The problem of human feat, arguments from literature. Heroism, self-sacrifice - arguments of the Unified State Exam

Dedicated to the problem of heroism, where we will present arguments from literature. And write homework will not be difficult, because many writers touched on the topic where they revealed the problem of heroism, introducing readers to the heroes of their works. Very often this problem connected with works about war and not without reason, because it is in war that a person manifests true or false heroism, as evidenced by arguments from the literature for the Unified State Exam.

Revealing the problem of the manifestation of heroism in war and arguing with examples, I would like to recall the wonderful work of Leo Tolstoy, where the author raises various philosophical questions. We see how the problem being studied evolves in the minds of Andrei Bolkonsky. Now Andrei’s priorities are to be a hero, and not to seem like one. Captain Tushin, as well as other heroes who gave their lives for their Motherland, showed real heroism in the novel. At the same time, there were also false patriots represented by people of high society.

The problem is also raised by Sholokhov in his work, where the hero Sokolov Andrei selflessly defended his homeland from the Nazi invaders. The war took his wife and children from him, but his will remained unbending, he endured everything and even found the strength to adopt an orphaned child. And this also revealed the heroic traits of his character.

Arguing the problem of heroism, I would like to recall the work of Tvardovsky about. In the work, the hero, despite fear, at the cost of his health, life, for the sake of love for the Motherland and family, does the impossible. A true heroic act when Vasily swims across a cold river in order to convey information that will contribute to the quick end of the war.

To be honest, many more arguments can be made from literature, where the authors touch on the problem of true and false heroism. This is the novel by Bykov Sotnikov, and the novel The White Guard by Bulgakov, and the Tale of a Real Man by B. Polevoy and many other works famous writers, whose works we read with pleasure, experience together with the heroes, feel their pain and are proud of their dedication and heroic deeds.

The problem of heroism: arguments from literature

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Here is a bank of arguments for an essay on the Unified State Exam in the Russian language. It is dedicated to military topics. Each problem has corresponding literary examples that are necessary for writing the work. highest quality. The title corresponds to the formulation of the problem, under the title there are arguments (3-5 pieces depending on complexity). You can also download these arguments in table form(link at the end of the article). We hope that they will help you in preparing for the Unified State Exam.

In Vasil Bykov’s story “Sotnikov,” Rybak betrayed his homeland, fearing torture. When two comrades, in search of provisions for a partisan detachment, ran into the invaders, they were forced to retreat and hide in the village. However, their enemies found them in the house of a local resident and decided to interrogate them using violence. Sotnikov passed the test with honor, but his friend joined the punitive forces. He decided to become a policeman, although he intended to run away to his own people at the first opportunity. However, this act forever crossed out Rybak’s future. Having knocked the supports out from under his comrade’s feet, he became a traitor and a vile murderer who is not worthy of forgiveness.
In the novel by Alexander Pushkin “ Captain's daughter"Cowardice turned for the hero personal tragedy: He lost everything. Trying to win the favor of Marya Mironova, he decided to be cunning and disingenuous, and not behave courageously. And so, at the decisive moment, when the Belgorod fortress was captured by the rebels, and Masha’s parents were brutally killed, Alexey did not stand up for them, did not protect the girl, but changed into a simple dress and joined the invaders, saving his life. His cowardice completely repulsed the heroine, and even being in his captivity, she proudly and adamantly resisted his caresses. In her opinion, it is better to die than to be at one with a coward and a traitor.
In Valentin Rasputin’s work “Live and Remember,” Andrei deserts and runs to his home, to his native village. Unlike him, his wife was a courageous and devoted woman, so she, risking herself, covers for her runaway husband. He lives in a nearby forest, and she carries everything he needs secretly from the neighbors. But Nastya’s absences became public knowledge. Fellow villagers swam after her in a boat. To save Andrei, Nastena drowned herself without betraying the deserter. But the coward in her person lost everything: love, salvation, family. His fear of war destroyed the only person who loved him.
In Tolstoy's story " Caucasian prisoner“Two heroes are contrasted: Zhilin and Kostygin. While one, having been captured by the mountaineers, bravely fights for his freedom, the other humbly waits for his relatives to pay the ransom. Fear clouds his eyes, and he does not understand that this money will support the rebels and their fight against his compatriots. For him, only his own fate comes first, and he doesn’t care about the interests of his homeland. Obviously, cowardice manifests itself in war and reveals such traits of nature as selfishness, weak character and insignificance.

Overcoming fear in war

In Vsevolod Garshin’s story “Coward,” the hero is afraid to perish in the name of someone’s political ambitions. He is worried that he, with all his plans and dreams, will turn out to be just a last name and initials in a dry newspaper report. He doesn’t understand why he needs to fight and risk himself, what all these sacrifices are for. His friends, of course, say that he is driven by cowardice. They gave him food for thought, and he decided to volunteer for the front. The hero realized that he was sacrificing himself for the sake of a great cause - the salvation of his people and homeland. He died, but was happy, because he had taken a truly significant step, and his life acquired meaning.
In Mikhail Sholokhov's story “The Fate of a Man,” Andrei Sokolov overcomes the fear of death and does not agree to drink to the victory of the Third Reich, as the commandant demands. He already faces punishment for inciting rebellion and disrespecting his guards. The only way to avoid death is to accept Muller’s toast, to betray the homeland in words. Of course, the man wanted to live and was afraid of torture, but honor and dignity were more important to him. Mentally and spiritually, he fought with the occupiers, even standing in front of the camp commander. And he defeated him by force of will, refusing to carry out his order. The enemy recognized the superiority of the Russian spirit and rewarded the soldier who, even in captivity, overcomes fear and defends the interests of his country.
In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Pierre Bezukhov is afraid to participate in hostilities: he is awkward, timid, weak, not fit for military service. However, seeing the scope and horror Patriotic War 1812, he decided to go alone and kill Napoleon. He was not at all obliged to go to besieged Moscow and risk himself; with his money and influence, he could sit out in a secluded corner of Russia. But he goes to help the people in some way. Pierre, of course, does not kill the French emperor, but saves the girl from the fire, and this is already a lot. He conquered his fear and did not hide from the war.

The problem of imaginary and real heroism

In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Fyodor Dolokhov shows excessive cruelty during military operations. He enjoys violence, while always demanding rewards and praise for his imaginary heroism, which contains more vanity than courage. For example, he grabbed an officer who had already surrendered by the collar and insisted for a long time that it was he who took him prisoner. While soldiers like Timokhin modestly and simply carried out their duty, Fedor boasted and boasted about his exaggerated achievements. He did this not for the sake of saving his homeland, but for the sake of self-affirmation. This is false, unreal heroism.
In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Andrei Bolkonsky goes to war for the sake of his career, and not for the bright future of his country. He only cares about the glory that Napoleon, for example, received. In pursuit of her, he leaves his pregnant wife alone. Finding himself on the battlefield, the prince rushes into a bloody battle, calling on many people to sacrifice themselves with him. However, his throw did not change the outcome of the battle, but only ensured new losses. Having realized this, Andrei realizes the insignificance of his motives. From this moment on, he no longer chases recognition, he only cares about fate home country, and only for her is he ready to return to the front and sacrifice himself.
In the story “Sotnikov” by Vasil Bykov, Rybak was known as a strong and brave fighter. He was in good health and powerful in appearance. In fights he had no equal. But the real test showed that all his actions were just empty boasting. Fearing torture, Rybak accepts the enemy’s offer and becomes a policeman. There was not a drop of real courage in his feigned courage, so he could not withstand the moral pressure of the fear of pain and death. Unfortunately, imaginary virtues are recognized only in trouble, and his comrades did not know whom they trusted.
In Boris Vasiliev’s story “Not on the Lists,” the hero single-handedly defends the Brest Fortress, all the other defenders of which fell dead. Nikolai Pluzhnikov himself can barely stand on his feet, but he still fulfills his duty until the end of his life. Someone, of course, will say that this is reckless on his part. There is safety in numbers. But I still think that in his position this is the only right choice, because he will not get out and join combat-ready units. So isn't it better to give the last fight than to waste a bullet on yourself? In my opinion, Pluzhnikov’s act is a feat of a real man who faces the truth.
Viktor Astafiev’s novel “Cursed and Killed” describes dozens of destinies of ordinary children whom the war drove into the most difficult conditions: hunger, mortal risk, illness and constant fatigue. They are not soldiers, but ordinary residents of villages and villages, prisons and camps: illiterate, cowardly, tight-fisted and not even very honest. All of them are just cannon fodder in battle; many are of no use. What motivates them? The desire to curry favor and get a deferment or a job in the city? Hopelessness? Maybe their stay at the front is reckless? You can answer in different ways, but I still think that their sacrifices and modest contribution to the victory were not in vain, but necessary. I am sure that their behavior is not always controlled consciously, but true strength- love for the fatherland. The author shows how and why it manifests itself in each of the characters. Therefore, I consider their courage to be genuine.

Mercy and indifference in an atmosphere of hostilities

In Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Berg, the husband of Vera Rostova, shows blasphemous indifference to his compatriots. During the evacuation from besieged Moscow, he takes advantage of people's grief and confusion by buying their rare and valuable items cheaper. He does not care about the fate of his fatherland, he only looks into his own pocket. The troubles of the surrounding refugees, frightened and oppressed by the war, do not touch him in any way. At the same time, the peasants are burning all their property so that it does not fall to the enemy. They burn houses, kill livestock, and destroy entire villages. For the sake of victory, they risk everything, go into the forests and live as one family. In contrast, Tolstoy shows indifference and compassion, contrasting the dishonest elite with the poor, who turned out to be richer spiritually.
Alexander Tvardovsky’s poem “Vasily Terkin” describes the unity of the people in the face of a mortal threat. In the chapter “Two Soldiers,” the old people welcome Vasily and even feed him, having spent precious food supplies on the stranger. In exchange for hospitality, the hero repairs the elderly couple's watches and other utensils, and also entertains them with encouraging conversations. Although the old woman is reluctant to take out the treat, Terkin does not reproach her, because he understands how difficult life is for them in the village, where there is even no one to help chop wood - everyone is at the front. However, even different people find common language and have compassion for each other when clouds have gathered over their homeland. This unity was the author’s call.
In Vasil Bykov's story "Sotnikov" Demchikha hides partisans, despite the mortal risk. She hesitates, being a frightened and persecuted village woman, not a heroine from the cover. Before us is a living person who is not without weaknesses. She is not happy with uninvited guests, policemen are circling the village, and if they find something, no one will survive. And yet, the woman’s compassion takes over: she shelters the resistance fighters. And her feat did not go unnoticed: during interrogation with torture and torture, Sotnikov does not betray his patroness, carefully trying to shield her and shift the blame onto himself. Thus, mercy in war begets mercy, and cruelty only leads to cruelty.
In Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" some episodes are described that indicate the manifestation of indifference and responsiveness towards prisoners. The Russian people saved officer Rambal and his orderly from death. The frozen French themselves came to the enemy camp, they were dying of frostbite and hunger. Our compatriots showed mercy: they fed them porridge, poured them warming vodka, and even carried the officer into the tent in their arms. But the occupiers were less compassionate: a Frenchman I knew did not stand up for Bezukhov when he saw him in the crowd of prisoners. The count himself barely survived, receiving the meager rations in prison and walking in the cold on a leash. In such conditions, the weakened Platon Karataev, to whom none of the enemies even thought of giving porridge with vodka, died. The example of Russian soldiers is instructive: it demonstrates the truth that in war you need to remain human.
An interesting example was described by Alexander Pushkin in the novel “The Captain's Daughter”. Pugachev, the ataman of the rebels, showed mercy and pardoned Peter, respecting his kindness and generosity. The young man once gave him a short fur coat, not stinging in helping a stranger from the common people. Emelyan continued to do good to him even after the “reckoning”, because in the war he strove for justice. But Empress Catherine showed indifference to the fate of the officer devoted to her and surrendered only to the persuasion of Marya. During the war, she showed barbaric cruelty by arranging the execution of rebels in the square. It is not surprising that the people rebelled against her despotic power. Only compassion can help a person stop the destructive power of hatred and enmity.

Moral Choices in War

In Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" youngest son The main character is at a crossroads between love and homeland. He chooses the first, forever renouncing his family and homeland. His comrades did not accept his choice. The father was especially grieved, because the only chance to restore the honor of the family was to kill the traitor. The military brotherhood took revenge for the death of their loved ones and for the oppression of the faith, Andriy trampled on holy vengeance, and for defending this idea Taras also made his difficult but necessary choice. He kills his son, proving to his fellow soldiers that the most important thing for him, as an ataman, is the salvation of his homeland, and not petty interests. Thus, he forever cements the Cossack partnership, which will fight the “Poles” even after his death.
In Leo Tolstoy’s story “Prisoner of the Caucasus,” the heroine also made a desperate decision. Dina liked the Russian man who was forcibly held by her relatives, friends, and her people. She was faced with a choice between kinship and love, the bonds of duty and the dictates of feeling. She hesitated, thought, decided, but could not help but help, because she understood that Zhilin was not worthy of such a fate. He is kind, strong and honest, but he does not have money for ransom, and that is not his fault. Despite the fact that the Tatars and Russians fought, that one captured the other, the girl did moral choice in favor of justice rather than cruelty. This probably expresses the superiority of children over adults: even in struggle they show less anger.
In Remarque's novel "On western front without change" depicts the image of a military commissar who called on high school students, still just boys, to the First World War. At the same time, we remember from history that Germany did not defend itself, but attacked, that is, the guys went to their death for the sake of other people’s ambitions. However, their hearts were set on fire by the words of this dishonest man. So, the main characters went to the front. And only there they realized that their agitator was a coward hiding in the rear. He sends young men to their deaths, while he himself sits at home. His choice is immoral. He exposes this seemingly courageous officer as a weak-willed hypocrite.
In Tvardovsky’s poem “Vasily Terkin,” the main character swims across an icy river to bring important reports to the attention of the command. He throws himself into the water under fire, risking freezing to death or drowning after catching an enemy bullet. But Vasily makes a choice in favor of duty - an idea that is larger than himself. He contributes to victory, thinking not about himself, but about the outcome of the operation.

Mutual assistance and selfishness on the front line

In Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Natasha Rostova is ready to give up carts to the wounded in order to help them avoid persecution by the French and leave the besieged city. She is ready to lose valuable things, despite the fact that her family is on the verge of ruin. It's all about her upbringing: the Rostovs were always ready to help and help a person out of trouble. Relationships are more valuable to them than money. But Berg, the husband of Vera Rostova, during the evacuation, bargained things cheaply from frightened people in order to make capital. Alas, in war not everyone passes the test of morality. The true face of a person, an egoist or a benefactor, will always reveal itself.
IN " Sevastopol stories"Leo Tolstoy's "circle of aristocrats" demonstrates the unpleasant character traits of the nobility who found themselves at war because of vanity. For example, Galtsin is a coward, everyone knows about it, but no one talks about it, because he is a high-born nobleman. He lazily offers his help on the outing, but everyone hypocritically dissuades him, knowing that he won’t go anywhere, and he’s of little use. This man is a cowardly egoist who thinks only of himself, not paying attention to the needs of the fatherland and the tragedy of his own people. At the same time, Tolstoy describes the silent feat of doctors who work overtime and restrain their frenzied nerves from the horror they saw. They will not be rewarded or promoted, they do not care about this, because they have one goal - to save as many soldiers as possible.
In Mikhail Bulgakov's novel " White Guard» Sergei Talberg leaves his wife and runs away from a country torn by civil war. He selfishly and cynically leaves in Russia everything that was dear to him, everything to which he swore to be faithful to the end. Elena was taken under the protection of her brothers, who, unlike their relative, served to the last the one to whom they took the oath. They protected and consoled their abandoned sister, because all the conscientious people united under the burden of the threat. For example, the commander Nai-Tours performs an outstanding feat, saving the cadets from imminent death in a futile battle. He himself dies, but helps innocent young men deceived by the hetman to save their lives and leave the besieged city.

Negative impact of war on society

In the novel by Mikhail Sholokhov “ Quiet Don“The entire Cossack people becomes a victim of the war. The former way of life is collapsing due to fratricidal strife. Breadwinners die, children become unruly, widows go crazy from grief and the unbearable yoke of labor. The fate of absolutely all the heroes is tragic: Aksinya and Peter die, Daria becomes infected with syphilis and commits suicide, Grigory is disappointed in life, lonely and forgotten Natalya dies, Mikhail becomes callous and impudent, Dunyasha runs away and lives unhappily. All generations are in discord, brother goes against brother, the land is orphaned, because in the heat of battle it was forgotten. In the end civil war led only to devastation and grief, and not to the bright future that all the warring parties promised.
In Mikhail Lermontov's poem "Mtsyri" the hero became another victim of the war. A Russian military man picked him up, forcibly took him away from his home, and probably would have continued to control his fate if the boy had not fallen ill. Then his almost lifeless body was thrown into the care of the monks in a nearby monastery. Mtsyri grew up, he was destined for the fate of a novice, and then a clergyman, but he never came to terms with the arbitrariness of his captors. The young man wanted to return to his homeland, reunite with his family, and quench his thirst for love and life. However, he was deprived of all this, because he was just a prisoner, and even after his escape he found himself back in his prison. This story is an echo of war, as the struggle of countries cripples the fate of ordinary people.
In Nikolai Gogol's novel " Dead Souls"There is an insert that is a separate story. This is a story about Captain Kopeikin. It tells about the fate of a cripple who became a victim of war. In the battle for his homeland, he became disabled. Hoping to receive a pension or some kind of assistance, he came to the capital and began visiting officials. However, they became bitter in their comfortable workplaces and only drove the poor man, without making his life filled with suffering any easier. Alas, constant wars in Russian Empire gave rise to many such cases, so no one really reacted to them. You can’t even definitely blame anyone here. Society became indifferent and cruel, so people defended themselves from constant worries and losses.
In the story by Varlam Shalamov “ Last Stand Major Pugachev”, the main characters, who honestly defended their homeland during the war, ended up in a labor camp in their homeland because they were once prisoners of the Germans. No one felt sorry for these worthy people, no one showed leniency, but they were not guilty of being captured. And it’s not just about cruel and unjust politicians, it’s about the people, who have become hardened from constant grief, from inescapable deprivation. Society itself indifferently listened to the suffering of innocent soldiers. And they, too, were forced to kill the guards, run and shoot back, because the bloody massacre made them like that: merciless, angry and desperate.

Children and women at the front

In Boris Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet,” the main characters are women. They, of course, were more afraid than men to go to war; each of them still had close and dear people. Rita even left her son to her parents. However, the girls fight selflessly and do not retreat, even though they are up against sixteen soldiers. Each of them fights heroically, each overcomes her fear of death in the name of saving her homeland. Their feat is taken especially hard, because fragile women have no place on the battlefield. However, they destroyed this stereotype and conquered the fear that constrained even more suitable fighters.
In Boris Vasiliev’s novel “Not on the Lists,” the last defenders Brest Fortress trying to save women and children from starvation. They don't have enough water and supplies. With pain in their hearts, the soldiers see them off into German captivity; there is no other way out. However, the enemies did not spare even expectant mothers. Pluzhnikov's pregnant wife, Mirra, is beaten to death with boots and pierced with a bayonet. Her mutilated corpse is pelted with bricks. The tragedy of war is that it dehumanizes people, releasing all their hidden vices.
In Arkady Gaidar's work “Timur and His Team,” the heroes are not soldiers, but young pioneers. While the fierce battle continues on the fronts, they, as best they can, help the fatherland to survive in trouble. The guys are doing hard work for widows, orphans and single mothers who don’t even have anyone to chop wood. They secretly perform all these tasks without waiting for praise and honor. For them, the main thing is to make their modest but important contribution to victory. Their destinies are also ruined by the war. Zhenya, for example, grows up in the care of his older sister, but they see their father once every few months. However, this does not prevent children from fulfilling their small civic duty.

The problem of nobility and baseness in battle

In Boris Vasiliev’s novel “Not on the Lists,” Mirra is forced to surrender when she discovers that she is pregnant with Nikolai’s child. There is no water or food in their shelter, the young people miraculously survive, because they are being attacked real hunt. But here I am lame Jewish girl comes out of hiding to save the life of his child. Pluzhnikov is watching her vigilantly. However, she was unable to blend into the crowd. So that her husband does not give himself away, does not go to save her, she moves away, and Nikolai does not see how his wife is beaten by the rabid invaders, how they wound her with a bayonet, how they cover her body with bricks. There is so much nobility, so much love and self-sacrifice in this act of hers that it is difficult to perceive it without an internal shudder. The fragile woman turned out to be stronger, more courageous and nobler than the representatives of the “chosen nation” and the stronger sex.
In Nikolai Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba”, Ostap shows true nobility in war conditions when, even under torture, he does not utter a single cry. He did not give the enemy spectacle and rejoicing by defeating him spiritually. In his dying word he only turned to his father, whom he did not expect to hear. But I heard. And he realized that their cause was alive, which means he was alive. In this self-denial in the name of an idea, his rich and strong nature was revealed. But the idle crowd surrounding him is a symbol of human baseness, because people gathered to savor the pain of another person. This is terrible, and Gogol emphasizes how terrible the face of this motley public is, how disgusting its murmur is. He contrasted her cruelty with Ostap’s virtue, and we understand whose side the author is on in this conflict.
The nobility and baseness of a person are truly manifested only in emergency situations. For example, in Vasil Bykov’s story “Sotnikov,” two heroes behaved completely differently, although they lived side by side in the same detachment. The fisherman betrayed his country, his friends, and his duty out of fear of pain and death. He became a policeman and even helped his new comrades hang their former partner. Sotnikov did not think about himself, although he suffered from torture. He tried to save Demchikha, his ex-friend, ward off trouble from the squad. So he blamed everything on himself. This noble man He did not allow himself to be broken and gave his life for his homeland with dignity.

The problem of responsibility and negligence of fighters

Leo Tolstoy's Sevastopol Stories describes the irresponsibility of many fighters. They just show off in front of each other, and go to work only for the sake of promotion. They do not think at all about the outcome of the battle, they are only interested in rewards. For example, Mikhailov only cares about making friends with a circle of aristocrats and receiving some benefits from his service. Having received a wound, he even refuses to bandage it so that everyone will be shocked by the sight of blood, because there is a reward for a serious injury. Therefore, it is not surprising that in the finale Tolstoy describes precisely defeat. With such an attitude towards your duty to your homeland, it is impossible to win.
In “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” an unknown author tells about the instructive campaign of Prince Igor against the Polovtsians. Striving to gain easy glory, he leads a squad against the nomads, neglecting the concluded truce. Russian troops defeat their enemies, but at night the nomads take the sleeping and drunken warriors by surprise, kill many, and take the rest prisoner. The young prince repented of his extravagance, but it was too late: the squad was killed, his estate was without an owner, his wife was in grief, like the rest of the people. The opposite of the frivolous ruler is the wise Svyatoslav, who says that the Russian lands need to be united, and that you shouldn’t just meddle with your enemies. He takes his mission responsibly and condemns Igor’s vanity. His " Golden word"later became the basis political system Rus'.
In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, two types of commanders are contrasted with each other: Kutuzov and Alexander the First. One takes care of his people, puts the well-being of the army above victory, while the other thinks only about the quick success of the cause, and he does not care about the sacrifices of the soldiers. Due to the illiterate and short-sighted decisions of the Russian emperor, the army suffered losses, the soldiers were dejected and confused. But Kutuzov’s tactics brought Russia complete deliverance from the enemy with minimal losses. Therefore, it is very important to be a responsible and humane leader during the battle.

The famous American poet and writer Eleanor Murry Sarton, known to millions of readers as May Sarton, has the oft-quoted words: “Think like a hero and you will act like a decent person.”

Much has been written about the role of heroism in people's lives. This virtue, which has a number of synonyms: courage, valor, bravery, is manifested in the moral strength of its bearer. Moral strength allows him to pursue real, real service to his homeland, people, and humanity. What is the problem true heroism? Different arguments can be used. But the main thing about them: true heroism is not blind. Various examples heroism is not just overcoming certain circumstances. They all have one common feature- bring a sense of perspective to people's lives.

Many bright classics of literature, both Russian and foreign, sought and found their bright and unique arguments to illuminate the topic of the emergence of the phenomenon of valor. The problem of heroism, fortunately for us, readers, is illuminated by the masters of the pen in a bright, non-trivial way. What is valuable in their works is that the classics immerse the reader in the spiritual world of the hero, whose high deeds are admired by millions of people. The topic of this article is a review of some of the works of the classics, in which a special approach to the issue of heroism and courage can be traced.

Heroes are all around us

Today, unfortunately, a distorted concept of heroism prevails in the philistine psyche. They are immersed in their own problems, in their own little selfish world. Therefore, fresh and non-trivial arguments on the problem of heroism are fundamentally important for their consciousness. Believe me, we are surrounded by heroes. We simply don’t notice them because our souls are short-sighted. Not only men perform feats. Take a closer look - a woman who, according to doctors, is unable to give birth in principle - is giving birth. Heroism can and is demonstrated by our contemporaries at the patient's bedside, at the conference table, in the workplace, and even at the kitchen stove. You just need to learn to see it.

The literary image of God is like a tuning fork. Pasternak and Bulgakov

Sacrifice distinguishes true heroism. Many brilliant literary classics are trying to influence the beliefs of their readers, raising the bar for understanding the essence of heroism as high as possible. They find creative strength to uniquely convey to readers the highest ideals, telling in their own way about the feat of God, the son of man.

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak in Doctor Zhivago, an extremely honest work about his generation, writes about valor as the highest emblem of humanity. According to the writer, the problem of true heroism is revealed not in violence, but in virtue. He expresses his arguments through the mouth of the protagonist’s uncle, N.N. Vedenyapin. He believes that the beast dormant in each of us cannot be stopped by a tamer with a whip. But this is within the power of a self-sacrificing preacher.

A classic of Russian literature, the son of a theology professor, Mikhail Bulgakov in his novel “The Master and Margarita” presents us with his original literary interpretation of the image of the Messiah - Yeshua Ha-Nozri. The preaching of Good with which Jesus came to people is a dangerous business. Words of truth and conscience that go against the foundations of society are fraught with death for those who utter them. Even the procurator of Judea, who, without hesitation, can come to the aid of Mark the Ratboy, surrounded by the Germans, is afraid to tell the truth (at the same time, he secretly agrees with the views of Ha-Nozri.) The peaceful messiah courageously follows his destiny, and the battle-hardened Roman commander is a coward. Bulgakov's arguments are convincing. The problem of heroism for him is closely connected with the organic unity of worldview, worldview, word and deed.

Henryk Sienkiewicz's arguments

The image of Jesus in an aura of courage also appears in Henryk Sienkiewicz’s novel “Kamo Gryadeshi”. Bright finds Polish literary classic shades to create a unique plot situation in your famous novel.

After Jesus was crucified and resurrected, he came to Rome, following his mission: to convert the Eternal City to Christianity. However, he, an unnoticed traveler, as soon as he arrived, witnesses the ceremonial entry of Emperor Nero. Peter is shocked by the Romans' worship of the emperor. He doesn't know which ones to find this phenomenon arguments. The problem of heroism, the courage of a person ideologically opposed to the dictator, is illuminated, starting with Peter’s fear that the mission will not be completed. He, having lost faith in himself, runs away from Eternal City. However, leaving the city walls behind, the apostle saw Jesus in human form coming towards him. Amazed by what he saw, Peter asked the Messiah where he was going: “Where are you coming?” Jesus replied that since Peter had abandoned his people, there was only one thing left for him to do - to go to the crucifixion a second time. True service certainly requires courage. Shocked Peter returns to Rome...

The Theme of Courage in War and Peace

Russian classical literature is rich in discussions about the essence of heroism. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, in his epic novel War and Peace, raised a number of philosophical questions. The writer put his own special arguments into the image of Prince Andrei, following the path of a warrior. The problem of heroism and courage is painfully rethought and evolving in the minds of the young Prince Bolkonsky. His youthful dream - to accomplish a feat - gives way to understanding and awareness of the essence of war. To be a hero, and not to appear, is how people change life priorities Prince Andrey after the battle of Shengraben.

Staff officer Bolkonsky understands that the real hero of this battle is the battery commander Skromny, who is lost in the presence of his superiors. The object of ridicule of the adjutants. The battery of a small and frail, nondescript captain did not flinch before the invincible French, inflicted damage on them and made it possible for the main forces to retreat in an organized manner. Tushin acted on a whim; he did not receive an order to cover the rear of the army. Understanding the essence of war - these were his arguments. The problem of heroism is rethought by Prince Bolkonsky, he radically changes his career and, with the assistance of M.I. Kutuzov, becomes a regiment commander. In the battle of Borodino, he, who raised the regiment to attack, was seriously wounded. The body of a Russian officer with a banner in his hands is seen by Napoleon Bonaparte as he circles around. The French Emperor's reaction is one of respect: "What a beautiful death!" However, for Bolkonsky, the act of heroism coincides with an awareness of the integrity of the world and the importance of compassion.

Harper Lee "To Kill a Mockingbird"

Understanding the essence of the feat is also present in a number of works American classics. All young Americans study the novel “To Kill a Mockingbird” in schools. It contains an original discussion about the essence of courage. This thought comes from the lips of lawyer Atticus, a man of honor, taking on a fair, but by no means profitable, case. His arguments on the problem of heroism are as follows: courage is when you take on a task, knowing in advance that you will lose. But you still take it and go to the end. And sometimes you still manage to win.

Melanie by Margaret Mitchell

In the novel about the American South of the 19th century, she creates a unique image of the fragile and sophisticated, but at the same time courageous and brave Lady Melanie.

She is sure that there is something good in all people, and is ready to help them. Her modest, neat house becomes famous in Atlanta thanks to the sincerity of the owners. During the most dangerous periods of her life, Scarlett receives such help from Melanie that it is impossible to evaluate.

Hemingway on heroism

And of course, you can't get around classic story Hemingway's "The Old Man and the Sea", which tells the story of the nature of courage and heroism. The fight between the elderly Cuban Santiago and a huge fish is reminiscent of a parable. The arguments on the problem of heroism presented by Hemingway are symbolic. The sea is like life, and old man Santiago is like human experience. The writer utters the words that have become the leitmotif of true heroism: “Man was not created to suffer defeat. You can destroy it, but you can’t defeat it!”

The Strugatsky brothers "Picnic by the road"

The story introduces its readers to a phantasmagoric situation. Obviously, after the arrival of aliens, a anomalous zone. Stalkers find the “heart” of this zone, which has unique property. A person who finds himself in this territory receives a harsh alternative: either he dies, or the zone fulfills his every desire. The Strugatskys masterfully show the spiritual evolution of the hero who decided on this feat. His catharsis is convincingly shown. The stalker has nothing selfish or mercantile left, he thinks in terms of humanity and, accordingly, asks the zone for “happiness for everyone,” and such that there are no people deprived of it. What, according to the Strugatskys, is the problem of heroism? Arguments from literature indicate that it is empty without compassion and humanism.

Boris Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man"

In history Russian people There was a period when heroism became truly widespread. Thousands of warriors have immortalized their names. High rank of Hero Soviet Union was assigned to eleven thousand soldiers. At the same time, 104 people were awarded it twice. And three people - three times. The first person to receive this high rank was ace pilot Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin. On just one day - April 12, 1943 - he shot down seven planes of the fascist invaders!

Of course, to forget and not convey such examples of heroism to new generations is like a crime. This should be done using the example of Soviet “military” literature - these are Unified State Exam arguments. The problem of heroism is illuminated for schoolchildren using examples from the works of Boris Polevoy, Mikhail Sholokhov, Boris Vasiliev.

Front-line correspondent of the Pravda newspaper Boris Polevoy was shocked by the story of the pilot of the 580th fighter regiment Alexey Maresyev. In the winter of 1942, it was shot down over the skies of the Novgorod region. The pilot, wounded in the legs, crawled for 18 days to reach his own people. He survived and made it, but his legs were “eaten” by gangrene. Amputation followed. In the hospital where Alexey lay after the operation, there was also a political instructor. He managed to ignite Maresyev with a dream - to return to the sky as a fighter pilot. Overcoming the pain, Alexey learned not only to walk on prosthetics, but also to dance. The apotheosis of the story is the first air battle carried out by the pilot after being wounded.

The medical commission “capitulated.” During the war, the real Alexey Maresyev shot down 11 enemy planes, most of them - seven - after being wounded.

Soviet writers have convincingly revealed the problem of heroism. Arguments from the literature indicate that not only men, but also women called to serve, performed feats. Boris Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet” amazes with its drama. A large sabotage group of fascists, numbering 16 people, landed in the Soviet rear.

Young girls (Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Sonya Gurevich, Galya Chetvertak) serving at the 171st railway siding under the command of foreman Fedot Vaskov die heroically. However, they destroy 11 fascists. The sergeant major discovers the remaining five in the hut. He kills one and captures four. Then he surrenders the prisoners to his own, losing consciousness from fatigue.

"The Fate of Man"

This story by Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov introduces us to the former Red Army soldier - driver Andrei Sokolov. The writer reveals heroism simply and convincingly. It didn’t take long to look for arguments that touched the reader’s soul. The war brought grief to almost every family. Andrei Sokolov had it in abundance: in 1942, his wife Irina and two daughters were killed (a bomb hit a residential building). The son miraculously survived and after this tragedy volunteered to go to the front. Andrei himself fought, was captured by the Nazis, and escaped. However, a new tragedy awaited him: in 1945, on May 9, a sniper killed his son.

Andrei himself, having lost his entire family, found the strength to start life “with clean slate" He adopted a homeless boy, Vanya, becoming his adoptive father. This moral feat again fills his life with meaning.

Conclusion

These are the arguments to the problem of heroism in classical literature. The latter is truly capable of supporting a person and awakening courage in him. Although she is not able to help him financially, she erects a boundary in his soul that Evil cannot cross. This is what Remarque wrote about books in “ Arc de Triomphe" The argumentation of heroism occupies a worthy place in classical literature.

Heroism can also be presented as a social phenomenon of a kind of “instinct of self-preservation”, but not individual life, but the entire society. A part of society, a separate “cell” - a person (the most worthy ones perform feats), consciously, driven by altruism and spirituality, sacrifices himself, preserving something greater. Classic literature is one of the tools that helps people understand and comprehend the non-linear nature of courage.

Since the topic of the essay is the problem of heroism, arguments from literature need to pay attention to works familiar to most of our fellow citizens, brought up on exploits Soviet soldiers who saved the world from the brown plague. There have been other examples of courage, heroism and selfless love to the Motherland. For example, the war of the mid-20th century became the most terrible and bloody.

One of the works glorifying heroism not only in war, but also in peaceful life, is the story “The Fate of a Man” by Alexander Sholokhov, in which the author introduces the reader to Andrei Sokolov. He went through the entire war, showing himself to be a brave soldier. Every day he courageously looked into the face of death, which carried away his comrades one by one. The worst thing that happened to Andrei was the loss of his family. His wife, son and daughter died in the rear at the hands of the Nazis.

Not every person will be able to survive such grief with dignity. However, Sokolov was able to, gathering all his will into a fist, he stayed afloat. He did not become embittered, did not hate the whole world, but became more sensitive and responsive to the misfortune of others. These qualities pushed him to a heroic act already in peaceful life.

Having met an orphaned boy on the dusty post-war roads, Andrei takes him under his “wing”. The decision to adopt a boy is real feat. After all, in this way, the hero saved the child from the orphanage life, from loneliness, from ordeals, playing a decisive role in the fate of this little man.

Another work has a similar title. This is “The Tale of a Real Man” by Boris Polevoy.

The prototype of the main character was the legendary pilot Alexey Meresyev, who forever went down in history thanks to his courage and unbending will to defeat himself and the enemy.

The reader, with bated breath, follows the events described by the author. The experience is heightened by the realization that all this took place in real life. Meresyev's plane was shot down over occupied territory. The pilot managed to survive, although he received terrible injuries.

Bleeding, Alexey tries to break through to his own people. He's from last bit of strength creeps through the wooded area, covering inch by inch. Meresyev was lucky - three weeks later he ended up with the partisans and his life was saved.

Having lost both legs, Alexey did not register himself as disabled and did not remain in captivity. He learned not only to walk, but even to dance on prosthetics and continued to fly. He managed to accomplish many more feats before the end of the war, significantly adding to the “piggy bank” of enemy aircraft he shot down.

Thanks to Boris Polevoy, readers received an invaluable opportunity to get to know an extraordinary personality. Meresyev’s heroism will live on for centuries, and his memory will be passed on from generation to generation. Such people never die.

The problem of heroism in war has numerous arguments from literature. This article examined only two works. However, no less poignant - “And the dawns here are quiet”, “Not on the lists” by B. Vasilyev, “In the trenches of Stalingrad” by V. Nekrasov, “Sotnikov” by V. Bykov and others cult books. Many generations grew up and were educated on them.

Good day, dear friends. In this article we offer an essay on the topic "".

The following arguments will be used:
– M. Gorky, “Old Woman Izergil”
– E. Asadov, “Inconspicuous Heroes”

A person who has a set of qualities such as courage, courage, nobility and determination can be considered a true hero if he is able to sacrifice himself for the sake of another person, an entire nation or a noble idea. There are many historical examples, when people strong in body and spirit performed immortal feats. But there is a place for heroism in our time. It is in the nobility of nature, in maintaining honor and dignity under any circumstances, in loyalty to one’s convictions and principles. People who do not stoop to betrayal and betrayal even in a dangerous situation can be considered real heroes.

In Maxim Gorky's story "Old Woman Izergil" main character Izergil tells the legend of the incredibly brave young man Danko. His tribe was driven deep into an impenetrable forest by conquerors, which doomed them to death. The swamps and terrible stench forced people to surrender into slavery to their enemies, but Danko stopped and did not allow this.

He led them through dense vegetation, although the path was too difficult. Every day people became weaker, and the thunderstorm finally finished everyone off. The tribesmen took up arms against Danko and decided to kill him. However, Danko’s heart burned with the determination to save his people. He tore open his chest, pulled out his heart, lifted it high and led the people through the forest. Like a torch, the heart of the brave young man illuminated the path. Suddenly the trees ended, the forest was left behind, and a wide steppe appeared before the people. People began to rejoice and have fun, and the hero who saved everyone fell dead. No one noticed this, the hero’s feat remained in the shadows.

Eduard Asadov begins the poem “Inconspicuous Heroes” with the theme of generational differences, which is key in many disputes in society. Heroism is considered a phenomenon of the last century, which modern youth is not capable of. The poet mentions the war and the exploits that were performed on its field. In peacetime, there is no prospect of proving oneself, because all kinds of disasters do not always happen. The author is very happy about this, although he likes the desire of people to do worthy deeds. Disputes regarding differences between generations seem absurd to him, since the importance of both is equal.

Asadov claims that people with persistent character have not disappeared, and feats are being accomplished to this day. He cites the example of a fight between a drunken armed group and a courageous guy who opposed them. The poet compares such an unequal fight with a military attack, and a lonely young guy with a soldier, to whom he is not inferior in courage.

Eduard Arkadyevich says that there are many types of heroism, one of which is the readiness to commit a noble act. Next he gives an excerpt from the letter. The poet's reader Slava Komarovsky offers help: he wants to sacrifice his eyesight for the sake of Eduard Asadov.

The famous poet knows firsthand what war and heroism are. He volunteered to fight, but the battle in 1944 became fatal for the writer. When his battery was completely destroyed, Eduard Arkadyevich drove a car to a neighboring unit through the shelled area to deliver a supply of ammunition. This desperate, bold act cost the writer his sight. A shell exploded near the car and mortally wounded young hero, but he still managed to deliver supplies. Having changed many hospitals, the writer managed to win the battle with death, but the light was still taken away from him.

In the letter, nineteen-year-old Slava Komarovsky admires the writer’s creations and wants to restore his sight at the cost of his sacrifice. He claims that he will be happy if he returns the light to the poet again. The young man does not want to hear a refusal to his proposal, because if Eduard Asadov agrees, he will bring many masterpieces to the world. The guy's attitude evokes endless respect, his decision is balanced and final. “Write. I’ll be like a soldier right away.”

At the end of the letter, we learn that it is not the only one: other readers are writing to Eduard with the same proposal. Despite the fact that the poet will never agree to their proposals, he is overwhelmed with feelings, pride in the worthy generation and their noble motives.

To summarize, it is worth saying that the concept of heroism is much broader than we are accustomed to think. The places where it manifests itself are not only war or natural disasters; sometimes heroes live among us. Committing noble deeds, they are modestly silent in the shadows. The qualities that such people possess are noble and unchangeable, which every person should strive for.

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