Tatar ornaments and patterns of their meaning. Abstract: Tatar folk ornament in embroidery
Elena Motorina
I present to your attention didactic games to familiarize children with the Tatar ornament average preschool age. Games selected in accordance with the new requirements for the corner "Tugan irem Tatarstan» .
Didactic game"Find a Pair" (domino)
Target games:
Learn children find identical pictures and connect them into chains. Fix the names of elements Tatar ornament.
Develop attention, observation, logical thinking. Cultivate an interest in art Tatar people .
Rules games:
Dominoes are exciting board game, which uses plates. This plate is divided into two parts, the domino set includes 28 plates.
The game is designed for 2-4 players. The plates are mixed. Each player takes 6 cards. Other cards in "reserve" in the middle. Each player takes turns, clockwise, lays out 1 card so that one of the card pictures is the same as one of the outer pictures on the playing field. If the player does not have a suitable card, then he goes to "reserve" and takes cards until he finds the one he needs. If there are no more cards in "reserve" the player misses his turn. If no player can move, the game is over.
Didactic game“Make a pattern on a napkin”
Target games:
Learn children compose Tatar national pattern or ornament on a napkin.
Develop the ability to compose beautiful compositions. Enrich the dictionary children, names. Develop fine motor skills, hand-eye coordination.
Cultivate an interest in history Tatar people and their traditions
Rules games:
The game uses "napkins" white, yellow and red colors, elements Tatar ornament - tulips, bells, leaves.
Option 1. Each player takes one "napkin" and selecting elements Tatar ornament puts a pattern on it.
Option 2. The player is given "napkin" with a pattern already laid out on it. He needs to put the same pattern on his "napkin".
Didactic game"Find and name"
Target games:
Learn children find and name elements Tatar ornament: tulip, bell, leaf, make pairs of them. Enrich your vocabulary children, names Tatar national ornament.
Develop attention and memory.
Cultivate an interest in art Tatar people.
Rules games:
The game uses large, divided into two parts, and small cards. Each player takes 1-2 large cards. The small cards are shuffled.
Option 1 The presenter shows one small card at a time, calling Tatar element which is depicted on it. Players must find this item on their big card, name it again and put it on the second empty part of the large card.
Option 2 The presenter shows one small card at a time, without naming Tatar element which is depicted on it. Players must find this item on their large card, name it, and place it on the second empty part of the card.
Option 3 Players are asked to find all the elements of a tulip (bell, leaf) on small cards, name this element and put them on the second empty part of the large card.
Municipal state-financed organization additional education city of Ulyanovsk "Center children's creativity No. 1"
PLAN-OUTLINE
CLASSES
Topic: “Stylized Tatar ornament (paper panel)”
Developed by: Matkova E.P., additional education teacher
Ulyanovsk-2016
Subject:“Stylized Tatar ornament (paper panel).”
Type of lesson: combined.
Target: creating conditions conducive to awakening interest in history native land.
Tasks:
Educational:
introduce students to the names of elements Tatar ornament (“tulip”, “rose hip”, “wave”);
activate children's speech in the names of Tatar national patterns.
consolidate students' knowledge of how to complete the application;
teach children to perform panels in the form Tatar ornament using the invoice method appliqués;
master the techniques of adding objects (patterns) from parts according to a pattern;
repeat the safety rules when working with scissors and glue.
Educational:
develop attention, observation, logical thinking;
develop fine motor skills, hand-eye coordination;
promote the development of artistic taste;
develop artistic taste in the selection and arrangement of elements.
Educational:
to instill in children respect for each other and for people of other nationalities;
develop an interest in history Tatar people and their traditions
Methodological equipment of the lesson: lesson notes.
Teaching methods: verbal (conversation), visual (demonstration of samples, illustrations, patterns), practical (demonstration of working methods).
Materials, tools, equipment:
Samples of panel elements, illustrations of the Tatar national ornament, illustrations of the Tatar national costume (dress, apron, vest, skullcap, kalfak, boots), templates national patterns(“tulip”, “bell”, “wave”), “letter” colored paper, glue stick, scissors, tape, large photo frame with glass, illustrations “Kazan Kremlin”, “Chak-chak”, “Flag, coat of arms of Tatarstan”).
Form of organization of activity: group
Progress of the lesson:
1. Organizational stage(greeting, exercise “Hello, friend!)
2. Preparatory stage(introduction to the topic of the lesson).
Guys, today I received an unusual letter. I can’t make out what is written here, because it is not written in Russian.
But there is a hint - pictures (Kazan Kremlin, chak-chak, national flag of Tatarstan). Look at them carefully. If we can guess what is depicted on them, we will understand where the letter came from and what is written in it (children's answers).
I turn every word around Isenmesez, hormatle ipteshler and read (Hello, dear friends!) Well done! You guessed it!
Guys, tell me, what is the name of the country in which we live? What is the name of our city? (children's answers).
You probably know that in our hometown There live people of different nationalities who have their own language, culture, their own dances, songs, costumes. (Russians, Bashkirs, Chuvash, Mordovians, Tatars, Ukrainians).
Today we will talk to you about Tatar nationality, because soon we have a holiday dedicated to the Tatar people.
What do you already know about the Tatars? (children's answers)
They live in the Republic of Tatarstan, the capital is the city of Kazan. They speak Tatar, but many also speak Russian. They have special National dishes- pilaf, belyashi, chak-chak. On holiday the Tatars wear National costumes. Women - dresses, aprons, vests, kalfak. Men - shirts, wide pants, leather shoes, skullcaps.
3. Learning new things educational material
Today we will get acquainted with the Tatar folk ornament. Guys, what is an ornament? (children's answers). An ornament is a decoration, a pattern. They use it to decorate dishes, boxes, chests, embroider towels, napkins, tablecloths, and suits.
I brought you samples of Tatar ornaments. The Tatar people have several types of ornaments. (Tale and demonstration of samples).
"Floral-vegetal." Motifs of wavy shoots, tulip flowers, chamomile, lotus, violet. This type of ornament was used to decorate the ends of towels, curtains, aprons, and hats.
"Geometric". Geometric motifs - lines, waves, zigzags, spirals, broken lines. Used in decorating rural homes and jewelry.
"Zoomorphic" Images of pigeons, ducks, butterflies, swans, bees. Found mainly in wood carvings.
The main colors of the ornament are green, red, yellow, blue, orange.
Today we will do this kind of collective work (showing the panel).
Guys, tell me what this panel consists of? (from individual elements) What are individual elements made of - stylized patterns? (from paper). How to make such beautiful elements? (cut from paper and paste onto paper squares)
When you have done everything, we will put them into one large picture-panel, it will be presented at our holiday.
Physical education minute:
The sun lifts us up to exercise,
We raise our hands at the command “one”.
And above us the foliage rustles merrily,
We lower our hands on the command “two”.
Hands raised and shook -
These are flowers in the forest.
Arms bent, hands shaken -
This is how the wind blows away the dew.
To the side of the hand, wave it smoothly -
These are the birds flying towards us.
We’ll also show you how they sit down,
Let's put our hands back.
4. Practical work
Briefing.
We will have two teams “Tulip” and “Wave”. The first team makes the first type of ornament (stylized tulip), the second - a stylized wave. Let's see which team did better.
Independent work.
I'm handing out the details. We open the envelopes. Let's look at the pattern and its elements.
What does this pattern consist of? (Square, tulip, oval with pointed corners) And this one? (Square, wave and circle).
You will need to cut out squares from colored paper and glue elements of a stylized ornament onto them.
But before we get started, let's remember the safety rules when working with scissors and glue.
During practical work You can play a finger game.
Finger game"Flower"
Each of you has turned your hands into a flower. The petals are closed, tightly closed.
Early in the morning it is closed (the hands are in their original position),
But closer to noon (palms move away from each other, pads thumbs pressed to the ends of the index fingers, the hands resemble an open bud)
He opens the petals, I see their beauty (the hands are connected at the wrist, and the fingers smoothly diverge into different sides, resembling an open flower).
By evening, the flower closes its corolla again (close your fingers - an unopened flower),
And now he will sleep (hands in original position)
Until the morning, like a baby bird (put your hands under your cheeks - imitation of sleep).
From which elements this pattern consists of? (flower, leaf)
What is the name of this flower? (Tulip)
What color is the big flower? (red) What about the little one? (yellow)
What color are the petals? (green)
While working, I show you the technique of making the ornament step by step. Children do group work. During its implementation, I provide assistance to some children, prompting and guiding. I talk through the names of the parts with the children.
5. Control stage
Current control. Individual assistance is provided during the work process.
6. Final part
Guys, we've finished our work. Everyone listened carefully and completed the task successfully.
Did you enjoy the activity?
Guys, what people of the Volga region were we talking about today? What new have you learned? Who found it difficult to cope with work?
Now let's clean up ours workplace.
Application
"Wave" ornament template
Tulip pattern template
Peony pattern template
The Tatar people have an ancient and colorful culture. His life, sorrows and joys, wars and alliances, way of life, beliefs could not help but be reflected in his work. Since the people are ancient, the history and culture go back centuries. In its way of life and worldview, the nation differed from the tribes that settled nearby and was isolated. Therefore, for example, the Tatar ornament used to decorate clothes, household items, and houses is original and original.
Types of ornaments and types of motifs
The way of life of the people significantly influenced the patterns with which various products were decorated. The predominantly Tatar national ornament has a pronounced influence ancient agriculture. But if you carefully study the works of the masters, you will notice that the influence of the cattle breeding culture of the nomadic ancestors of the people is also evident.
Tatar patterns and ornaments have three types of motifs: geometric, floral-vegetal and zoomorphic. Characteristic feature is their contour completion.
and its use
Patterns have been used by masters from time immemorial in many areas applied arts: architecture, embroidery, painting, wood carving. Tatar ornament with floral and plant motifs is the most common. Masters create how simple shapes, and complex bouquets. The colors used for the designs are bright, rich and go well together. The motifs are stylized and have many interpretations. Important role What matters is the order in which the elements of the pattern are arranged and how they are combined with each other.
There are three directions in floral and plant motifs that are used for creativity: steppe, meadow and garden. Depending on the area in which the master or craftswoman lived, certain Tatar patterns and ornaments predominated. Motifs depicting stylized poppies, tulips, forget-me-nots, and carnations are more typical for the steppe direction. Meadow motifs are replete with wild rose, bluebell, and chamomile flowers; the directions were typical for urban settlements. Mostly dahlias, chrysanthemums, roses, and asters were depicted. The most common are two flowers that are used in the Tatar ornament. Tulip and carnation serve as the main motifs.
Geometric and zoomorphic motifs
Zoomorphic drawings are practically not used. This is explained by the requirements of religion, so the Tatar ornament very rarely contains images of animals. However, masters who do decide to use zoomorphic motifs in their products stylize them so much that it is not always possible to understand what kind of animal is depicted.
Often, the geometric Tatar ornament is not an independent element of the product, but performs auxiliary functions. The use of figures depends on what the image is applied to. For example, geometric motifs predominate in weaving, while floral motifs, arranged with geometric precision, predominate in embroidery.
Elements used in the ornament. Their capabilities. Techniques for conveying the master's ideas
First of all, you should pay attention to how the tulip is used in the Tatar ornament. It is presented in the form of a pointed trefoil with varying degrees of bending. Cinquefoils are less common. The wavy lines under the master’s hand become overgrown with leaves and form a “grapevine”.
On one branch there may be grapes, a meander, a dahlia, and a carnation. Tatar ornament with geometric motifs is used as simple figures(triangles, rhombuses, circles, squares) and complex (hexagonal rosettes, stepped figures, eight-pointed stars).
The floral ornament has one more distinctive feature- asymmetry of elements. Flowers that in nature never grow side by side or bloom in different months of the year coexist perfectly on one branch.
The meaning of the tulip in culture and ornament
Each nation has its own symbol, which has meaning only for it. Many craftsmen use the Tatar ornament, in which the main motif is the tulip. For of a given people it is, first of all, a symbol of rebirth. The tulip is on
Secondly, the tulip is inextricably linked with the religious views of the Muslim world. The flower is associated with the name of Allah. The spelling of the plant's name in Arabic consists of the same letters as the name of the god of the Muslim world. From the point of view of the Abaj numerological system (each letter has eigenvalue) the sum of the letters in the words “tulip” and “Allah” is the same and equals 66.
The rose is also often depicted in Tatar ornaments. And again according to religious reasons: She is a symbol of the Prophet Muhammad. And although the flowers are highly stylized, a person who understands the symbols and culture of the Tatar people will definitely be able to read the Tatar ornament.
Ornament is a beautiful storyteller. Take a closer look at him, and he will tell you about his land and the time when he was born, about his people and the events that he experienced with him.
Let's study our ornament - Tatar - together with Guzelya Fuadovna Valeeva-Suleimanova, Doctor of Art History, chief researcher at the Institute of History named after Sh. Mardzhani of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, professor at the Kazan University of Architecture and Civil Engineering.
– Guzel Fuadovna, why is history interesting? Tatar pattern?
Ornament is a pattern that decorates products and objects of various shapes and sizes - from jewelry to architectural buildings. The ornament is many-sided and varied. This is a universal art form.
The Tatar ornament evolved over thousands of years, starting from the era of the ancient Turkic Khaganates and even earlier - from primitive era. He has come a very long way of development. It always reflected nature and symbolically significant objects and images for humans.
Therefore, if we take an ancient ornament, we can see in it the world, natural phenomena characteristic of the distant ancestors of the Tatars who lived in Altai, Central and South Asia. So, to patterns that have ancient origins It is necessary to include the motif of lotus, rosettes, heart-shaped, palmettes (stylized image of palm leaves). The last motif, depending on the interpretation, is associated with East Asian art and the art of the Huns and the art ancient Greece. Influence Greek culture was felt by Great Bulgaria, which occupied the territory of Crimea and the Azov region with their Greek colonies.
The appearance of the lotus motif can be explained by the residence of our ancestors in the territories Far East, Central and Western Asia. It is noteworthy that the combination of East Asian palmette and lotus motifs is found among Turkic-speaking peoples The Volga and Urals regions only in the ornament of the Kazan Tatars
After the ancestors of the Tatars found themselves on the territory of the Volga-Kama region, new motifs appeared in the ornament. They are associated with the flora and fauna of a given region. In the pre-Mongol period of Volga Bulgaria, stylized images of elk, fox, marten, falcon, etc. were popular in ornaments. Patterns from wildflower motifs are often found: daisies, bells, forget-me-nots, poppies, etc. Patterns associated with steppe culture are also preserved, such as , as a tulip motif, caragana bush, images wild geese etc.
During the era of the Golden Horde, the ornament reflects the influence of Mongolian and Chinese arts, for example, cloud-shaped motifs appear, a braided motif appears, and in a new interpretation you can see the image of a lotus. Motifs depicting foreign animals - lion, peacock, roe deer, etc. - are more common and are becoming popular fantastic motives- dragons, sphinxes, two-headed birds. The Golden Horde, as is known, included many tribes - the ancestors of the present Turkic peoples: Kipchaks, Oguzes, etc. This mixture of cultures had an impact on the ornament of the Kazan and Volga Tatars in general.
During the era of the Kazan Khanate, Tatar ornamental art was strongly influenced by Turkish and Iranian cultures. Thus, the ornament is replenished with motifs from the repertoire of garden flowers - dahlias, asters, poppies, peonies and others, which were popular in the patterns of imported oriental fabrics.
Conquest of the Kazan Khanate and its inclusion in the Russian state turned out to be strong influence on the specifics of Tatar pattern making. Russian art was fundamentally religious, Christian. As for Russian ornament, to this day it has a visual basis associated with the desire to realistically convey certain images.
Among the Tatars, since the adoption of Islam, the ornament has a conventionally decorative, abstract symbolic and sometimes metaphorical basis. There is no visual realistic interpretation of images in it. It's about about another way of thinking in art, which is within the framework of the Muslim artistic worldview associated with the aesthetic doctrine of Islam.
If we return to the Tatars who found themselves part of the Russian state, there were also periods of forced baptism. The Tatar community opposed him and tried to defend itself even at the level of the visual language of art. During this period, prohibitions on images of living beings were strengthened and motifs based on the image of a cross disappeared. Tatar embroiderers did not cross-stitch (except baptized Tatars), and this embroidery technique spread among them only in the 1960s.
As a result, we will see more of the influence of Tatar ornament in Russian art than vice versa.
– What about Arabic geometric motifs?
The so-called arabesques and girihi are those types of patterns that were invented by the Arabs in the field of ornament. They have become universal Muslim art and are found in the works of almost all Muslim peoples. Girikhs and arabesque ornaments decorated architectural monuments Bulgar, they can be seen on archaeological fragments from the disappeared khan's buildings of the Kazan Kremlin.
Geometric compositions in the form of girikh and complex interweaving of geometric and plant patterns Arabesque patterns became widespread in the medieval monumental architecture of Islam. And among the Tatars, with the conquest of the Kazan Khanate, monumental architecture, as a type of architecture associated with the ruling class, ceased to develop. She is reborn in late XIX c., in connection with the decrees of Empress Catherine II, who allowed the Tatars to build stone mosques and houses of the nobility.
– In what form is ornament present in life today?
Now the Tatar ornament is being revived in the works of modern professional artists and folk craftsmen and amateur artists. It can also be seen on some monumental buildings in Kazan and other cities of the republic, in the spatial-objective and everyday environment. The ornament decorates interior items: shamaili, laukhe, wall plates, decorative ceramics; ritual and household items - namazliks, towels, tablecloths, trays, boxes, etc.; costume elements (dresses, vests, hats, shoes).
Some individually, some small workshops is engaged in modeling and tailoring of clothes and its components in Tatar style. For those who wish, it is possible to order a Tatar pattern printed on clothing. There are craftswomen who embroider patterns of Tatar ornaments and work with both gimp and gold threads. The ornament is popular in wood and ceramics, especially in wall plates and jewelry. Master jewelers working in the technique of openwork filigree, popular for the Tatars, using precious stones, choose ancient ornamental forms for their products...
To be continued.
Interviewed by Guzel Ibragimova
Gulsinya Gibadullina
Modern Dictionary Russian language T. F. Efremova explains the meaning of the words PATTERN and ORNAMENT as follows:
"PATTERN"
a) A drawing that is a combination of lines, colors, shadows, etc.
b) Complex weave, picturesque location of something., forming or resembling such a pattern.
"ORNAMENT"
An artistic decoration, a pattern characterized by a rhythmic arrangement of geometric or stylized plant and animal elements of the design.
Tatar patterns and ornaments have three types of motives: geometric, floral-vegetal and zoomorphic. The patterns were used by masters in architecture, embroidery, painting, and wood carving.
Tatar ornament with floral and plant motifs is the most common. There are three directions in floral and plant motifs: steppe, meadow and garden.
Motifs depicting poppies, tulips, forget-me-nots, and carnations are more typical for the steppe direction.
Carnation motif
Tulip motif
Poppy motif
For meadow motifs - flowers of rose hips, bells, chamomile, cornflowers.
Rosehip motif
Bell motif
And garden motifs are characterized by dahlias, chrysanthemums, roses, and asters.
Dahlia motif
The most common are two flowers that are used in the Tatar ornament. This is a tulip and carnation.
Publications on the topic:
"Towel Decoration" Lesson summary on appliqué based on national ornaments (senior group) Goal: development of multicultural competence in children of senior preschool age. Objectives: 1. Instill respect and love for the native land.
Card index of Russian, Mordovian, Tatar folk games for senior preschool age HISTORY OF RUSSIAN FOLK GAMES The culture of every nation includes the games it created. For centuries, these games have accompanied everyday life.
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