Women's tribe. African women: description, culture. Features of life in Africa
In the age of asphalt, concrete and computer technology, we hardly think about the fact that there are entire civilizations developing parallel to ours. They have no idea about phenomena such as economic crisis, but are familiar with the consequences of floods or drought. They do not know how to use calendars, but at the same time they know about the stars and the phases of the moon.
The Amazons, and these are the ones we are talking about, are gradually disappearing under the pressure of civilization, but by some miracle they managed to preserve their original culture. And the most amazing thing is that many small Indian groups have absolutely unique traditions, unlike those of their closest neighbors.
Tribes of the Amazon: small nations with a rich past
Today, in the Amazon delta, the presence of several dozen small wild tribes has been officially registered, living isolated from each other in the most remote corners of the jungle.
Scientists began studying the life of the Amazon tribes not so long ago, but it is already clear that the number of such groups is rapidly declining. For example, the Sinta Larga tribe had more than 5,000 members 100 years ago, but today their number barely reaches 1,500 people.
Another group of Amazon Indians is known throughout the world as the Bora Bora. The history of this tribe also goes back centuries. Despite constant interaction with the civilized world in the person of tourists and scientists, its members continue to strictly observe their traditions and customs.
It is worth noting that almost all tribes, including Bora Bora, are happy to host “white” guests. However, few of the aborigines are seduced by life in cities, preferring dense jungle thickets and endless freedom from the prejudices that are characteristic of modern man.
Daily life in the tribe, aboriginal activities
The wild tribes of the Amazon and Africa are very similar in their way of life in that their daily activities are based on satisfying basic human needs: nutrition and procreation. The main occupation of women in them is gathering, making clothing, household utensils and caring for the younger generation. Men are mainly occupied with hunting, fishing, manufacturing of the simplest tools and weapons.
The wild tribes of the Amazon, despite their isolation from each other, have much in common. For example, many people use bows and poisoned arrows when hunting. Moreover, one tribe uses exclusively one type of weapon. In addition, many Aboriginal groups who have never met each other make pottery, beads, and clothing that are similar in shape. Leisure in the tribes of the Amazon is never aimless. Even ordinary dances carry a special ritual meaning.
Customs, beliefs and traditions of the wild tribes of the Amazon
Since scientists made contact with some tribes on the banks of the Amazon, attempts have been made to understand the essence of their faith and find something in common between the beliefs of the tribes. Then it was found out that the wild tribes of the Amazon begin to believe in monotheism with great difficulty, and more often perceive information about Jesus, for example, as a beautiful fairy tale. They understand the world of spirits more clearly, good or evil - it doesn’t matter. Literally every creature and plant is identified with some kind of deity that influences their existence.
Each tribe has its own unique customs: some change their names with the onset of a new period in their life (puberty, starting a family, the birth of a child, etc.), others do not even take on everyday work without the “blessing” of the tribal shaman, and Still others completely eat their own kind. Of course, such a phenomenon as cannibalism is very rare today, since many wild tribes of the Amazon have abandoned it. Today, there is only one that still raids small Aboriginal villages - the Korubo.
Amazonian woman: what is beauty?
Beauty in the concept of the Amazonian Indians is not at all what most civilized people imagine. Almost every tribe has its own distinctive features, which are especially visible in women. Body painting with colored clay is widespread. The colors of the villagers depend on which deposits are located in close proximity to the tribe’s place of residence. While some aborigines paint their bodies with white stripes and curls, others prefer to decorate their bodies with designs in black, red or yellow.
Sometimes the “beauty” of Aboriginal women can cause shock, since in the minds of a particular tribe it consists of an excessively long neck or a clay plate inserted into the cut of the lower lip. Relief tattoos, piercings, complete or partial shaving of the hair on the head, and coating of braided hair with clay are considered a little more acceptable in a civilized society.
Communication between tribes and the outside world
Despite recent isolation and lack of contact with outside world, the aborigines of the Amazon tribes in most cases willingly make contact with tourists. Sometimes this becomes the only way for them to survive, because photographs, presence at a ceremony or consultations with a shaman are well paid.
Every year there are fewer and fewer places on Earth in which primitive tribes can live. They get food by hunting and fishing, they believe that the gods send rain, and they cannot read or write. They may die from a common cold or flu. Wild tribes are a treasure trove for anthropologists and evolutionists. Sometimes the meeting occurs by chance, and sometimes scientists specifically look for them. According to scientists, currently South America, Africa, Asia, Australia are home to about a hundred wild tribes.
Every year it becomes more and more difficult for these peoples, but they do not give up and do not leave the territories of their ancestors, continuing to live the same way they lived.
Amondava Indian Tribe
The Amondava Indians live in the Amazon jungle. The tribe has no concept of time - the corresponding words (month, year) are simply absent in the language of the Amondava Indians. The Amondawa Indian language can describe events occurring in time, but it is powerless to describe time itself as a separate concept. Civilization first came to the Amondava Indians in 1986.
The Amondawa people do not mention their ages. Simply, moving from one period of his life to another or changing his status in the tribe, the Amondawa Indian changes his name. But the most intriguing thing seems to be the absence in the Amondawa language of reflecting the passage of time by spatial means. Simply put, speakers of many languages of the world use expressions such as “this event is left behind” or “before this” (precisely in the temporal sense, that is, in the meaning “before this”). But in the Amondava language there are no such constructions.
Piraha tribe
The Piraha tribe lives in the area of the Maisi River, a tributary of the Amazon. The tribe became known thanks to Christian missionary Daniel Everett, who met them in 1977. First of all, Everett was struck by the Indian language. It had only three vowels and seven consonants, and no numerals.
The past has practically no meaning for them. Pirahãs do not stockpile: caught fish, hunting spoils or collected fruits are always eaten immediately. No storage and no plans for the future. The culture of this tribe is essentially limited to the present day and the useful things they have. The Pirahã are practically unfamiliar with the worries and fears that plague the majority of the population of our planet.
Himba tribe
The Himba tribe lives in Namibia. The Himbas are engaged in cattle breeding. All the huts where people live are located around the pasture. The beauty of tribal women is determined by the presence large number jewelry and the amount of clay applied to the skin. The presence of clay on the body serves a hygienic purpose - clay allows the skin not to be sunburned and the skin gives off less water.
Women in the tribe are involved in all household activities. They care for livestock, build huts, raise children and make jewelry. Men in the tribe are assigned the role of husbands. Polygamy is accepted in the tribe if the husband is able to feed the family. The cost of a wife reaches 45 cows. A wife's fidelity is not obligatory. A child born from another father will remain in the family.
Huli tribe
The Huli tribe live in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. The first Papuans of New Guinea are believed to have migrated to the island more than 45,000 years ago. These indigenous people fight for land, pigs and women. They also spend a lot of effort trying to impress their opponent. Huli paint their faces with yellow, red and white dyes, and also have a famous tradition of making fancy wigs from their own hair.
Sentinelese tribe
The tribe lives on an island in the Indian Ocean. The Sentinelese have absolutely no contact with other tribes, preferring to enter into intra-tribal marriages and maintain their population around 400 people. One day, National Geographic employees tried to get to know them better by first laying out various offerings on the coast. Of all the gifts, the Sentinelese kept only red buckets; everything else was thrown into the sea.
According to scientists, the islanders are the descendants of the first people who left Africa; the period of complete isolation of the Sentinelese can reach 50-60 thousand years; this tribe is stuck in the Stone Age.
The study of the tribe is carried out from the air or from ships, the islanders were left alone. Their piece of land surrounded by water became a kind of nature reserve, and the Sentinelese were allowed to live according to their own laws.
Tribe Karavai
The tribe was discovered in the late 90s of the 20th century. The number is estimated at approximately 3,000 people. Small monkey-like loaves live in huts in the trees, otherwise the “sorcerers” will get them. Members of the tribe are reluctant to let strangers in and behave aggressively.
Women in the tribe are considered common, but they make love only once a year; at other times, women cannot be touched. Only a few of the loaves can write and read. Wild pigs are domesticated as pets.
Tribes of Nicobar and Andaman Islands
On the islands located in the basin Indian Ocean, and to this day there are 5 tribes whose development stopped in the Stone Age.
They are unique in their culture and way of life. The official authorities of the islands look after the aborigines and try not to interfere in their lives and everyday life
Andamanese are the indigenous people of the Andaman Islands. There are now 200-300 Jarawa people and about 100 Onge people, as well as about 50 Great Andamanese. This tribe has survived far from civilization, where an untouched corner of primeval nature amazingly continues to exist. Research has shown that the Andaman Islands were inhabited by direct descendants primitive people about 70 thousand years ago, who arrived from Africa.
The famous explorer and oceanographer Jacques-Yves Cousteau visited the Andamans, but he was not allowed to get to the local tribes due to the law protecting this endangered tribe.
In our society, the transition from the state of a child to the state of adulthood is not specifically marked in any way. However, among many peoples of the world, a boy becomes a man, and a girl a woman, only if they pass a series of severe tests.
For boys, this is initiation; the most important part of it among many peoples was circumcision. Moreover, it, naturally, was not done in infancy, as among modern Jews. Most often, boys aged 13-15 were exposed to it. In the African Kipsigi tribe living in Kenya, boys are brought one by one to an elder, who marks the place on the foreskin where the incision will be made.
The boys then sit down on the ground. A father or older brother stands in front of each one with a stick in his hand and demands that the boy look straight ahead. The ceremony is performed by an elder, who cuts off the foreskin at the marked place.
During the entire operation, the boy has no right not only to cry out, but also to show at all that he is in pain. It is very important. After all, before the ceremony, he received a special amulet from the girl to whom he was engaged. If now he screams in pain or winces, he will have to throw this amulet into the bushes - no girl will marry such a man. For the rest of his life, he will be a laughing stock in his village, because everyone will consider him a coward.
Among the Australian Aborigines, circumcision is a complex, multi-stage operation. First, a classic circumcision is performed - the initiate lies on his back, after which one of the elderly people pulls his foreskin as far as possible, while the other, with a quick swing of a sharp flint knife, cuts off excess skin. When the boy recovers, the next main operation takes place.
It is usually held at sunset. At the same time, the boy is not privy to the details of what is about to happen. The boy is placed on a kind of table made from the backs of two adult men. Next, one of those who perform the operation pulls the boy’s penis along the abdomen, and the other... rips it apart along the ureter. Only now can the boy be considered a real man. Before the wound heals, the boy will have to sleep on his back.
Such open penises of Australian aborigines take on a completely different shape during an erection - they become flat and wide. However, they are not suitable for urination, and Australian men relieve themselves while squatting.
But the most peculiar method is common among some peoples of Indonesia and Papua, such as the Batak and Kiwai. It consists of what is across the penis sharp piece make a hole in the wood where you can later insert various items, for example, metal ones - silver or, for those richer, gold sticks with balls on the sides. It is believed here that during copulation this creates additional pleasure for the woman.
Not far from the coast of New Guinea, among the inhabitants of the island of Waigeo, the ritual of initiation into men is associated with copious bloodletting, the meaning of which is “cleansing from filth.” But first you need to learn... to play the sacred flute, and then clean your tongue with sandpaper until it bleeds, since in deep childhood the young man sucked his mother’s milk and thereby “defiled” his tongue.
And most importantly, it is necessary to “cleanse” after the first sexual intercourse, which requires making a deep incision in the head of the penis, accompanied by copious bloodletting, the so-called “male menstruation.” But this is not the end of the torment!
Among the men of the Kagaba tribe, there is a custom according to which during sexual intercourse, sperm should under no circumstances fall to the ground, which is regarded as a grave insult to the gods, and therefore can lead to the death of the whole world. According to eyewitnesses, the “Kagabinites” cannot find anything better to avoid spilling sperm on the ground, “like placing a stone under a man’s penis.”
But young men of the Kababa tribe from Northern Colombia, according to custom, are forced to have their first sexual intercourse with the ugliest, toothless and ancient old woman. It’s no wonder that the men of this tribe experience a persistent aversion to sex for the rest of their lives and live poorly with their legal wives.
In one of the Australian tribes, the custom of initiation into men, which is carried out with 14-year-old boys, is even more exotic. To prove his maturity to everyone, a teenager must sleep with his own mother. This ritual means the return of the young man to the mother's womb, which symbolizes death, and orgasm - rebirth.
In some tribes, the initiate must pass through a "toothed womb." The mother puts a mask of a terrible monster on her head, and inserts the jaw of some predator into her vagina. The blood from a wound on the teeth is considered sacred; it is used to smear the face and genitals of the young man.
The young men of the Vandu tribe were much more fortunate. They can become a man only after they graduate from a special sex school, where a female sex instructor gives the boys extensive theoretical and, later, practical training. Graduates of such a school, initiated into the secrets sex life, please their wives to the fullest extent of the sexual capabilities given to them by nature.
EXCORIATION
In many Bedouin tribes in the west and south of Arabia, despite the official ban, the custom of ripping off the skin from the penis has been preserved. This procedure consists of cutting the skin of the penis along its entire length and peeling it off, just like skinning an eel while cutting it.
Boys from ten to fifteen years old consider it a matter of honor not to utter a single cry during this operation. The participant is exposed and the slave manipulates his penis until an erection occurs, after which the operation is performed.
WHEN TO WEAR A HAT?
The youths of the Kabiri tribe in modern Oceania, having reached maturity and undergone severe trials, receive the right to place on their heads a pointed cap, coated with lime, decorated with feathers and flowers; They stick it to their head and even go to bed in it.
YOUNG FIGHTER COURSE
Like many other tribes, among the Bushmen, the initiation of a boy is also carried out after his preliminary training in hunting and everyday skills. And most often young people learn this science of life in the forest.
After completing the “young fighter course,” deep cuts are made above the bridge of the boy’s nose, where the ashes of the burnt tendons of a pre-killed antelope are rubbed. And, naturally, he must endure this entire painful procedure in silence, as befits a real man.
BATTLE BUILDS COURAGE
In the African Fulani tribe, during the male initiation ceremony called "soro", each teenager was struck several times on the back or chest with a heavy club. The subject had to endure this execution in silence, without betraying any pain. Subsequently, the longer the marks of beatings remained on his body and the more terrible he looked, the more respect he gained among his fellow tribesmen as a man and a warrior.
SACRIFICE TO THE GREAT SPIRIT
Among the Mandans, the rite of initiation of young men into men was that the initiate was wrapped in ropes, like a cocoon, and hung on them until he lost consciousness.
In this unconscious (or lifeless, as they put it) state, he was laid on the ground, and when he came to his senses, he crawled on all fours to the old Indian, who was sitting in a doctor’s hut with an ax in his hands and a buffalo skull in front of him. The young man raised the little finger of his left hand as a sacrifice to the great spirit, and it was cut off (sometimes along with the index finger).
LIME INITIATION
Among the Malaysians, the ritual of entering into the secret male union of Ingiet was as follows: during initiation, a naked elderly man, smeared from head to toe with lime, held the end of the mat, and gave the other end to the subject. Each of them took turns pulling the mat towards himself until the old man fell on the newcomer and performed sexual intercourse with him.
INITIATION AT ARANDA
Among the Aranda, initiation was divided into four periods, with gradually increasing complexity of the rituals. The first period consists of relatively harmless and simple manipulations performed on the boy. The main procedure was to throw it into the air.
Before this, it was coated with fat and then painted. At this time, the boy was given certain instructions: for example, not to play with women and girls anymore and to prepare for more serious challenges. At the same time, the boy's nasal septum was drilled.
The second period is the circumcision ceremony. It was carried out on one or two boys. All members of the clan took part in this action, without inviting outsiders. The ceremony lasted about ten days, and throughout this time the tribe members danced and performed various ritual actions in front of the initiates, the meaning of which was immediately explained to them.
Some of the rituals were performed in the presence of women, but when they started circumcision, they ran away. At the end of the operation, the boy was shown a sacred object - a wooden tablet on a cord, which the uninitiated could not see, and its meaning was explained, with a warning to keep it secret from women and children.
The initiate spent some time after the operation away from the camp, in the forest thickets. Here he received a whole series of instructions from leaders. He was instilled with moral rules: not to do bad things, not to walk on the “path of women,” and to observe food prohibitions. These prohibitions were quite numerous and painful: it was forbidden to eat opossum meat, kangaroo rat meat, the tail and rump of a kangaroo, the entrails of an emu, snakes, any water bird, young game, and so on.
He didn’t have to break bones to extract the brain, and he didn’t have to eat a little bit of soft meat. In a word, the most delicious and nutritious food was forbidden to the initiate. At this time, living in the bushes, he learned a special secret language, which he used to talk to men. Women could not approach him.
After some time, even before returning to the camp, a rather painful operation was performed on the boy: several men took turns biting his head; it was believed that after this hair would grow better.
The third stage is the initiate’s exit from maternal care. He did this by throwing a boomerang towards the location of the maternal “totemic center”.
The last, most difficult and solemn stage of initiation is the engvur ceremony. The central place in it was occupied by the trial by fire. Unlike previous stages, the entire tribe and even guests from neighboring tribes participated here, but only men: two to three hundred people gathered. Of course, such an event was organized not for one or two initiates, but for a large party of them. The celebrations lasted for a very long time, several months, usually between September and January.
Throughout the entire period, religious thematic rites were performed in a continuous series, mainly for the edification of the initiates. In addition, various other ceremonies were held, partly symbolizing the initiates' break with women and their transition to a group of full-fledged men. One of the ceremonies consisted, for example, of the initiates passing by the women's camp; at the same time, the women threw burning brands at them, and the initiates defended themselves with branches. After this, a feigned attack on the women's camp was carried out.
Finally the time came for the main test. It consisted of building a large fire, covering it with damp branches, and the young men being initiated lay down on top of them. They had to lie there, completely naked, in the heat and smoke, without moving, without screaming or moaning, for four to five minutes.
It is clear that the fiery test required from the young man enormous endurance, willpower, but also uncomplaining obedience. But they prepared for all this with long previous training. This test was repeated twice. One of the researchers describing this action adds that when he tried to kneel down on the same green floor above the fire for an experiment, he was forced to immediately jump up.
Of the subsequent rituals, an interesting one is the mocking roll call between the initiates and the women, which takes place in the dark, and in this verbal duel even the usual restrictions and rules of decency were not observed. Then emblematic images were painted on their backs. Next, the fire test was repeated in an abbreviated form: small fires were lit in the women’s camp, and the young men knelt on these fires for half a minute.
Before the end of the festival, dancing was again held, wives were exchanged, and, finally, the ritual offering of food to those dedicated to their leaders. After this, the participants and guests gradually dispersed to their camps, and that was where it all ended: from that day on, all prohibitions and restrictions on the initiates were lifted.
TRAVELS… TOOTH
During initiation rites, some tribes have a custom of removing one or more of a boy's front teeth. Moreover, certain magical actions are also subsequently performed with these teeth. Thus, among some tribes of the Darling River region, a knocked-out tooth was stuffed under the bark of a tree growing near a river or a hole with water.
If a tooth became overgrown with bark or fell into water, there was no reason to worry. But if he protruded outside and ants were running over him, then the young man, according to the natives, was in danger of having an oral disease.
Murring and other tribes of New South Wales first entrusted the custody of a knocked-out tooth to one of the old men, who passed it on to another, who passed it on to a third, and so on until, having gone around the whole community in a circle, the tooth returned to the young man’s father and, finally, to himself. to a young man. At the same time, none of those who kept the tooth should have put it in a bag with “magical” objects, since it was believed that otherwise the owner of the tooth would be in great danger.
YOUTH VAMPIRISM
Some Australian tribes from the Darling River had a custom according to which, after the ceremony on the occasion of reaching manhood, the young man did not eat anything for the first two days, but drank only blood from the veins opened in the hands of his friends, who voluntarily offered him this food.
Having placed a ligature on the shoulder, a vein was opened from inside forearms and released the blood into a wooden vessel or into a piece of bark shaped like a dish. The young man, kneeling on his bed of fuchsia branches, leaned forward, holding his hands behind him, and licked the blood from the vessel placed in front of him with his tongue, like a dog. Later, he is allowed to eat meat and drink the duck's blood.
AIR INITIATION
Among the Mandan tribe, belonging to the group North American Indians, the rite of passage is probably the most cruel. It happens as follows.
The initiate first gets down on all fours. After this, one of the men, with the thumb and forefinger of his left hand, pulls back about an inch of flesh on his shoulders or chest and squeezes it right hand with a knife, on the double-edged blade of which, to intensify the pain caused by another knife, notches and notches are applied, pierces the pulled skin. His assistant standing next to him inserts a peg or pin into the wound, a supply of which he keeps ready in his left hand.
Then several men of the tribe, having climbed in advance to the roof of the room in which the ceremony takes place, lower two thin ropes through holes in the ceiling, which are tied to these pins, and begin to pull the initiate up. This continues until his body rises above the ground.
After this, the skin on each arm below the shoulders and on the legs below the knees is pierced with a knife, and pins are also inserted into the resulting wounds and ropes are tied to them. For them, the initiates are pulled even higher. After this, on stiletto heels protruding from the bleeding limbs, the observers hang a bow, shield, quiver, etc. belonging to the young man undergoing the ceremony.
Then the victim is pulled up again until he hangs in the air so that not only his own weight, but also the weight of the weapons hanging on his limbs, falls on those parts of the body to which the ropes are attached.
And so, overcoming immense pain, covered in dried blood, the initiates hung in the air, biting their tongues and lips, so as not to utter the slightest groan and triumphantly pass this highest test of strength of character and courage.
When the tribal elders leading the initiation believed that the young men had adequately endured this part of the ritual, they ordered their bodies to be lowered to the ground, where they lay without visible signs of life, slowly coming to their senses.
But the torment of the initiates did not end there. They had to pass one more test: “the last run”, or in the language of the tribe - “eh-ke-nah-ka-nah-pik”.
Each of the young men was assigned two elders in age and physical strength. strong men. They took places on either side of the initiate and grabbed the free ends of the wide leather straps tied to his wrists. And heavy weights were hung from the pins piercing various parts of the young man’s body.
On command, the attendants began to run in wide circles, dragging their charge along with them. The procedure continued until the victim lost consciousness from blood loss and exhaustion.
ANTS DETERMINE...
In the Amazonian tribe Mandruku there was also a kind of sophisticated torture-initiation. At first glance, the tools used to carry it out looked quite harmless. They looked like two cylinders, blind at one end, made from the bark of a palm tree and had a length of about thirty centimeters. Thus, they resembled a pair of huge, crudely made mittens.
The initiate put his hands into these cases and, accompanied by onlookers who usually consisted of members of the entire tribe, began a long walk around the settlement, stopping at the entrance to each wigwam and performing a kind of dance.
However, these gauntlets were actually not as harmless as they might seem. For inside each of them there was a whole collection of ants and other stinging insects, selected on the basis of the greatest pain caused by their bites.
Other tribes also use a pumpkin bottle filled with ants during initiation. But the candidate for membership in the society of adult men does not go around the settlement, but stands still until the wild dances of the tribe take place to the accompaniment of wild cries. After the young man has endured the ritual “torture,” his shoulders are decorated with feathers.
TISSUE OF GROWING
The South American Ouna tribe also uses the "ant test" or "wasp test". To do this, ants or wasps stick into a special mesh fabric, often depicting some fantastic quadruped, fish or bird.
The whole body of the young man is wrapped in this fabric. From this torture the young man faints, and in an unconscious state he is carried into a hammock, to which he is tied with ropes; and a weak fire burns under the hammock.
It remains in this position for one or two weeks and can feed only on cassava bread and a small variety of smoked fish. Even in the use of water there are restrictions.
This torture precedes a magnificent dance celebration that lasts several days. Guests come wearing masks and huge headdresses with beautiful feather mosaics, and various decorations. During this carnival, a young man is beaten.
LIVING NET
A number of Caribbean tribes also used ants to initiate boys. But before this, the young people used a boar's tusk or a toucan's beak to scratch their chest and skin of their arms until they bled.
And only after that they began to torture with ants. The priest who carried out this procedure had a special device, similar to a net, in the narrow loops of which 60-80 large ants were placed. They were placed so that their heads, armed with long sharp stings, were located on one side of the mesh.
At the moment of initiation, the net with ants was pressed to the boy’s body and kept in this position until the insects stuck to the skin of the unfortunate victim.
During this ritual, the priest applied the net to the chest, arms, lower abdomen, back, back of the thighs and calves of the defenseless boy, who was in no way supposed to express his suffering.
It should be noted that in these tribes girls are also subjected to a similar procedure. They must also endure the bites of angry ants calmly. The slightest groan or painful distortion of the face deprives the unfortunate victim of the opportunity to communicate with elders. Moreover, she is subjected to the same operation until she bravely endures it without showing any the slightest sign pain.
PILLAR OF COURAGE
Young people from the North American Cheyenne tribe had to endure a no less cruel test. When the boy reached the age when he could become a warrior, his father tied him to a pole that stood near the road along which the girls walked to fetch water.
But they tied the young man in a special way: parallel cuts were made in the pectoral muscles, and straps made of raw leather were pulled along them. It was with these belts that the young man was tied to the post. And they didn’t just tie him up, but left him alone, and he had to free himself.
Most of the boys leaned back, pulling on the belts with the weight of their bodies, causing them to cut into their flesh. After two days, the tension of the belts weakened, and the young man was freed.
The more courageous ones grabbed the belts with both hands and moved them back and forth, thanks to which they were released within a few hours. The young man, freed in this way, was praised by everyone, and he was looked upon as a future leader in the war. After the youth had freed himself, he was led into the hut with great honor and looked after with great care.
On the contrary, while he remained tied, women passing by him with water did not speak to him, did not offer to quench his thirst, and did not provide any help.
However, the young man had the right to ask for help. Moreover, he knew that it would be immediately given to him: they would immediately talk to him and free him. But at the same time he remembered that this would be a lifelong punishment for him, for from now on he would be considered a “woman”, dressed in a woman’s dress and forced to do women’s work; he will not have the right to hunt, carry weapons or be a warrior. And, of course, no woman would want to marry him. Therefore, the overwhelming majority of Cheyenne youths endure this cruel torture like Spartans.
WOUNDED SKULL
In some African tribes, during initiation after the circumcision ritual, an operation is performed to inflict small wounds over the entire surface of the skull until blood appears. The original purpose of this operation was clearly to make holes in the cranial bone.
ROLE GAMES ASMATS
If, for example, the Mandruku and Ouna tribes use ants for initiation, then the Asmats from Irian Jaya cannot do without human skulls during the ceremony of initiating boys into men.
At the beginning of the ritual, a specially painted skull is placed between the legs of the young man undergoing initiation, who sits naked on the bare floor of a special hut. At the same time, he must constantly press the skull to his genitals, without taking his eyes off it for three days. It is believed that during this period all the sexual energy of the owner of the skull is transferred to the candidate.
When the first ritual is completed, the young man is led to the sea, where a sailing canoe awaits him. Accompanied and under the guidance of his uncle and one of his close relatives, the young man goes in the direction of the sun, where, according to legend, the ancestors of the Asmats live. The skull at this time lies in front of him at the bottom of the canoe.
During a sea voyage, the young man is supposed to play several roles. First of all, he must be able to behave like an old man, so weak that he is not even able to stand on his own feet and constantly falls to the bottom of the boat. The adult accompanying the young man lifts him up each time, and then, at the end of the ritual, throws him into the sea along with the skull. This act symbolizes the death of the old man and the birth of a new man.
The subject must also cope with the role of a baby who cannot walk or speak. By playing this role, the young man demonstrates how grateful he is to his close relative for helping him pass the test. When the boat reaches the shore, the young man will already behave like an adult man and bear two names: his own and the name of the owner of the skull.
That is why it was very important for the Asmats, who gained the infamous popularity of ruthless “skull hunters”, to know the name of the person they killed. A skull whose owner's name was unknown was rendered useless and could not be used in initiation ceremonies.
The above statement can be illustrated by next case, which occurred in 1954. Three foreigners were guests in one Asmat village, and the locals invited them to a meal. Although the Asmats were hospitable people, they nevertheless looked at the guests primarily as “carriers of skulls,” intending to deal with them during the holiday.
First, the hosts sang a solemn song in honor of the guests, and then asked them to say their names in order to supposedly insert them into the text of the traditional chant. But as soon as they identified themselves, they immediately lost their heads.
The British photographer began by walking through Tibet for a year, creating a unique visual diary that received international recognition. He then photographed in the hot zones of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Yugoslavia, and explored all corners of China with his wife. Since 1997, he began to travel a lot around the world on various commercial assignments, simultaneously collecting valuable material for the project “Before They Disappeared” - a photo narrative about the unique peoples inhabiting the continents of our planet.
Before he began photography, Jimmy Nelson came into contact with people of different tribes, drank their mystical drinks, observed a lot, tuned his antenna to their frequency, shared their vibrations with them, participated in their rituals and gained true trust. The result of his amazing work was an amazing, aesthetic document of a rapidly disappearing world with its unique spirit, primordial traditions and natural purity.
Hey, let’s plunge into the unprecedented... We’re all a bit of a tribe~
Maasai- tribe East Africa. When the Maasai migrated from Sudan in the 15th century, they attacked tribes and captured livestock along the way. By the end of the journey, they occupied almost the entire territory of the Rift Valley. To be a Maasai is to be born into one of the most warlike cultures in the world.
Mongolian Kazakhs- descendants of Turkic, Mongolian and Indo-Iranian tribes and Huns who inhabited the territory between Siberia and the Black Sea. They are a semi-nomadic people and have roamed the mountains and valleys of western Mongolia with their herds since the 19th century. They believe in pre-Islamic cults of the sky, ancestors, fire and the supernatural powers of good and evil spirits. Eagle hunting is their traditional art, and every year the Eagle Festival is celebrated, which is attended by participants and spectators from all aimags of the country.
Himba - ancient tribe tall, slender shepherds of Namibia. Since the 16th century, they have lived in scattered settlements and lead a life that remains unchanged, surviving wars and droughts. The tribal structure helps them live in one of the most extreme territories on our planet.
Hooley- Papuan people living in the highlands. Traditionally they are animists, performing strict ritual offerings to please their ancestors. They live by hunting, carried out mainly by men, and by collecting and growing plants, carried out mainly by women. They have plenty of food, close-knit families and reverence for the wonders of nature. They also quarrel a lot with neighboring tribes, which is why their intimidating coloring and hairstyle are so important.
Asaro- clay people - wild tribe Papua New Guinea. They met for the first time with civilized Western world in the middle of the 20th century. They make frightening masks from clay and smear themselves with gray clay, wanting, according to legend, to resemble formidable spirits that scare away enemies.
Kalamas- another tribe of Papua New Guinea, living in the remote mountain village of Simbai, which has helped them maintain a strong and rich distinctive culture.
Chukchi- ancient Arctic people of the Chukotka Peninsula. Due to the inaccessibility of their territories, hospitality is highly valued among these people, and they believe that all natural phenomena have their own spirits. Their original lifestyle is well preserved, but the invasion of achievements modern civilization continues to approach. Chukchi of all ages love to sing, dance, listen to fairy tales and recite tongue twisters. Their primordial art is carving on the bones and tusks of walruses all sorts of scenes from everyday reality.
Maori- Polynesian people, indigenous people New Zealand. Thanks to centuries spent in isolation, they organized a separate community with characteristic art, its own language and unique mythology. Although they assimilated with European colonists in the 18th century, they retained many aspects of their original culture. Legend has it that 12 large canoes were brought to 12 different tribes from their mystical homeland of Hawaii in the 13th century. And to this day, true Maoris can tell which of these tribes they belong to.
Mustang, former Lo Kingdom, Nepal. On this territory of 2 thousand sq. km. There are only 7,000 inhabitants. The traditions of the inhabitants of this kingdom are closely related to early Buddhism. Almost every village has a monastery, demonstrating the most important influence of religion on the life of society. Polygamy still exists among brothers.
Samburu, people of northern Kenya. They move every 5-6 weeks to provide food for their livestock. They are an independent and egalitarian people. They build huts from mud and surround them with thorny fences to protect them from wild animals. Childbirth is very important for Samburu; childless women are ridiculed even by children. They believe in spells, rituals and spirits. Decisions in the tribe are made by men, but women can call a council and then announce its results to the men.
Tsaatani- reindeer herders living in northwestern Mongolia. On currently there are only 44 families. They do not eat deer meat, only milk and use their bones. With their tipis, they move 5 to 10 times a year through remote areas in conditions up to 50 degrees below zero in winter. To this day they practice shamanism.
Gaucho- pastoralists of Spanish-Indian origin living in the prairies of Argentina, Uruguay and parts of Brazil. It was a wandering tribe, close in spirit to the American cowboys, but now most of The prairies were settled or given over to commercial ranching, leaving little room for their nomadic life. The word "gaucho" began to be used in the second half of the 19th century to designate lonely wanderers, sometimes in the company of a woman, invariably with a knife, throwing bolas and lasso. In duels, they tried not to kill the enemy, but to leave a scar on his face. Gauchos are excellent horsemen and their skills were used in the wars of independence.
Rabari are nomads who have roamed western India for almost 1,000 years, and apparently migrated from the Iranian plateau a thousand years ago. The most skillful embroidery is the most important indicative characteristic of their culture. Men usually leave in search of new pastures for livestock, and women remain in villages in modest two-room houses, the interior of which is also the highest art exquisite decoration. Their art is also tattoos; most of the body is covered with them.
Ni-Vanuatu- inhabitants of the Pacific island nation of Vanuatu (the word means "this land forever") to the right of Australia. An important part of their culture is dance, the most famous is male dance snakes. Archaeological excavations claim that settlements on these islands began 500 BC, and the first settlers sailed from Papua New Guinea. Nowadays, all the inhabited islands have their own language (more than a hundred differ), their own traditions and customs. They practice, presumably, primitive forms of religion.
Ladakhi- inhabitants of the cold desert in the northern Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. Their folklore is very rich and dates back to pre-Buddhist times. And they have been practicing Tibetan neighboring Buddhism for about 1000 years. Due to weather conditions they work 4 months of the year, the other 8 months have minimal work and plentiful holidays. They are mainly farmers growing potatoes, pumpkins, beets, beans and wheat. And they make a variety of dishes for lamb and chicken. These are very united and ready to help people.
Mursi- an ethnic group of southwestern Ethiopia. They are originally nomadic people, but the establishment of national parks has reduced their access to the territory and endangered their natural resources. As they travel, they build or move their huts from reeds, branches and sticks, and this is the responsibility of the women. Women are famous for the clay plates they insert into their lower lip (stretching it incredibly) at the age of 15. This custom was invented in order to scare away a possible enemy. But now the larger the plate, the more cattle a girl who has reached the age of marriage is worth.
An ethnic group of approximately 5.5 million people. Archaeologically, they are believed to be descendants of the original nomadic Qiang tribes. And the history of Tibet (“Roof of the World”) began 4000 years ago. Prayer flags, celestial funerals, ritual demonic dances, rubbing of sacred stones - all these characteristic Tibetan customs developed from the ancient shamanic religion of Bon. Buddhism mixed with Bon in the 8th century AD and is practiced everywhere, not only daily, but sometimes hourly. Costumes and decorations reflect not only habits, but also the history, beliefs, climate and character of the people. is based on the principle of perceiving the human body as a microcosmic system consisting of five basic elements. Treatment is carried out using a wide range of plants, minerals and other natural resources.
Warani(translated as “people”) are an Indian people living in eastern Ecuador. They consider themselves the bravest tribe in the Amazon. Until 1956 they had no contact with the outside world. According to legend, they consider themselves the descendants of the marriage of a jaguar and an eagle. They never hunt jaguars and never kill snakes (this is considered bad omen). Family life is very important in their culture, and they live in close, extended families in longhouses. They move to other places when they have used the area to the maximum to help the land recover.
Dasanechi- an indigenous people living in southwestern Ethiopia in the Omo River Valley. Interestingly, this tribe is not defined by ethnic characteristics: Anyone can be accepted into the tribe if they agree to undergo spiritual cleansing (possibly circumcision). Women build semicircular hut structures without internal divisions from sticks, reeds and branches, and set aside right side homes to suit your needs. Most have Muslim names, but animism is still widely practiced.
Banna- another Ethiopian tribe numbering about 45,000 people. They live in camps consisting of several related families. Due to the harsh conditions, they have to live a semi-nomadic life. During the dry season, men travel long distances in search of water and grass and to collect wild honey. They are excellent beekeepers and produce much more honey than they consume, so they sell honey in markets and use this money to buy tools that they cannot produce themselves.
Caro- Ethiopian neighbors of Banna. They number from 1,000 to 3,000 inhabitants of the eastern banks of the Omo River. They were famous for building magnificent dwellings, but since they lost their wealth, they began to build lighter conical huts. Each family has two houses: it- the main living quarters of the family, and gappa- a place where everyday activities are concentrated. Women are very loyal family life, on their feet from dawn to dusk, and the men are mainly engaged in protecting the village from wild animals, hunting crocodiles and other predators, or simply sitting under awnings and chewing tobacco.
Hamary- another inhabitants of the fertile Omo River valley in Ethiopia. The 2007 national census recorded approximately 50,000 people from this ethnic group, of whom about a thousand became city residents. Parents have significant control over the lives of their sons, who herd cattle for their family, and they also give permission for marriage. Men often wait until they are 30-35 to get married, while girls, on the contrary, become brides at the age of about 17. Upon marriage, the groom's family is obliged to pay the bride's family a large tribute, consisting of heads of cattle, goats and weapons; they do this in installments, sometimes throughout their lives.
Arbore- an Ethiopian tribe of about 4.5 thousand people. Women wear multiple multi-colored beads and cover their heads with black scarves. During ritual dances, they sing to cleanse themselves of negative energy. The Arbore believe in a Supreme Person, the creator and father of all people, they call him Waq. A family's wealth is calculated by the number of livestock it has.
Dani- Indonesian people living in the mountainous parts of Western New Guinea, in the Baliem Valley. They are skilled farmers and use a productive irrigation system. Archaeological excavations show that these lands have been cultivated for 9,000 years. They often have to fight with neighboring peoples and tribes, but they do not eat human flesh, unlike most other local tribes. Men go naked, and put a koteka, something like a case made mainly from a pumpkin, on their penis. Wikipedia says that the Dani language has no names for any colors other than black and white.
Yali- Papuan people living in the upper reaches of Papua. They call themselves “Kings of the Earth”, and officially they are considered pygmies, since men do not reach a height above 150 cm. And their koteks are particularly long and thin. Their territory has very limited natural access, mainly only by air. Their buildings are usually located on mountain ridges, maintaining the traditional need for such protection from other tribes. Yali are considered one of the most dangerous cannibals in western New Guinea. Men, women and children sleep in different huts.
Korowai- Papuan wild tribe, living in the southeastern part of the Indonesian province of Papua. We talked about them separately just now. They number about 3,000 people, didn't see white people until the 70s, and don't wear kotekas. But men hide their penis in the scrotum and tie a sheet tightly on top. They build tree dwellings and practice hunting and gathering. They have a strict separatism between men and women.
Drukpa(about 2,500 people) live in three small villages in the disputed territory between India and Pakistan. Historians identify them as the only descendants of the Aryans remaining in. They are completely different - culturally, socially and linguistically - from everyone else in Ladakh. They traditionally kiss in public and exchange sexual partners without any restrictions. Their main source of income is produce from well-kept vegetable gardens.
They live on the coast of the Arctic Ocean. They lead a nomadic life as reindeer herders, migrating 1,000 kilometers across the Yamal Peninsula annually, including 48 kilometers along the frozen waters of the Ob River. Since Stalin times, children have been sent to boarding schools, and oil and gas production has greatly changed their indigenous way of life since the early 70s. Families live in individual tents made of deer skins stretched over long wooden poles and carried with them during migration. According to legend, they have an unspoken cooperation agreement with deer. Clothes are still traditionally made by women: a double layer of 8 deer skins, and thigh-high deerskin shoes. They practice shamanism and belief in the spirits of local gods. They transport wooden idols on special sacred sleighs. They sacrifice a deer, eat half and give the other half to the gods, and also smear the blood of the deer on the sacred sleigh. They also believe that the stones of unusual shapes are the remains of the gods who have been guiding them for more than a millennium.
Map of the location of the indicated tribes
So we have reached the end of this exciting world story. On the author's website you can find many additional photographs, including photographs of the author's friendly interactions with the natives. Thank you, Jimmy, for this unforgettable virtual journey, in fact, we even envy you, because you richly touched on the truths of the beginning of time...
On the banks of the Meihi River lives the wild Pirahu tribe, numbering about three hundred people. The natives survive by hunting and gathering. The peculiarity of this tribe is their unique language: there are no words for shades of colors, no indirect speech, and another interesting fact is that there are no numerals in it (the Indians count - one, two and many). They have no legends about the creation of the world, no calendar, but despite all this, the Pirahu people have not been found to have the qualities of reduced intelligence.
Video: Amazon Code. In the deep jungle of the Amazon River lives the wild Piraha tribe. Christian missionary Daniel Everett came to them to bring the word of God, but as a result of becoming acquainted with their culture, he became an atheist. But much more interesting than this is a discovery related to the language of the Piraha tribe.
Another known wild tribe of Brazil is the Sinta Larga, numbering about one and a half thousand people. Previously, this tribe lived in the rubber jungle, however, due to their deforestation, the Sinta Larga became a nomadic tribe. The Indians engage in fishing, hunting and farming. There is patriarchy in the tribe, i.e. a man can have several wives. Also, throughout his life, a Cinta Larga man receives several names, depending on individual characteristics or certain events in his life, but there is one special name that is kept secret and only those closest to him know it.
And in the western part of the Amazon River valley lives a very aggressive Korubo tribe. The main occupation of the Indians of this tribe is hunting and raids on neighboring settlements. Moreover, both men and women, armed with poisoned darts and clubs, take part in the raids. There is evidence that cases of cannibalism occur in the Korubo tribe.
Video: Leonid Kruglov: GEO: Unknown world: Earth. Secrets of the new world. "The Great River of the Amazons". "Korubo Incident".
All these tribes represent a unique find for anthropologists and evolutionists. By studying their life and culture, language, and beliefs, one can better understand all stages of human development. And it is very important to preserve this heritage of history in your in its original form. In Brazil, a special government organization (National Indian Foundation) has been created to deal with the affairs of such tribes. The main task of this organization is to protect these tribes from any interference of modern civilization.
Adventure Magic - Yanomami.
Film: Amazonia / IMAX - Amazon HD.
