualism, arrogance, consciousness of superiority over people, painful suffering due to poverty, from which he develops an inferiority complex. Hence the hero’s isolation, and the desire to assert himself, and increased self-esteem.

(By explanatory dictionary Russian language students find the meaning of words"personality" " individualism, selfishness, take notes in notebooks).

What happens to Raskolnikov under the influence of poverty?

Not only his own poverty, but also the general need and suffering of the poor makes Raskolnikov think about the structure of the world; he observes the lives of people around him, sympathizing with all those suffering from cruel reality.

Reflecting on the reasons for the unjust structure of society, he painfully searches for an answer to the question: is a person capable of destroying the usual laws of life or is he forced to powerlessly obey them?

Assessing what is happening, he concludes that it is necessary to remake the world. But who is capable of this? The tormented, suffering man in the street is not able to do this due to his weakness and habit of obeying other people's laws. But there are - there are not many of them - special people, “rulers of the world”, “having the right”, capable of creating laws and transforming life, building it according to their own, fair, laws and forcing everyone to obey them. And those who resist and interfere should be destroyed for the sake of the great idea of ​​​​transforming the world. Thus was born his theory, the essence of which is to grant the right to selected people to make history, justifying sacrifices in the name of progress. idea of strong personality prompted Raskolnikov to consider himself extraordinary and test this by committing a murder, which led him to personal tragedy, to discord with the whole world and life.

IV. Drawing up a basic outline-scheme of Raskolnikov’s theory

Raskolnikov divided all people into two categories:

I category: lowest - ordinary people - most - mediocrity - material - “trembling creatures” - law-abiding - “masters of the present” - their task: to be obedient, to live for today - they cannot change the world.

II category: highest - extraordinary people - few, talented - people themselves - “having the right” - creating laws - “lords of the future” - their task: to destroy the present in the name of the future - they can improve, remake the world and therefore have the right (and should ) to destroy all obstacles on the path to the common good, including they have the right to commit a crime, to kill the few who interfere with this universal happiness (they have the right to allow themselves “blood according to their conscience”) and not consider themselves criminals, since the noble goal justifies the means.

Evaluating Theory. She is anti-human: she preaches the idea of ​​a superman, the natural inequality of people; criminal within means: achievements.

V. Discussion on the topic "Are there extraordinary people? On whom does historical progress depend?"

VI. Independent written work

1. Give your assessment of Raskolnikov's theory.
2. Write , did Raskolnikov's theory find real reflection in the history of mankind in the nineteenth, twentieth, XXI centuries? What consequences did this incarnation have for life on earth? What threat does it pose to humanity in our time?
3. Establish the similarities and differences between Raskolnikov’s theory and Bazarov’s nihilism.

In your social, psychological and philosophical novel“Crime and Punishment,” written in 1866, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky reproduced the life of Russia in the 60s XIX century, when the country was experiencing powerful social shifts and changes.

Dostoevsky sharply criticizes bourgeois civilization, which gives rise not only to visible evil, but also to the worst, inhumane thing that lurks in the depths of human consciousness.

The main character of the novel is Rodion Raskolnikov, a former student who lives in deep poverty without any hope of any improvement in his situation. But, despite the fact that Raskolnikov is just a “little man,” he is a bright individual. He is smart, endowed with outstanding abilities, prone to introspection, and loves his neighbors.

But poverty, from which a person is no longer able to rise, a room that looks like a coffin, constant screams and moans of people - all this led to the birth of Raskolnikov’s theory.

He understood: in order to change his life, the fate of his mother and sister, he had to change the entire existing order of things. A feeling of protest is born in him, and he rebels against the whole world alone, according to his own program, developed by himself.

Analyzing the reasons for the existing unjust order of things in the world, Raskolnikov comes to the conclusion that there are two categories of people in the world: “material”, suitable only for the reproduction of their own kind, and geniuses, such as Mohammed and Napoleon, who have the right to sacrifice their lives for the sake of their interests other people, without stopping to commit crimes if necessary.

In order to rid the world of injustice and prove to himself that he is not a “trembling creature,” Raskolnikov goes to kill the old money-lender. He is obsessed with the idea of ​​the common good. Wanting to make the world a better place, he becomes a murderer and is punished for his crime. Life teaches him a lesson in the moral torment he experiences after committing a murder. Dostoevsky explores the consciousness and subconsciousness of the hero. The subconscious tells the hero that he killed not the old woman, but himself, his soul. To do this, the writer introduces the hero’s dreams and visions into the text of the novel.

The evil done did not benefit anyone. After committing a crime, the hero is constantly susceptible to physical illness: he often falls into unconsciousness and has a fever. He is weakened, sometimes he cannot even get out of bed. He himself already realizes that in vain he convinced himself of the supreme expediency and justification of his “experiment.” At this moment, he decides to reveal his secret to Sonechka Marmeladova, who is also a criminal who violated the moral law and ruined her soul. It was Sonya, her sacrifice, mercy, humility, and submission to fate that played the leading role in debunking Raskolnikov’s theory. He realizes that his experiment led nowhere: he did not realize himself as a superman.

The test he took proved that Napoleon and the Messiah in one person are incompatible, that the tyrant and the benefactor of the human race are incompatible in one person. His attempt to lead the world to justice and prove to himself his high purpose in the world of people fails. At the same time, Raskolnikov’s theory also collapses. Realizing the incorrectness of his judgments, he confesses to the murder and will receive a fair punishment, which will be liberation for him from moral torment.

Rodion Raskolnikov, realizing the disastrous nature of his theory, its anti-human, inhumane essence, is reborn to a new life - “however,” says Dostoevsky, “this is a completely different story.”

Thus, the writer in his novel conveys the idea that crime, no matter what noble goal it pursues, is unacceptable in human society that a theory aimed at destroying even one person has no right to exist.

Today we will talk about the theory that F. Dostoevsky introduces us to in the novel “Crime and Punishment”. What ideas did the author want to convey and what is wrong with Raskolnikov’s theory?

About the book

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky created a wonderful book about human madness called “Crime and Punishment.” It was written back in 1866, but remains relevant to this day. The writer lifts the veil on life ordinary people V Russia XIX century. At this time, the struggle between various revolutionary movements intensified, and social contradictions are becoming more acute. In his book, Dostoevsky did not pursue the goal of creating a negative hero: he brings to the fore the problems of society, which creates the reasons that force a person to commit a crime. To show this, he describes in detail Rodion's thoughts, doubts, torments and reasons.

Main character

The main character is Rodion Raskolnikov - humble person, a former student who works part-time wherever he can and lives in amazing poverty. He cannot see any brightness in life, he understands this perfectly well. Raskolnikov’s theory in the novel “Crime and Punishment” is revealed to readers gradually in order to convey all the depth and doom. It is worth understanding that Rodion is not the last scoundrel and idiot, he is quite smart, which is clearly visible in the process of reading the book. The guy is not without even such qualities as responsiveness and kindness. Isn't this the paradox of crime? After all, there are only a few from all over the world, who can be counted on one hand, who have truly animalistic, inexplicable rigidity, which is not dictated by anything other than a thirst for blood. There are incredibly few such people, and crimes are committed everywhere. How so? Every criminal also has something good in himself, no matter how difficult it may be to admit it at times. It’s easy to talk about this, in practice the situation is not so simple, but still the essence does not change. We understand that Rodion has a number of positive qualities, but the poverty surrounding him greatly hurts his feelings. In addition, he sees the complete lack of rights and doom of those like himself. All this brings the hero to complete spiritual exhaustion, under the conditions of which his inhuman theory is born.

The essence of Raskolnikov's theory

What thoughts did Rodion try to calm himself down with? Did he succeed? Raskolnikov’s theory in the novel “Crime and Punishment” is that it divides people into two types: people who are completely powerless and those who can break the law for their own personal purposes. This is the main idea that develops throughout the book. main character. Over time, it changes a little, some new features of two categories of people appear. The funny thing is that at first Raskolnikov himself thought his theory was a joke; he did not take it seriously, but considered it simply entertainment in order not to think about pressing matters. The more Rodion “entertains” in this way, the more truthful, rational and correct his own theory seems to him. He begins to bring everyone and everything under it and think about people only based on this position.

Finding yourself

We already know what Raskolnikov’s theory is, but what place does he himself have in it? Throughout the book, he tries to answer this question for himself. Raskolnikov's theory in the novel Crime and Punishment states that for the happiness and well-being of the majority, the destruction of the minority is necessary. Through difficult thoughts and analysis of his mind, Rodion decides that he belongs to the category of people who have the right to perform any actions in order to achieve a goal. In order to test his luck and make sure that he belongs to the “elite,” Rodion decides to kill the old pawnbroker. The essence of Raskolnikov's theory is deceptive, because, trying to make the world a better place, he commits a terrible crime - murder.

Consequences

Wanting to improve the world around him, Raskolnikov realizes over time that the crime committed does not benefit anyone. He realizes the meaninglessness of his action. At this point, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky begins to refute the already known theory. In the book, this happens against the backdrop of Rodion’s intense torment that he experiences after the murder. Raskolnikov’s theory in the novel “Crime and Punishment” fails, and the main character himself feels like a hunted animal, because, on the one hand, he is tormented by his conscience, and on the other, he is afraid of making a mistake and giving himself away.

Comprehension

The main character conducts a very unsuccessful experiment on himself, which leads to apathy and depression, because the problems remain unresolved, and in addition, his conscience torments him every night. What is Raskolnik's theory after the crime? For him, she remained the same, but he had to accept the fact that he, apparently, was a powerless trembling creature. He tries to stick to his views until the very end. The death of the old woman cuts him off from the world around him, he is completely immersed in inner life. Raskolnikov’s theory, whose quotes amaze even adults with cruelty, was supposed to help young man to find peace, but led him into the terrible jungle of his own conscience.

He is trying to find some kind of salvation, because he feels that the oppression of thoughts will soon destroy him. Raskolnikov wants to find a person to whom he can tell his terrible secret. He decides to trust Sonya Marmeladova, a girl who violated moral laws. Raskolnikov lightens his soul. The young man continues to communicate with the girl and, under her influence, repents of his crime before the law. Raskolnikov's theory (it is described briefly in the article) fails.

Collapse

Giving up his views is very difficult for Rodion. Big influence He is influenced by faith in people, in God, and the immeasurable kindness of Sonya Marmeladova. Raskolnikov's theory (summarized above) fails completely only after he has a dream where everyone kills each other, and as a result the earth becomes devastated. Totally absurd. Finally, Rodion understands the fallacy of his theory, because its essence is that there will be no people left. After sleep, the main character gradually begins to regain his faith in people and goodness. This is not easy, he stubbornly refuses past views. Rodion begins to understand that happiness should be available to everyone. He will also come to a deep understanding Christian values. Happiness and prosperity cannot be built on crime. It is unacceptable to kill even one person, because people are absolutely equal by nature. Below are some quotes from the book:

. “Power is given only to those who dare to bend down and pick it up. There’s only one thing, one thing: you just have to dare!”

. “The more cunning a person is, the less he suspects that he will be knocked down in a simple way. The most cunning man must be taken from the simplest things.”

. “...And you reach the line that if you don’t step over it, you’ll be unhappy, but if you step over it, maybe you’ll become even more unhappy...”

So, today we found out what Raskolnikov’s theory is.

Plan

1. Introduction

2. The essence of the theory

3. Reasons for the collapse of the theory

4. Conclusion

The uniqueness of the novel "" is that Fyodor Mikhailovich presented and tested an unusual theory, which he told through the mouth of his hero Raskolnikov. IN this essay The theory itself and the reasons for its failure will be considered.

According to the main character of the novel "Crime and Punishment", the whole society is divided into two unequal parts: ordinary, unremarkable people and outstanding personalities. The former are a huge living mass controlled by the latter. The ordinary part of humanity simply needs to rely on some rules in their actions, while others not only can, but must, break the law in the name of a bright future. And only those who are able to challenge fate, laws and society as a whole can control the living mass and be called extraordinary people. The lives of the majority are not worthy of pity, since their miserable lives are not worth a penny. They are forced to die for something great and important.

Prominent personalities can step over someone's corpse if the idea really requires it. In addition, leaders can be forgiven for their evil deeds if they were done for good. Conscience may not torment such people, since the living mass was created to sacrifice it for the sake of sublime ideas. As a rule, unremarkable people did not leave their mark on history, and the activities of an extraordinary part of society were aimed at destroying the old, creating a new one, and changing the life of mankind. Among the outstanding personalities, Raskolnikov singled out Solomon, Napoleon, Lycurgus, and Mohammed. "Is it possible to find happiness by sacrificing people and breaking moral laws" - this is the main question that the main character tried to answer.

By the end of the work, Raskolnikov himself was convinced that his theory could not exist. This happened for several reasons. Firstly, the murder of some people, which was the basis of the main character’s idea, cannot become the key to the happiness of others. As Rodion correctly noted, instead of the desired death of the old pawnbroker, he received his own moral death. Secondly, dividing society into two unequal parts initially had no chance of success. The instability that is inherent in society refutes the existence of any assigned labels for certain people.

The theory about “outstanding” and “ordinary” people, described in the novel “Crime and Punishment,” influenced many, including Rodion Raskolnikov himself. Thanks to this idea of ​​the main character of the work, the idea of ​​the novel is revealed: murder, even for a good purpose, cannot make anyone happier. A mortal sin will only make the murderer's situation worse.

F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” raises a whole range of social, psychological and moral problems, forcing the reader to seriously think about finding answers to many questions facing the individual and humanity as a whole. Each character in the work is an example own life and choice demonstrates the result of this eternal human search and fatal mistakes on this way.

The main character of the novel, Rodion Raskolnikov, is a young man, tormented by the thought of his own destiny and undertaking a search for truth, based on the question “Am I a trembling creature or do I have the right?” Based on the answers found, he builds his monstrous theory that the common good can be achieved by destroying what, in his personal opinion, is strangling a person. The moneylender becomes for him a symbol of evil that needs to be eradicated. According to his theory, it turns out that one person, “having the right,” has all the authority to decide who lives and who dies. Therefore, the old money-lender Alena Ivanovna is sentenced to death on this basis. However, Raskolnikov is not limited to killing the old woman; running away and saving himself, he kills blessed Lizaveta, who is innocent even according to his inhuman theory. The well-founded theory collapses and Raskolnikov realizes his own inadequacy as the savior of humanity.

The moral torment of the hero throughout the narrative takes on various forms: attempts to help the family of the bitter alcoholic Marmeladov, an impulse to save his sister from the clutches of the predatory libertine Svidrigailov, love out of compassion for Sonechka. The whole horror is that Raskolnikov tries to justify himself to the last by the fact that he personally did not want anything for himself by killing the old woman. There really was no self-interest in his actions. All he wanted was to prove the validity of the wild theory that it was possible to cleanse the world with blood. The half-educated intellectual did not take into account the fact that usury is not evil in itself, but an evil generated by the general plight of people. The pawnbroker is only the visible part of the iceberg of human misfortunes and troubles, and the roots of disorder are much deeper. Taking an ax in his hands and cutting off, as it seems to him, what is unnecessary, Raskolnikov simply destroys the last link of the chain that fetters people, without freeing them, only sacrificing himself. Pointless and ineffective.