Types of society: traditional industrial post-industrial table. Traditional, industrial and post-industrial societies

The theory of stages of economic growth is the concept of W. Rostow, according to which history is divided into five stages:

1- “traditional society” - all societies before capitalism, characterized by a low level of labor productivity, domination of the agricultural economy;

2- “transitional society”, coinciding with the transition to pre-monopoly capitalism;

3- “shift period”, characterized by industrial revolutions and the beginning of industrialization;

4- “period of maturity”, characterized by the completion of industrialization and the emergence of industrially highly developed countries;

5- "the era of high levels of mass consumption."

Traditional society is a society that is regulated by tradition. Preservation of traditions is a higher value in it than development. The social structure in it is characterized (especially in the countries of the East) by a rigid class hierarchy and the existence of stable social communities, a special way of regulating the life of society, based on traditions and customs. This organization of society strives to preserve the socio-cultural foundations of life unchanged. Traditional society is an agrarian society.

A traditional society is usually characterized by:

· traditional economy

· predominance of the agricultural way of life;

· structural stability;

· class organization;

· low mobility;

· high mortality rate;

· high birth rate;

· low life expectancy.

A traditional person perceives the world and the established order of life as something inextricably integral, holistic, sacred and not subject to change. A person’s place in society and his status are determined by tradition (usually by birthright).

In a traditional society, collectivist attitudes prevail, individualism is not welcomed (since freedom of individual action can lead to a violation of the established order, which ensures the survival of society as a whole and is time-tested). In general, traditional societies are characterized by the primacy of collective interests over private ones, including the primacy of the interests of existing hierarchical structures (state, clan, etc.). What is valued is not so much individual capacity as the place in the hierarchy (official, class, clan, etc.) that a person occupies.

In a traditional society, as a rule, relations of redistribution rather than market exchange predominate, but elements market economy are strictly regulated. This is due to the fact that free market relations increase social mobility and change the social structure of society (in particular, they destroy class); the redistribution system may be regulated by tradition, but market prices are not; forced redistribution prevents “unauthorized” enrichment/impoverishment of both individuals and classes. The pursuit of economic gain in traditional society is often morally condemned and opposed to selfless help.

In a traditional society, most people live their entire lives in a local community (for example, a village), and connections with the “big society” are rather weak. At the same time, family ties, on the contrary, are very strong.

The worldview (ideology) of a traditional society is determined by tradition and authority.

Traditional society is extremely stable. As the famous demographer and sociologist Anatoly Vishnevsky writes, “everything in it is interconnected and it is very difficult to remove or change any one element.”

Industrial society is a type of economically developed society in which the predominant sector of the national economy is industry.

Industrial society is characterized by the development of the division of labor, mass production goods, mechanization and automation of production, the development of mass communications, the service sector, high mobility and urbanization, the increasing role of the state in regulating the socio-economic sphere.

· Establishment of the industrial technological structure as dominant in all public spheres(from economic to cultural)

· Change in the proportions of employment by industry: a significant reduction in the share of employees in agriculture(up to 3-5%) and an increase in the share of people employed in industry (up to 50-60%) and the service sector (up to 40-45%)

· Intensive urbanization

· The emergence of a nation-state organized around a common language and culture

· Educational (cultural) revolution. The transition to universal literacy and the formation national systems education

· Political revolution leading to the establishment of political rights and freedoms (example of all suffrage)

· Growth in the level of consumption ("consumption revolution", formation of the "welfare state")

· Changing the structure of working and free time (formation of a “consumer society”)

· Changes in the demographic type of development (low birth rate, mortality rate, increase in life expectancy, aging of the population, i.e. increase in the proportion of older age groups).

Post-industrial society is a society in which the service sector has priority development and prevails over the volume of industrial production and agricultural production. In the social structure fast industrial society The number of people employed in the service sector is increasing and new elites are being formed: technocrats, scientists.

This concept was first proposed by D. Bell in 1962. It recorded its entry in the late 50s and early 60s. developed Western countries that have exhausted the potential of industrial production, qualitatively new stage development.

It is characterized by a decrease in the share and importance of industrial production due to the growth of the services and information sectors. Production of services becomes the main sector economic activity. Thus, in the United States, about 90% of the employed population now works in the information and services sector. Based on these changes, there is a rethinking of all basic characteristics industrial society, a fundamental change in theoretical guidelines.

The first "appearance" of such a person is considered youth revolt the late 60s, which meant the end of the Protestant work ethic as the moral basis of Western industrial civilization. Economic growth ceases to act as the main, much less the only guideline, goal of social development. The emphasis is shifting to social and humanitarian problems. The priority issues are the quality and safety of life, and the self-realization of the individual. New criteria for welfare and social well-being are being formed. Post-industrial society is also defined as a “post-class” society, which reflects the collapse of stable social structures and identities characteristic of industrial society. If previously the status of an individual in society was determined by his place in the economic structure, i.e. class affiliation, to which all other social characteristics were subordinated, now the status characteristics of an individual are determined by many factors, among which education and level of culture play an increasing role (what P. Bourdieu called “cultural capital”). On this basis, D. Bell and a number of other Western sociologists put forward the idea of ​​a new “service” class. Its essence is that in a post-industrial society it is not the economic and political elite, but the intellectuals and professionals who make up new class, belongs to the power. In reality, there was no fundamental change in the distribution of economic and political power. Claims about the “death of class” also seem clearly exaggerated and premature. However, significant changes in the structure of society, associated primarily with the change in the role of knowledge and its carriers in society, are undoubtedly occurring (see information society). Thus, we can agree with D. Bell’s statement that “the changes that are captured by the term post-industrial society may mean the historical metamorphosis of Western society.”

The information society is a society in which the majority of workers are engaged in the production, storage, processing and sale of information, especially its highest form - knowledge.

Scientists believe that in the information society, the process of computerization will give people access to reliable sources of information, relieve them of routine work, and provide high level automation of information processing in the industrial and social spheres. Driving force The development of society should be the production of an informational rather than a material product. The material product will become more information-intensive, which means an increase in the share of innovation, design and marketing in its value.

In the information society, not only production will change, but also the entire way of life, the value system, the importance of cultural leisure will increase in relation to material assets. Compared to an industrial society, where everything is aimed at the production and consumption of goods, in the information society intelligence and knowledge are produced and consumed, which leads to an increase in the share of mental labor. A person will need the ability to be creative, and the demand for knowledge will increase.

The material and technological base of the information society will be various types of systems based on computer technology and computer networks, information technology, telecommunications.

SIGNS OF THE INFORMATION SOCIETY

· Society's awareness of the priority of information over other products of human activity.

· The fundamental basis of all areas of human activity (economic, industrial, political, educational, scientific, creative, cultural, etc.) is information.

· Information is a product of the activity of modern man.

· Information in its pure form (in itself) is the subject of purchase and sale.

· Equal opportunities in access to information for all segments of the population.

· Security of the information society, information.

· Protection of intellectual property.

· Interaction of all state structures and states among themselves on the basis of ICT.

· Management of the information society by the state and public organizations.

25. Main types of societies: traditional, industrial, post-industrial. Formational and civilizational approaches to the development of society.

The most stable typology in modern sociology is considered to be one based on the distinction of traditional, industrial and post-industrial societies.

Traditional society (also called simple and agrarian) is a society with an agricultural structure, sedentary structures and a method of sociocultural regulation based on traditions (traditional society). The behavior of individuals in it is strictly controlled, regulated by customs and norms of traditional behavior, established social institutions, among which the most important will be the family and community. Attempts at any social transformations and innovations are rejected. It is characterized by low rates of development and production. Important for this type of society is well-established social solidarity, which was established by Durkheim while studying the society of the Australian aborigines.

Traditional society is characterized by the natural division and specialization of labor (mainly by gender and age), personalization of interpersonal communication (directly of individuals, and not officials or persons of status), informal regulation of interactions (norms of unwritten laws of religion and morality), connection of members by kinship relations (family type of organization community), a primitive system of community management (hereditary power, rule of elders).

Modern societies are distinguished by the following features: the role-based nature of interaction (people's expectations and behavior are determined by the social status and social functions of individuals); developing deep division of labor (on a professional qualification basis related to education and work experience); a formal system for regulating relations (based on written law: laws, regulations, contracts, etc.); complex system social management(separation of the institute of management, special governing bodies: political, economic, territorial and self-government); secularization of religion (its separation from the system of government); highlighting a variety of social institutions (self-reproducing systems special relationship allowing to ensure social control, inequality, protection of its members, distribution of goods, production, communication).

These include industrial and post-industrial societies.

Industrial society is a type of organization of social life that combines the freedom and interests of the individual with general principles governing their joint activities. It is characterized by flexibility of social structures, social mobility, and a developed system of communications.

In the 1960s concepts of a post-industrial (information) society appear (D. Bell, A. Touraine, J. Habermas), caused by dramatic changes in the economy and culture of the most developed countries. The leading role in society is recognized as the role of knowledge and information, computer and automatic devices. The individual who received necessary education with access to latest information, gets an advantageous chance of moving up the social hierarchy. The main goal of a person in society becomes creative work.

The negative side of post-industrial society is the danger of increased social control on the part of the state and the ruling elite through access to information and electronic means mass media and communication over people and society as a whole.

Lifeworld human society increasingly subject to the logic of efficiency and instrumentalism. Culture, including traditional values, is being destroyed under the influence of administrative control, which tends to standardize and unify social relations and social behavior. Society is increasingly subject to the logic of economic life and bureaucratic thinking.

Distinctive features of post-industrial society:

transition from the production of goods to a service economy;

the rise and dominance of highly educated technical vocational specialists;

the main role of theoretical knowledge as a source of discoveries and political decisions in society;

control over technology and the ability to assess the consequences of scientific and technical innovations;

decision-making based on the creation of intellectual technology, as well as using the so-called information technology.

The latter is brought to life by the needs of the information society that has begun to take shape. The emergence of such a phenomenon is by no means accidental. The basis of social dynamics in the information society is not traditional material resources, which are also largely exhausted, but information (intellectual) ones: knowledge, scientific, organizational factors, intellectual abilities people, their initiative, creativity.

The concept of post-industrialism today has been developed in detail, has a lot of supporters and an ever-increasing number of opponents. Two main directions for assessing the future development of human society have emerged in the world: eco-pessimism and techno-optimism. Ecopessimism predicts a total global catastrophe in 2030 due to increasing pollution environment; destruction of the Earth's biosphere. Techno-optimism paints a more rosy picture, suggesting that scientific and technological progress will cope with all the difficulties in the development of society.

Today, industrial society is a concept familiar in all developed and even many developing countries of the world. The process of transition to mechanical production, the decline in the profitability of agriculture, the growth of cities and a clear division of labor - all these are the main features of the process that is changing the socio-economic structure of the state.

What is an industrial society?

Except production characteristics, this society is characterized by a high standard of living, the development civil rights and freedoms, the emergence of service activities, accessible information and humane economic relations. Previous traditional socio-economic models were characterized by a relatively low average standard of living of the population.

Industrial society is considered modern; both technical and social components are developing very quickly in it, affecting the improvement of the quality of life in general.

Main differences

The main difference between a traditional agrarian society and a modern one is the growth of industry, the need for modernized, accelerated and efficient production and the division of labor.

The main reasons for the division of labor and mass production can be considered both economic - the financial benefits of mechanization, and social - population growth and increased demand for goods.

Industrial society is characterized not only by the growth of industrial production, but also by the systematization and flow of agricultural activities. Moreover, in any country and in any society, the process of industrial reconstruction is accompanied by the development of science, technology, media and civic responsibility.

Changing the structure of society

Today for many developing countries characterized by a particularly accelerated process of transition from traditional to industrial society. The process of globalization and free information space play a significant role in changing socio-economic structures. New technologies and scientific advances make it possible to improve production processes, which makes a number of industries especially efficient.

Processes of globalization and international cooperation and regulation are also influencing changes in social charters. Industrial society is characterized by a completely different worldview, when the expansion of rights and freedoms is perceived not as a concession, but as something for granted. In combination, such changes allow the state to become part of the world market both from an economic and socio-political point of view.

Main features and characteristics of industrial society

The main characteristics can be divided into three groups: production, economic and social.

The main production features and characteristics of an industrial society are as follows:

• mechanization of production;
• labor reorganization;
• division of labor;
• productivity increase.

Among the economic characteristics it is necessary to highlight:

• growing influence of private production;
• emergence of a market for competitive goods;
• expansion of sales markets.

The main economic feature of an industrial society is uneven economic development. Crisis, inflation, decline in production - all these are frequent phenomena in the economy of an industrial state. The Industrial Revolution does not guarantee stability.

The main feature of industrial society in terms of its social development- change in values ​​and worldview, which is affected by:

• development and accessibility of education;
• improving quality of life;
• popularization of culture and art;
• urbanization;
• expansion of human rights and freedoms.

It is worth noting that industrial society is also characterized by reckless exploitation natural resources, including irreplaceable ones, and almost complete disregard for the environment.

Historical background

In addition to economic benefits and population growth, industrial development society was due to a number of other reasons. In traditional states, most people were able to provide themselves with a means of subsistence, and that’s all. Only a few could afford comfort, education and pleasure. Agrarian society was forced to switch to agrarian-industrial. This transition allowed for increased production. However, the agrarian-industrial society was characterized by an inhumane attitude of owners towards workers and a low level of mechanization of production.

Pre-industrial socio-economic models were based on one form or another of the slave system, which indicated the absence of universal freedoms and a low average standard of living of the population.

Industrial Revolution

The transition to an industrial society began during the Industrial Revolution. It was this period, the 18th-19th centuries, that was responsible for the transition from manual labor to mechanized labor. Start and mid-19th century became the apogee of industrialization in a number of leading world powers.

During the industrial revolution, the main features of the modern state took shape, such as production growth, urbanization, economic growth and the capitalist model of social development.

The industrial revolution is usually associated with the growth of machine production and intensive technological development However, it was during this period that the main socio-political changes took place that influenced the formation of a new society.

Industrialization

There are three main sectors in both the global and national economies:

• Primary - resource extraction and agriculture.
• Secondary - processing resources and creating food products.
• Tertiary - service sector.

Traditional social structures were based on the superiority of the primary sector. Subsequently, during the transition period, the secondary sector began to catch up with the primary sector, and the service sector began to grow. Industrialization consists of expanding the secondary sector of the economy.

This process took place in world history in two stages: the technical revolution, which included the creation of mechanized factories and the abandonment of manufacturing, and the modernization of devices - the invention of the conveyor, electrical appliances and engines.

Urbanization

In the modern understanding, urbanization is the increase in the population of large cities due to migration from rural areas. However, the transition to an industrial society was characterized by a broader interpretation of the concept.

Cities became not only places of work and migration, but also cultural and economic centers. It was the cities that became the boundary of the true division of labor - territorial.

The future of industrial society

Today in developed countries there is a transition from a modern industrial society to a post-industrial one. There is a change in the values ​​and criteria of human capital.

The engine of post-industrial society and its economy should be the knowledge industry. That's why scientific discoveries and new generation technological developments are playing a big role in many countries. Professionals with a high level of education, good learning ability, and creative thinking are considered valuable working capital. The dominant sector of the traditional economy will be the tertiary sector, that is, the service sector.

Typology of society

Modern societies differ in many ways, but they also have the same parameters according to which they can be typologized.

One of the main directions in the typology of society is the choice of political relations, forms of state power as the basis for identifying different types of society. For example, in Plato and Aristotle, societies differ in the type of government: monarchy, tyranny, aristocracy, oligarchy, democracy. IN modern versions This approach marks out the identification of totalitarian ones (the state determines all the main directions social life); democratic (the population can influence government structures) and authoritarian (combining elements of totalitarianism and democracy) societies.

The typology of society is based on Marxism’s distinction between societies according to the type of production relations in various socio-economic formations: primitive communal society (primitively appropriating mode of production); societies with the Asian mode of production (the presence of a special type of collective ownership of land); slave societies (ownership of people and use of slave labor); feudal (exploitation of peasants attached to the land); communist or socialist societies (equal treatment of all towards ownership of the means of production through the elimination of private property relations).

Traditional, industrial and post-industrial societies

The most stable typology in modern sociology is considered to be one based on the distinction of traditional, industrial and post-industrial societies.

Traditional society (also called simple and agrarian) is a society with an agricultural structure, sedentary structures and a method of sociocultural regulation based on traditions (traditional society). The behavior of individuals in it is strictly controlled, regulated by customs and norms of traditional behavior, established social institutions, among which the most important will be the family and community. Attempts at any social transformations and innovations are rejected. It is characterized by low rates of development and production. Important for this type of society is well-established social solidarity, which was established by Durkheim while studying the society of the Australian aborigines.

Traditional society is characterized by the natural division and specialization of labor (mainly by gender and age), personalization interpersonal communication(directly individuals, and not officials or persons of status), informal regulation of interactions (norms of unwritten laws of religion and morality), connection of members by kinship relations (family type of organization of the community), primitive system of community management (hereditary power, rule of elders).

Modern societies are distinguished by the following features: the role-based nature of interaction (people’s expectations and behavior are determined by social status and social functions individuals); developing deep division of labor (on a professional qualification basis related to education and work experience); a formal system for regulating relations (based on written law: laws, regulations, contracts, etc.); a complex system of social management (separation of the institute of management, special government bodies: political, economic, territorial and self-government); secularization of religion (its separation from the system of government); highlighting a variety of social institutions (self-reproducing systems of special relations that allow for social control, inequality, protection of their members, distribution of goods, production, communication).

These include industrial and post-industrial societies.

Industrial society is a type of organization of social life that combines the freedom and interests of the individual with general principles governing their joint activities. It is characterized by flexibility of social structures, social mobility, and a developed system of communications.

In the 1960s concepts of a post-industrial (information) society appear (D. Bell, A. Touraine, J. Habermas), caused by dramatic changes in the economy and culture of the most developed countries. The leading role in society is recognized as the role of knowledge and information, computer and automatic devices. An individual who has received the necessary education and has access to the latest information has an advantageous chance of moving up the social hierarchy. The main goal of a person in society becomes creative work.

The negative side of post-industrial society is the danger of strengthening social control on the part of the state, the ruling elite through access to information and electronic media and communication over people and society as a whole.

The life world of human society is increasingly subject to the logic of efficiency and instrumentalism. Culture, including traditional values, is destroyed under the influence of administrative control, which tends to standardize and unify social relations, social behavior. Society is increasingly subject to the logic of economic life and bureaucratic thinking.

Distinctive features of post-industrial society:

• - transition from the production of goods to a service economy;
• - the rise and dominance of highly educated vocational specialists;
• - the main role of theoretical knowledge as a source of discoveries and political decisions in society;
• - control over technology and the ability to assess the consequences of scientific and technical innovations;
• - decision-making based on the creation of intellectual technology, as well as using the so-called information technology.

The latter is brought to life by the needs of the information society that has begun to take shape. The emergence of such a phenomenon is by no means accidental. The basis of social dynamics in the information society is not traditional material resources, which are also largely exhausted, but information (intellectual) ones: knowledge, scientific, organizational factors, intellectual abilities of people, their initiative, creativity.

The concept of post-industrialism today has been developed in detail, has a lot of supporters and an ever-increasing number of opponents. Two main directions for assessing the future development of human society have emerged in the world: eco-pessimism and techno-optimism. Ecopessimism predicts a total global catastrophe in 2030 due to increasing environmental pollution; destruction of the Earth's biosphere. Techno-optimism paints a more rosy picture, suggesting that scientific and technological progress will cope with all the difficulties in the development of society.

IN modern world exist various forms societies that differ significantly from each other in many ways. In the same way, in the history of mankind one can notice that there were different types society

Typology of society

We examined society as if from the inside: its structural elements. But if we come to the analysis of society as an integral organism, but one of many, we will see that in the modern world there are different types of societies that differ sharply from each other in many respects. A retrospective look shows that society also went through various stages in its development.

It is known that any living, naturally developing organism, during the time from its inception to the cessation of existence, goes through a number of stages, which, in essence, are the same for all organisms belonging to this species, regardless of the specific conditions of their life. This statement is probably true to a certain extent for social communities considered as a single whole.

The typology of society is the definition of

a) what stages humanity goes through in its historical development;

b) what forms exist modern society.

By what criteria can one determine historical types, as well as various forms of modern society? Different sociologists have approached this problem in different ways.

So, English sociologist E. Giddens divides societies according to the main way of earning a living and distinguishes the following types of societies.

· Hunter-gatherer societies consist of a small number of people who support their existence by hunting, fishing and collecting edible plants. Inequality in these societies is low; differences in social status are determined by age and gender (the time of existence is from 50,000 BC to the present, although they are now on the verge of complete extinction).

· At the core agricultural societies- small rural communities; there are no cities. The main means of livelihood is agriculture, sometimes supplemented by hunting and gathering. These societies are characterized by greater inequality than hunter-gatherer societies; At the head of these societies are leaders. (duration of existence - from 12,000 BC to the present. Today, most of them are part of larger political entities and are gradually losing their specific character).

· Cattle Breeders' Societies are based on breeding domestic animals to satisfy material needs. The size of such societies varies from several hundred to thousands of people. These societies tend to be markedly unequal. They are controlled by chiefs or military leaders. The same period of time as agricultural societies. Today, pastoralist societies are also part of more large states; and their traditional way of life is being destroyed

· Traditional states, or Civilizations. In these societies the basis economic system There is still agriculture, but there are cities in which trade and production are concentrated. Among traditional states there are very large ones, with a population of many millions, although usually their size is small compared to large industrial countries. Traditional states have a special government apparatus, headed by a king or emperor. Between different classes there is significant inequality (dating from approximately 6000 BC to the nineteenth century). To date, traditional states have completely disappeared from the face of the earth. Although hunter-gatherer tribes, as well as pastoral and agricultural communities, continue to exist today, they can only be found in isolated areas. The cause of the destruction of societies that defined the entire human history two centuries ago was industrialization - the emergence of machine production based on the use of inanimate energy sources (such as steam and electricity). Industrial societies are in many ways fundamentally different from any of the previous types of social structure, and their development led to consequences that affected far beyond the borders of their European homeland.

· Industrial (industrial) societies based on industrial production, with a significant role given to free enterprise. Only a small part of the population is employed in agriculture; the vast majority of people live in cities. There is significant class inequality, although less pronounced than in traditional states. These societies constitute special political entities, or national states (duration of existence - from the eighteenth century to the present).

Industrial society – modern society. Until now, in relation to modern societies, they use their division into countries of the first, second and third world.

Ø Term first world denote the industrialized countries of Europe, Australia, Asia, as well as the United States and Japan. Almost all first world countries have adopted a multi-party parliamentary system of government.

Ø Countries second world called industrial societies that were part of the socialist camp (today such countries include societies with economies in transition, i.e. developing from a centralized state to a market system).

Ø Countries third world, in which most of the world's population lives, almost all were previously colonies. These are societies in which the majority of the population is engaged in agriculture, lives in rural areas and uses mainly traditional production methods. However, some agricultural products are sold on the world market. The level of industrialization of third world countries is low, the majority of the population is very poor. Some third world countries have a free enterprise system, others have a centrally planned system.

The most famous are two approaches to the typology of society: formational and civilizational.

A socio-economic formation is a historically specific type of society based on a specific mode of production.

Mode of production- this is one of the central concepts in Marxist sociology, characterizing a certain level of development of the entire complex public relations. The production method is the totality of production relations and productive forces. In order to obtain the means of living (to produce them), people must unite, cooperate, enter into certain relationships for joint activities, which are called production. Productive forces - This is the connection of people with a set of material resources in work: raw materials, tools, equipment, tools, buildings and structures. This the totality of material elements forms the means of production. Home integral part productive forces are, of course, themselves people (personal element) with their knowledge, skills and abilities.

Productive forces are the most flexible, mobile, continuously developing part this unity. Industrial relations are more inert, are inactive, slow in their change, but it is they who form the shell, the nutrient medium in which the productive forces develop. The inextricable unity of productive forces and production relations is called the mode of production, since it indicates the way in which the personal element of the productive forces is combined with the material, thereby forming a concrete, inherent this level development of society is a way of obtaining material wealth.

On the foundation basis (relations of production) grows up superstructure It represents, in essence, the totality of all other relations, “remaining minus production ones,” and containing many different institutions, such as the state, family, religion or various types of ideologies existing in society.

The main specificity of the Marxist position comes from the assertion that the nature of the superstructure is determined by the nature of the base. A historically specific stage of development of a given society, which is characterized by a specific mode of production and the corresponding superstructure, is called

socio-economic formation. Changing production methods (and the transition from one socio-economic formation to another) is caused antagonism between outdated relations of production and productive forces

who feel cramped in these old frameworks and break. Based on the formational approach, all human history is divided into

five socio-economic formations:

· primitive communal,

· slaveholding,

feudal

· capitalist,

· communist (including socialist society as its initial, first phase). Primitive communal system

(or primitive societies). Here the production method is characterized by:

2) elementary relations of production are based on social (or rather communal) ownership of the means of production; people cannot appear who could afford to professionally engage in management, science, religious rites, etc.;

3) it makes no sense to force prisoners to work: they will use everything they produce without a trace.

Slavery:

1) the level of development of the productive forces makes it possible to profitably turn captives into slaves;

2) the appearance of a surplus product creates the material prerequisites for the emergence of the state and for professional occupations religious activities, science and art (for a certain part of the population);

3) slavery as social institution defined as a form of ownership that gives one person the right to ownership of another.

Feudalism. The most developed feudal societies are characterized by the following features:

1) lord-vassal relationship;

2) monarchical form boards;

3) land ownership, based on the grant of feudal estates (fiefs) in exchange for service, primarily military;

4) the existence of private armies;

5) certain rights of landowners in relation to serfs;

6) the main object of property in the feudal socio-economic formation is land.

Capitalism. This type of economic organization is distinguished by the following features:

1) the presence of private property;

2) making a profit is the main motive of economic activity;

3) market economy;

4) appropriation of profit by capital owners;

5) ensuring the labor process by workers who act as free agents of production.

Communism. More a doctrine than a practice, this concept applies to societies in which none:

1) private property;

2) social classes and the state;

3) forced (“enslaving people”) division of labor;

4) commodity-money relations.

K. Marx argued that communist societies would gradually form after the revolutionary overthrow of capitalist societies.

The criterion of progress, according to Marx, is:

level of development of productive forces and a consistent increase in the share of surplus labor in the total volume of labor;

consistent increase in the degree of freedom of a working person during the transition from one formation to another.

The formational approach that Marx relied on in his analysis of society has been historically justified.

The needs of a more adequate understanding of modern society are met by an approach based on the analysis of civilizational revolutions. Civilizational approach more universal than formational. The development of civilizations is a more powerful, significant, long-term process than a change in formations. In modern sociology, on the issue of types of society, it is not so much Marx’s concept of the consistent change of socio-economic formations that dominates, but "triadic" scheme - types of agrarian, industrial and post-industrial civilization. In contrast to the formational typology of society, which is based on economic structures and certain production relations, the concept of “civilization” focuses attention not only on the economic and technological side, but on the totality of all forms of life activity of society - material-economic, political, cultural, moral, religious , aesthetic. In the civilizational scheme, priority is given to Not only most fundamental structure socio-historical activities - technology, But

to a greater extent - a set of cultural patterns, value guidelines, goals, motives, ideals. The concept of "civilization" has important in the classification of types of society. Stand out in history:

— civilizational revolutions agricultural

— (it took place 6-8 thousand years ago and carried out the transition of humanity from consumer to productive activity; industrial

— (XVII century);

— scientific and technical (mid-twentieth century); informational

(modern). Hence, in sociology, stable is

- division of societies into: pre-industrial (agrarian) or traditional

- (in the modern understanding - backward, basically agricultural, primitive, conservative, closed, unfree societies); industrial, technogenic

- (i.e., having a developed industrial basis, dynamic, flexible, free and open in the organization of social life); post-industrial

(i.e., societies of the most developed countries, the production basis of which is the use of the achievements of scientific-technical and scientific-technological revolutions and in which, due to the sharp increase in the role and importance of the latest science and information, significant structural social changes have occurred). understand pre-capitalist (pre-industrial) social structures of the agrarian type, in the culture of which traditions are the main method of social regulation. Traditional civilization covers not only the periods of antiquity and the Middle Ages; this type of social organization has survived to this day. Many countries of the so-called “third world” have the features of a traditional society. Its characteristic signs are:

agricultural orientation of the economy and extensive type of its development;

high level of dependence on natural climatic and geographical conditions of life;

conservatism in social relations and lifestyle; orientation not towards development, but towards the reconstruction and preservation of the established order and existing structures of social life;

negative attitude towards any innovations;

extensive and cyclical type of development;

priority of traditions, established norms, customs, authority;

high level of human dependence on social group and strict social control;

sharp limitation of individual freedom.

idea industrial society developed in the 50-60s by such famous US sociologists and Western Europe, like R. Dahrendorf, R. Aron, W. Rostow, D. Bell and others. Theories of industrial society are now being combined with technocratic concepts as well as convergence theory.

The concept of industrial society was first put forward by a French scientist Jean Fourastier in the book “The Great Hope of the 20th Century” (1949). The term “traditional society” was borrowed by him from the German sociologist M. Weber, the term “industrial society” - from A. Saint-Simon. In the history of mankind, Fourastier singled out two main stages:

· the period of traditional society (from the Neolithic to 1750-1800);

· the period of industrial society (from 1750-1800 to the present).

J. Fourastier pays his main attention to industrial society, which, in his opinion, is fundamentally different from traditional society.

An industrial society, in contrast to a traditional one, is a dynamically developing, progressive society. The source of its development is technological progress. And this progress changes not only production, but also society as a whole. It provides not only a significant overall increase in living standards, but also equalization of incomes of all segments of society. As a result, the underprivileged classes disappear in industrial society. Technical progress in itself solves all social problems, which makes a social revolution unnecessary. This work by J. Fourastier breathes optimism.

In general, the idea of ​​an industrial society did not become widespread for a long time. She became famous only after the appearance of the works of another French thinker - Raymond Aron, to whom its authorship is often attributed. R. Aron, like J. Fourastier, identified two main stage types of human society: traditional (agrarian) and industrial (rational). The first of them is characterized by the dominance of agriculture and animal husbandry, subsistence farming, the existence of classes, an authoritarian mode of government, the second is the dominance of industrial production, the market, equality of citizens before the law and democracy.

The transition from a traditional society to an industrial one was a huge advance in every way. Industrial (technogenic) civilization formed on the ruins of medieval society. Its basis was the development of mass machine production.

Historically, the emergence of industrial society was associated with such processes:

creation of national states united around a common language and culture;

commercialization of production and disappearance of the subsistence economy;

the dominance of machine production and the reorganization of production in the factory;

fall in the share of the working class employed in agricultural production;

urbanization of society;

growth of mass literacy;

enfranchisement of the population and institutionalization of politics around mass parties.