Diagnosis by language. The meaning of the word language in a large modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language

Language is the most ancient and main property of man as a biological species, distinguishing him from other living beings. In linguistics, the science of language, the following definition is used: language is a sign system, created naturally or artificially, with the help of which people communicate and formulate their mental activity.

Origin of language

Education and the development of language, along with work activity, played a key role in the development of man as a rational being. One of the most important problems in the question of the origin of language is its ability to reflect reality. Words, like signs of language, have no resemblance to the object they denote. Nevertheless, a clear image of an object appears in a person’s mind when he hears or sees a word denoting it.

To understand how a language appeared, the sound complex of which in itself does not reflect anything, scientists are developing various Onomatopoeic theory considers the origin of the first words as a reproduction of the sounds and noises of nature. However, it cannot explain the presence of different sound shells for the same phenomenon in different languages. According to the interjection theory, the original word is based on an emotional exclamation or cry denoting a person’s state. This theory, in turn, does not explain the entire diversity of language, which could not have come from interjections alone.

Some scientists suggest that the first words were nouns; man initially sought to reflect the objects and phenomena of reality. Others believe that verbal forms are primary, a person first of all performed an action and, on its basis, built a picture of the world.

Thus, each theory of the origin of language depends on the function that is assigned to it.

Language functions

The essence of language, its main characteristics are manifested in its functions. Among the large number of language functions, the most significant ones are highlighted.

• Communication function. By definition, language is the main means of communication between people.
• Thinking or cognitive function. Language serves as the main means of formation and expression of mental activity.
• Cognitive function. Language allows you to create new words and concepts, and also acts as a means of storing and transmitting information.
• Other functions (phatic, emotive, appellative, aesthetic, etc.).

Language and speech

The term language cannot be identified with the concept of speech. First of all, language is a means of communication, and speech is its embodiment. The main characteristic of language is its abstractness and formality, while speech is characterized by materiality, because it consists of articulated sounds that are perceived by the ear.

Unlike stable and static language, speech is an active and dynamic phenomenon. It is worth noting that language is a public property and reflects the picture of the world of the people speaking it, and speech, in turn, is purely individual and reflects the experience of a particular person. Language, as a complex sign system, has a level organization, while speech is characterized by a linear organization. And finally, language does not depend on a specific situation and setting, but speech is contextually and situationally determined. Thus, we can say that language relates to speech as the general relates to the particular.

Units and levels of language

The main ones are phoneme, morpheme, word and sentence. In accordance with each unit, a separate language level is formed. So the lowest level is phonetic, which consists of the simplest linguistic units - phonemes. The phoneme itself has no meaning and acquires a meaningful function only as part of a morpheme. The morpheme (morphemic level), in turn, is the shortest meaningful unit of language. There are derivational (form words) and grammatical (form word forms) morphemes.

A word (lexical-semantic level) represents the main significant unit of language, which can have syntactic independence. It serves to designate objects, phenomena, processes and properties. Words are divided into certain groups: a system of parts of speech (based on grammatical features), a system of synonyms and antonyms (based on semantic relations), groups of archaisms, historicisms and neologisms (from a historical perspective), etc.

A sentence (syntactic level) is a combination of words that expresses a certain thought. The sentence is characterized by semantic and intonation completeness and structure. There are simple and complex sentences. It should be noted that the unit of each level of language is an element in the construction of the unit of the next level.

Languages ​​of the world

According to various estimates, there are about 7,000 languages ​​in the world. All of them are divided into the following groups:

• common and not common;
• written and unwritten;
• "living" and "dead";
• artificial and natural.

Based on linguistic kinship, a genetic one has been created; according to it, there is another definition of language. This is primarily an attitude towards a specific ancestral language. As a rule, the Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan and Ural-Altaic families of languages ​​are distinguished. All languages ​​of one family are based on one parent language.

Russian language

The Russian language is one of the Indo-European language family and is a language of global importance. The Russian language is the national language of the Russian people. The Russian language uses a writing system based on the Russian alphabet, which goes back to the Cyrillic alphabet. Moreover, in the Russian language, not everything is indicated by letters, but only the basic sounds of speech. So the number of letters in the alphabet is 33, and the sound system contains 43 sounds, of which 6 are vowels and 37 are consonants. The classification of sounds of the Russian language is made on the basis of articulatory properties. In this case, sounds are distinguished by the method of their pronunciation and by the areas of the speech apparatus involved in their pronunciation.

There is also a classification of the sounds of the Russian language according to acoustic characteristics. This takes into account the participation of voice and noise in the formation of sound. Russian is one of the most difficult languages ​​in the world to learn.

Thus, we can give the following definition: “Language is a complex polysemantic concept in which it is considered primarily as a multi-level sign system that is in organic unity with human thinking.”

Language is a unique collection of sounds and symbols, each of which has a specific meaning. Language is an important tool for human interaction and communication. Thanks to language, we can express our thoughts in tangible speech form.

Language is not only a means of communication, it is also the historical memory of every people. Each language reflects the spiritual culture and centuries-old history of each nation.

Language is a social phenomenon, because it is impossible to master it without social relations. A person does not have the gift of speech from the moment of birth. After all, a small child begins to talk only when he manages to learn to repeat the phonetic sounds that the people around him make, and thanks to the ability to think, he gives them the correct meaning.

The emergence of language

In the first stages of its emergence, language consisted of inarticulate sounds made by primitive people and was accompanied by active gesticulation. Later, with the advent of Homo sapiens, language takes on an articulated form, thanks to his ability to think abstractly.

Thanks to language, primitive people began to exchange experiences and plan their joint actions. Articulate language brought ancient people to a new stage of their evolutionary development, and became another factor that could bring humans to a higher level from other biological species.

Also during this period, the language acquired a mystical coloring; ancient people believed that certain words had magical properties that helped stop an impending natural disaster: this is how the first magic spells appeared.

Functions of modern language

The main functions of modern language are communicative and mental. The main one, of course, is communicative: thanks to language, people can communicate with each other, convey the necessary information to each other, express their thoughts, feelings, and wishes.

With the help of the mental function of language, a person not only has the opportunity to convey his thoughts to others, but also forms his own with the help of language.

Along with those mentioned above, there is also such a function of language as epistemological or cognitive - a person analyzes all the information received from other members of society, thanks to this the process of scientific knowledge of the surrounding world arises.

Language also has an aesthetic function, which is most often used in works of art. Thanks to its use in literature, such a language gives people a feeling of aesthetic pleasure, it provokes them to emotions, makes the human soul worry.

Language development and society development

The development of language is inextricably linked with the development of society. Language is a living organism that is influenced by historical, political and social changes in the life of the public.

Under the influence of time, some words die out and go out of use forever; in their place, new words come into the language that best meet the requirements of the time.

Language is, of course, a huge gift for humanity. Therefore, we must appreciate it, try not to litter it with profanity and parasitic words, because by doing this we are causing great harm, first of all, to the centuries-old culture of our people and our personality.

1. Tongue - I The tongue (lingua, or glossa) is an unpaired outgrowth of the floor of the oral cavity in vertebrates and humans. The egg of fish is formed by a fold of the mucous membrane... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
2. tongue - -a, m. 1. An organ in the oral cavity in the form of a muscular outgrowth in vertebrates and humans, facilitating the chewing and swallowing of food, determining its taste properties. - Life is hard labor! - he grumbled, rolling crumbs of black bread in his mouth with his tongue. Small academic dictionary
3. tongue - (lingua, glossa), a growth of the floor of the oral cavity in vertebrates, performing the functions of transportation and taste analysis of food. The egg of fish, with the exception of lungfishes, has no muscles and moves together with the hyoid-branch skeleton. Biological encyclopedic dictionary
4. language - language gender. p. -a, pl. languages, often with seminarian emphasis languages, dial. lyazyk "language", Novgorod, Belozersk. (where l- – from lick), tongue, Ukrainian. tongue, blr. language, other Russian Language, Old Slav. Language γλώσσα, ἔθνος (Ostrom., Klots., Supr.), Bulgarian. Etymological Dictionary of Max Vasmer
5. tongue - tongue I m. 1. A mobile, elongated muscular organ in the oral cavity in humans and vertebrates, with the help of which the process of chewing and swallowing food is carried out, its taste qualities are revealed. || Such an organ is like an organ of taste. Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
6. Language - In all countries and among all peoples there is an extensive sexual and erotic vocabulary. It contains special expressions or figures of speech to refer to the female and male genital organs, sexual intercourse, caresses and other areas of love and sexuality. Sexological encyclopedia
7. TONGUE - TONGUE - in anatomy - in terrestrial vertebrates and humans, a muscular outgrowth (in fish, a fold of the mucous membrane) at the bottom of the oral cavity. Participates in the capture, processing of food, in the acts of swallowing and speech (in humans). The tongue contains taste buds. LANGUAGE - .. Large encyclopedic dictionary
8. LANGUAGE - 1. Ya (English language) - a system of signs of any physical nature, serving as a means of human communication and thinking; in the proper sense of the word, it is a phenomenon that is socially necessary and historically conditioned. Large psychological dictionary
9. language - A means of communication in human society; the ability to speak, write, verbally express one’s thoughts; expressed thought, speech; style, style of presentation. About the sound of speech, the nature of the pronunciation of sounds. Dictionary of Russian language epithets
10. language - LANGUAGE, language (language · book · obsolete, only in 3, 4, 7 and 8 · characters), · male. 1. An organ in the oral cavity in the form of a movable soft outgrowth, which is an organ of taste, and in humans also contributes to the formation of speech sounds. Cow tongue. It hurts to bite your tongue. Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
11. language - 1. language, languages, languages, languages, language, languages, language, languages, language, languages, language, languages ​​2. language, languages, languages, languages, language, languages, language, languages, language, languages, language , languages Zaliznyak's Grammar Dictionary
12. LANGUAGE - LANGUAGE - English. language; German Sprache. A system of signs that serves as a means of human communication, mental activity, a way of expressing a person’s self-awareness, a means of transmission from generation to generation and storage of information. see SPEECH. Sociological Dictionary
13. language - LANGUAGE -a; m. 1. An organ in the oral cavity in the form of a muscular outgrowth in vertebrates and humans, facilitating chewing and swallowing food, determining its taste properties. Pink long me. dogs. I'm a rough cat. Lick your lips with your tongue. Burn... Kuznetsov's Explanatory Dictionary
14. LANGUAGE - LANGUAGE is the primary, most natural and publicly accessible representation of the world. The naturalness of language, which makes itself felt in its presence in any society (a living being without one language or another is unknown to science)... New Philosophical Encyclopedia
15. tongue - An organ in the oral cavity of vertebrates that performs the functions of transporting and tasting food. The structure of the tongue reflects the specific nutrition of animals. Biology. Modern encyclopedia
16. Tongue - I The tongue (lingua) is a muscular organ of the oral cavity. The language is divided into apex, body and root. A newborn's tongue is short, wide and thick, lies entirely in the oral cavity, its root is located horizontally. Medical encyclopedia
17. language - 1) a system of signs of any configuration, serving as a means of human (including national) communication, as well as thinking; 2) a means of storing and transmitting information; 3) one of the means of controlling human behavior... Ethnographic Dictionary
18. language - spelling language, -a Lopatin's spelling dictionary
19. language - By-product (see); in cooking, beef (cow, ox, bovine) and veal tongues are usually used. Beef tongues weigh 1.5-2 kg, veal tongues - 0.5 kg. Culinary dictionary
20. - LANGUAGE is a complex, developing semiotic system, which is a specific and universal means of objectifying the content of both individual consciousness and cultural tradition, providing the possibility of its intersubjectivity... The latest philosophical dictionary
21. language - 1. LANGUAGE1, a, plural. i, ov, m. 1. A movable muscular organ in the oral cavity that perceives taste sensations and is also involved in articulation in humans. Lick with tongue. Try it on me. (i.e. taste). Snake... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
22. language - noun, number of synonyms... Dictionary of Russian synonyms

A significant role in the diagnosis of diseases is played by studies of the size, shape and color of the surface of the tongue.

Language- organ of taste and speech. The tongue has many tasks: mixing food while chewing, determining taste, and, of course, speaking. The tongue consists of muscles covered on top with a mucous membrane. It is divided into two departments, between which, however, there is no clear boundary. The back of the tongue, which on one side fuses with the mucous membrane of the mouth, is the root.

The front part, which moves freely in different directions, is called the body of the tongue. The upper surface of the tongue is called its back. You probably noticed that the tongue appears velvety in appearance, not as smooth and shiny as the oral mucosa.

Its entire surface is covered with papillae, the main task of which is to distinguish the taste of food. It is these papillae that give the tongue its velvety appearance. There are 4 types of papillae. The smallest of them - thread-like - cover the entire surface of the tongue and look like carpet pile. The larger papillae - mushroom-shaped - are located on the back of the tongue between the filiform ones.

The leaf-shaped papillae are somewhat reminiscent of fish gills. They are located on the lateral surfaces of the tongue, and are less visible in adults than in children. The largest papillae are groove-shaped. There are not very many of them - from 7 to 11. They are located on the back of the back and actually serve as the border between the body and the root.

Language has long been considered an indicator of human health. Sometimes its changes appear before all other signs of the disease.

In ancient Chinese medicine, there are two main approaches to the topography of tongue zones: according to the theory of the “Three Heaters”, the tip of the tongue corresponds to the “upper focus”, the middle - to the “middle focus”, the base of the tongue to the “lower focus”, i.e. the upper, middle and lower parts of the body .

We perceive taste with the tongue when the tongue is wet. A dry tongue cannot perceive taste. If a person stops feeling sweet, sour, salty or bitter, diseases of the nervous and endocrine system are likely.

The tongue is also an organ of speech used to transform thoughts, concepts, ideas and feelings into words. Examination of this important organ will provide information about what is happening in the body.

According to traditional Tibetan medicine, the tongue is connected to the heart. The condition of the tongue and speech reflect heart problems. However, the body functions as a single whole and the connection of the heart with other organs is also reflected in the tongue.

The tongue of a healthy person has a smooth pink surface and is covered with a small whitish coating, which also forms on the teeth. There is not much of it, and therefore the pink color of the tongue remains, and the papillae on its surface are clearly visible.

The tongue of a healthy person looks velvety due to the large number of papillae.

Look at your tongue in the mirror. Observe its size, surface and outline.

When examining the tongue, you should pay attention to:

2. The nature of plaque in different areas of the tongue.

3. Shape and character of the surface. The surface can be: dense, smooth, loose, striated, etc.

4. Various formations on the tongue - papillomas, blisters, aphthae. Their location indicates the diseased organ.

5. Tongue mobility.

This allows us to judge the functional state of various body systems and, above all, the state of the blood. According to the classification of Chinese doctors, a hard, calloused tongue, “+”, represents an excess condition; tongue of normal consistency, “0” - normal condition; soft tongue, “-” - insufficient condition.

In the Chinese diagnostic system, the tongue serves as a path through the corresponding energy channels. The corresponding section of the channel (meridian) in the tongue reflects a number of body functions associated with it and is associated with certain organs through which it passes. For example, the heart meridian goes to the root of the tongue, the spleen meridian runs along the lower surface, the kidney meridian ends at its root. Pathological changes in these organs are reflected in the appearance of the tongue and the plaque covering it. Wetness, dryness and other signs of the tongue give an idea of ​​the syndromes of emptiness, fullness, heat and cold, traditional for Chinese medicine. Raids indicate the nature and course of diseases.

One of the oldest diagnostic systems based on language is presented in Ayurveda (“Jiva”). According to it, each organ has its own “representation” in the language, according to the projection scheme. This diagram of the tongue represents a “double-reversed map” on which the projections of the corresponding organs are located. Based on the characteristics of plaque, redness, and other signs, one can judge the processes in organs and systems, their intensity and development.

Hollow and dense organs of our body are projected in different parts of the tongue. Discoloration or increased sensitivity of certain parts of the tongue indicates a disorder in those organs associated with this part.

Examination of the tongue provides valuable information about the energy balance of internal organs and makes it possible to make an accurate diagnosis if they are disturbed. Tongue diagnoses in traditional Tibetan medicine are as follows:

Tongue red, moist: energy and blood blooming;

Tongue is pale: energy and blood are weak;.

The coating on the tongue is thin, white, moist: the energy of the stomach is prosperous;

The tongue is shiny, without plaque: the energy of the stomach is weak, its intrasecretory activity is affected.

Diagnosis of diseases by language is an important stage in examining a patient in Tibet, China and India. According to the theory of the “Five Elements,” the tip of the tongue is associated with the condition of the heart and lungs, the lateral parts of the tongue are associated with the liver and gallbladder, the back of the tongue is associated with the stomach and spleen, and the root of the tongue is associated with the condition of the kidneys.

Enlargement and redness of the papillae of the right half of the tongue towards the tip is observed with liver damage, the left half - with pathology of the spleen. The discovery of reddened papillae on the tip of the tongue indicates a disease of the pelvic organs; red papillae are higher along the edges and in the middle of the tongue - the lungs.

Dry tongue mucosa can be a sign of a large number of diseases. Sometimes the reason lies in the production of insufficient saliva or thirst. The tongue can become dry when the body temperature rises, as well as in some serious diseases (for example, coma resulting from diabetes), intestinal obstruction, peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum). Often the dryness of the tongue is combined with a brown coating on it. Sometimes the mucous membrane loses so much moisture that cracks even appear on it.

In some diseases, for example, gastritis, gastric or duodenal ulcers, insufficient kidney function, appendicitis, cholecystitis, infectious diseases (for example, measles), as well as poisoning with poor-quality food or certain medications, the tongue changes its color due to for excess plaque.

This tongue looks slightly swollen and moist. Most often, it is covered with a thick white coating, due to which the papillae are practically invisible. Plaque is removed with a toothbrush, but after a while it becomes covered with plaque again.

If the color is pale, this indicates signs of anemia or lack of blood in the body. A whitish color indicates mucus disturbances. A weak white coating reflects a decrease in acidity in the stomach, accompanied by dysbacteriosis.

The general characteristic changes in the tongue indicated above indicate a close connection between the digestive organs: stomach, spleen, pancreas with the structures of the brain and psyche.

With a yellow coating of the tongue, there is excess heat in the body. With a fatty, muddy coating of the tongue - stagnation of food, accumulation of mucus, etc., with a spotted purple coating of the tongue - stagnation of blood. A thin coating of the tongue indicates an incipient disease (or superficial localization of the process), a thick coating of the tongue indicates a chronic disease (or deep localization of the process).

If the color is yellowish, there is excess bile in the gallbladder or a disorder in the liver. Yellow plaque increases with seasonal exacerbations of the liver and gallbladder. One of the signs of developing jaundice is yellowness in the lower part of the tongue, which is detected when it is raised to the palate.

If there is discoloration of the tongue, its flaccidity or elevation of its sphere, then this important organ has a defect. For example, if you see a tooth mark on the edges of the tongue, this indicates insufficient digestion of the intestines.

The cause of the disease with white plaque can be cold, humidity, or wind. If the white coating on the tongue, gradually thickening, becomes yellow and then gray and dark in color, this means the progression of the disease and, conversely, clearing and thinning of the coating indicates an improvement in the condition.

A coating that coats the tongue indicates toxins in the stomach, small intestine, or colon. If only the back of the tongue is coated, toxins are present in the colon; if the plaque is in the middle of the tongue, toxins are present in the stomach, duodenum and small intestine.

The line running down the middle of the tongue indicates excitement running along the spinal column. If this line is curved, it may indicate a deformity or curvature of the spine.

Red or yellow-green indicates bile disorders; with an exacerbation of gastric or duodenal ulcers, it may become too red, but moist.

A tongue with a black coating is an ominous indication of a disorder of the digestive system, especially the gallbladder and pancreas. Black plaque also indicates a violation of blood pH towards acidosis (acid-base balance), due to dehydration of the body.

It's another matter when such coloring is caused by a disease - Crohn's disease. At the same time, the amount of adrenal hormones in the body decreases, as a result of which an increased amount of melanin (the same pigment that is formed during tanning) is produced in the skin and mucous membranes. As a result, the tongue becomes covered with blue-black spots of various shapes and sizes, or even becomes black. At the same time, the color does not fade after cleaning and over time until the disease is treated.

The varnished tongue has a shiny, smooth, bright red surface due to atrophy of the taste buds. In some diseases, the number of papillae decreases, they become almost invisible, and sometimes are completely absent. Because of this, the tongue looks smooth and shiny, as does the entire mucous membrane of the mouth. Occurs in stomach cancer and chronic colitis. With pellagra (deficiency of nicotinic acid and vitamin B), the tongue is covered with a difficult-to-remove coating of black-brown color, with cracks resembling a chessboard. In the late stage of pellagra, the tongue acquires a red tint with a varnished surface - “cardinal tongue”.

A geographic tongue is characterized by the presence on its surface of areas of varying color and size with deep grooves and reliefs. Geographic tongue occurs with chronic damage to the gastrointestinal tract, as well as with some forms of mental disorders. Using this language, you can almost immediately diagnose the allergic condition of individual organs.

If bright red spots appear against the background of a normal pink color, then the disappearance of the papillae is a sign of anemia (anemia). An enlarged, uniformly red, but not crimson, varnished tongue is most often a sign of metabolic disorders.

When examining the tongue, the following signs are often noted:

Deep imprints of teeth on the lateral surface and front of the tongue characterize a stressful state, hidden neuroses, and the more pronounced the neurosis, the clearer the imprints.

In case of severe infectious diseases, poisoning, accompanied by high fever, severe pneumonia, the tongue becomes red (crimson) in color.

In case of severe renal, toxic disorders, the tongue has a dark red color.

A pale, bloodless tongue indicates anemia and severe exhaustion of the body.

In advanced cases of cardiovascular disorders, a bluish tint of the tongue is observed. At the same time, a sharply cyanotic tongue is an ominous sign of imminent death.

In case of dysfunction of the cerebellum, cerebral circulation, hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke, the tongue is bent or deviated to the side.

A tongue with deep transverse fissures also indicates a predisposition to vascular disorders of the brain.

Flat ulcers on the tongue indicate a tuberculous process.

A black tongue may indicate cholera infection.

If there is plaque on the middle part of the tongue and a light red coloration of its tip and edges, one can think of a violation of the acid-forming function of the stomach.

Streaks of foam on both sides of the tongue indicate the presence of rheumatism.

With scarlet fever, the tongue resembles strawberries with sour cream - alternating white and red spots.

Trembling of the tongue indicates a brain disease or a deep neurotic disorder. Trembling of protruding tongue. A very clear sign of some diseases (for example, hyperthyroidism) is the shaking of the protruding tongue. In severe forms of the disease, the fingers, eyelids, and sometimes the whole body also tremble. In some neurological and mental diseases (for example, chorea), the protruding tongue deviates to the side.

Minor tremor of the tongue is observed in chronic alcoholics, moderate intensity tremor - in patients with neuroses, fibrillary twitching and atrophy of the tongue - in patients with damage to the medulla oblongata.

With anemia due to iron deficiency in the body, there is a burning and tingling sensation in the tongue area. With some types of anemia, a smooth, as if scraped tongue, devoid of the papillary layer, is observed.

Diabetes is characterized by a dry tongue, the surface of which has numerous cracks. In diabetic coma, the tongue may also acquire a brownish-brown color, which develops in patients with diabetes in the absence of proper treatment.

If the underside of the tongue is bluish in color, a circulatory disorder with cardiopulmonary insufficiency can be assumed. If the color is bluish, there is a defect in the heart.

Pale coloration of the underside of the tongue indicates pathology of the liver and gallbladder.

Poor health, a temperature that has not decreased for a long time, abdominal pain and such a coating on the tongue are sufficient reasons to urgently consult a doctor, since the abscess can rupture, causing peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum). In addition, a slightly lighter, but also gray coating appears on the tongue with diphtheria.

An enlarged, thick tongue is observed with inflammation, decreased function of the thyroid gland, disease of the pituitary gland, pathology of the reticular formation of the trunk, and mental illness.

Often the tip or side edges of the tongue fall between the teeth, and the person constantly bites it. As a result, you can see not only a clearly enlarged tongue, but also teeth marks along its edges. Such signs may indicate a decrease in the amount of thyroid hormones in the blood - hypothyroidism.

White or grayish-white spots on the tongue and on the mucous membrane of the cheeks appear most often due to constant irritation of the mucous membrane (for example, from smoking). Such spots themselves are not dangerous, but later they can cause the development of a malignant tumor.

Ulcers on the surface of the tongue are a wound that does not heal for a long time. Ulcers on the surface of the tongue may be a sign of Crohn's disease. This disease affects most of the digestive system, starting with the intestines. Ulcers can be different.

Ulcers in Crohn's disease are usually small, appear several at a time and cause a lot of discomfort. If one ulcer appears on the surface of the tongue (most often on the back) (it can be of different sizes), round or oval, with clear boundaries, with a bright red, shiny, hard surface - this is a sign of the primary period of syphilis.

A syphilitic ulcer almost never hurts. Its edges rise only slightly above the surface of the tongue or are on the same level with it. Sometimes its bottom may be covered with a grayish-yellow film.

Warts are growths of the skin or mucous membrane that almost never cause any discomfort to their owner because they do not hurt. The appearance of warts on the skin can be caused by a virus. This happens quite often. Warts rarely appear on mucous membranes, and even more so on the tongue, and therefore their appearance should alert you. For example, small warts that appear on the sides of the tongue closer to the root may be a sign
HIV infections.

According to observations, curvature of the tongue can be caused by somatic disorders. When one or another half of the body suffers: the left (spleen, left lung) or the right (liver, right lung), the corresponding half of the tongue changes in volume, and its tip deviates. This circumstance should be taken into account in neurology when assessing central paresis of the hypoglossal nerve.

Diagram of the location of the “zones of responsibility” of internal organs on the tongue.

Examples of observations of the condition of the tongue, which can serve as a hint to the practicing physician.

Diagnosis through visual examination of language plays a minor role in Tibetan medicine. However, this method can be used as a quick form of additional diagnostic testing to check for a range of symptoms.

If there is an imbalance, the tongue may have the following characteristics:

Condition of the tongue due to imbalance of Lung (wind) energy

Red.

With small dents along the edges.

Rough.

Condition of the tongue due to imbalance of Tripa energy (bile)

(Pale)-yellowish coating (more or less dense).

Slightly bitter taste.

"Dirty" in appearance.

Tongue condition due to energy imbalance Peken (mucus)

(Pale) whitish-gray coating (more or less dense).

The tongue is wet and sticky.

The tongue is somewhat swollen, as if inflamed.

Smooth surface.

Dull surface.

Other areas of examination

Brushes can also tell a lot. The color of the nail bed, discoloration of the nails, dryness or dampness, and the muscularity of the hands can be clues to certain conditions. The feet also provide a lot of information for the doctor.

The structure of the back, the balance of the shoulder girdle and pelvis are also important indicators of possible causes of the disease.

• . Morozova O.G., Zdybsky V.I., Shcherbakov S.S., Yavlyansky Yu.V. The beauty of language diagnostics is its simplicity and efficiency. Whenever there is a complex disorder full of contradictions, language examination can help identify the underlying pathological process. The text is illustrated with 54 figures and 8 tables.

• . Davydov M.A.

  Diagnosis of the patient’s face helps the therapist (massage therapist) determine the “problem areas” of his body, and then carry out the appropriate correction of organs and systems by using the Wing Chun massage technique. Let's say a few words about the name of the Wing Chun technique, which translated means “eternal spring” and hints at a long-lasting state of youth. The Wing Chun massage technique is based on the step-by-step preparation of the human body (patient). E.I. Gonikman. The proposed atlas contains detailed descriptions and images of various types of faces, divided into zones, with their corresponding interpretation in Chinese medicine. Very important in this diagnosis is the ability to find out in advance about upcoming excesses inside the body and promptly correct them.

• Basics of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Diagnosis by pulse, tongue, navel. DVD-rip. (2011). Educational video.
  
• Seven questions about the face. Episode 6 from the “Mystical Asia” series DVD-rip. (2007). Documentary film. South Korea. What can a face tell about a person? It turns out that it carries 99% of the information about us.

Diagnosis of diseases by language is one of the main stages when examining a patient and making a general diagnosis, most often used in the East. This type of diagnostics allows us to learn about the processes occurring in our body, the origin and stage of development of certain diseases.

Language is an indicator of our health, this has always been known in the East, where such an unusual, but quite effective diagnostic method was born - diagnosing diseases by language.

In Eastern medicine, the tongue is believed to be connected to the heart. Here we mean not only the physical state of the tongue, but also the speech that we pronounce - all this indicates certain problems with the heart. However, the body is a single whole, and the condition of the heart also affects other organs. And the state of various organs of our body is “projected” onto the corresponding parts of the tongue. Accordingly, changes in these areas of the tongue, including changes in their color or increased sensitivity, indicate disturbances and imbalances of energies in the corresponding organs.

According to ancient Chinese medicine, the tip of the tongue corresponds to the upper part of the body and reflects the condition of the lungs and heart, the sides of the tongue indicate the health of the liver and gall bladder, the back of the tongue indicates the health of the stomach and spleen, and the root of the tongue indicates the condition of the kidneys.

Often, the first signs of the disease appear on the tongue (discoloration, plaque, redness, etc.). Therefore, when diagnosing diseases by tongue, first of all, pay attention to the size, shape and color of the tongue. According to Eastern medicine, when there is an imbalance of wind energy (rlung), the tongue is red, dry and rough, with small indentations along the edges. When mucus energy (beken) is disturbed, the tongue may have a smooth or dull surface, it may be slightly swollen, moist and sticky, with a whitish-gray coating. An imbalance of bile energy in the body (trip) also changes the appearance of the tongue: a pale yellow coating appears on it, and a bitter taste is felt in the mouth.

Diagnosis of diseases by language

What does a healthy person's tongue look like? This tongue has a pink color and a smooth surface, covered with a small whitish coating; the papillae on the surface of the tongue are clearly visible, due to which it looks velvety.

Connection of tongue areas with internal organs

To the left of the tip of the tongue is the left lung, to the right is the right;

The center of the tongue is the heart;

On the left side of the root of the tongue is the left kidney, on the right side is the right;

On the right side, between the projections of the lung and kidney, there is a projection of the liver.

Tongue color

1. Pale tongue - lack of energy and blood. This is a sign of anemia and exhaustion of the body.

2. Pale color of the underside of the tongue - liver and gall bladder diseases.

3. Red (crimson) color - severe infectious diseases accompanied by high fever, poisoning, pneumonia.

4. Dark red color - severe renal and toxic disorders, obesity and chronic alcoholism.

5. A bluish tint - cardiovascular diseases, circulatory disorders with cardiopulmonary failure.

6. Yellowness in the lower part of the tongue - the development of jaundice.

A coating covering the tongue indicates the accumulation of toxins in the stomach, small or large intestine. If only the back of the tongue is covered with plaque, there are toxins in the large intestine; if the plaque is noticeable only in the middle of the tongue, toxins are present in the stomach, small intestine and duodenum.

1. No plaque, shiny tongue - weak stomach energy, problems with intrasecretory activity.

2. Slightly swollen and moist tongue due to excess plaque. May indicate the following diseases: stomach or duodenal ulcer, gastritis, cholecystitis, appendicitis, poor kidney function, food or drug poisoning, infectious diseases (measles).

3. Thin plaque - an incipient disease or its superficial localization. Thick plaque is a chronic disease.

4. White, moist, thin plaque - the energy of the stomach is in order.

5. Weak white coating - decreased acidity in the stomach, dysbacteriosis.

6. Yellowish plaque - excess bile in the gallbladder or liver disease.

7. Fatty, silty coating - stagnation of food.

8. Purple spotty plaque - blood stagnation.

9. Black plaque is a serious disorder of the digestive system, especially the pancreas and gall bladder. Also, such plaque occurs when the acid-base balance of the blood is disturbed (increased acidity) as a result of dehydration of the body.
11. Light gray coating - diphtheria.

12. If over time the white plaque gradually thickens and becomes yellow, and then gray and dark, this indicates that the disease is progressing. And if the plaque becomes lighter and thinner, the disease recedes.

1. Alternating white and red spots - scarlet fever.

2. Bluish spots - congestion in the cardiovascular system.

3. Dark spots - severe kidney damage.

Also, when diagnosing diseases by language, you need to pay attention to:

1. Teeth marks on the edges of the tongue. Deep teeth imprints on the front and side of the tongue indicate stress, neuroses, and severe overwork. The clearest imprints are observed in cases of serious diseases of the central nervous system. In addition, tooth marks along the edges of the tongue indicate dysbiosis, slagging in the body and insufficient intestinal digestibility.

2. " Dry tongue" The feeling of a “dry” tongue and general dryness of the mucous membrane occurs as a result of the production of an insufficient amount of saliva (thirst) and can be a sign of a large number of diseases: intestinal obstruction, peritonitis, fever, diabetes. Often, dry tongue is accompanied by the appearance of a brown coating. If the mucous membrane loses too much moisture, it may develop cracks. Dry tongue also causes loss of taste.

3. Lacquered and checkerboard tongue. Varnished tongue - the surface is smooth, shiny, bright red (as a result of atrophy of the taste buds). Diseases: chronic colitis, pellagra, stomach cancer. “Chess” tongue is a type of varnished tongue. Occurs as a result of deficiency of vitamin B and nicotinic acid.

4. Uenlargement and redness of the papillae of the tongue. Enlargement and redness of the papillae on the right half of the tongue, closer to the tip, indicates liver damage, the left half - spleen disease, on the tip of the tongue - pelvic organ disease, and along the edges and in the middle of the tongue - lung disease.

6. Curvature or deviation of the tongue to the side- vascular disorders of the brain (stroke), mental illness.

7. Trembling tongue- brain disease, deep neurotic disorder.

8. Ulcers on the tongue. Ulcers on the surface of the tongue may indicate a disease of the digestive system (Crohn's disease).

We have listed only the main signs by which tongue diseases can be diagnosed. This diagnostic method requires the skill of a doctor, the ability not only to notice changes in the language, but also to combine the information received in order to make a correct diagnosis, which can be confirmed by subsequent diagnostic methods.