Abstract: Tolstoy L. n. Tolstoy’s criteria for assessing a person: spiritual growth and justice What Tolstoy values most in a person

Every writer and creator is, first of all, a person. Of course, he has his own passions, his own views on life, and principles. Therefore, the heroes he created for him, like living people, are also divided, as for us, readers, into loved ones - that is, into those who share his thoughts, and into strangers. And the point is not only that there are main characters, a lot of space is given to them, a lot of attention is paid to them on the pages of the work, and secondary ones. So it is in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace”. I believe that both captain Tushin and Timokhin, although they participate only in certain

Episodes, but also “from Tolstoy’s camp.” The author treats them with respect and sympathy, because, in his opinion, they constitute the best part of the Russian people.

Together with me." We see his arrogance in the capital's salons and the beauty and concrete help in the smoke and gunpowder of Shengraben, when the battery of Captain Tushin is evacuated, we feel his personal high impulse, “his Toulon” during the Battle of Austerlitz and the pride that he “serves here in the regiment ”, and does not sit at headquarters. On the Borodino field, he is united with the soldiers and officers by a sad, tragic feeling of loss and at the same time anger at the enemy who invaded his homeland. With what bitterness he speaks about the death of his father, the ruin of his estate - he speaks in Russian, in the same words as a simple Russian soldier: “I am from Smolensk.” Having always attached great importance to military strategy and tactics, before the Battle of Borodino he puts in first place the feeling of the offended pride of a patriot, discarding general phrases and talking about the specific meaning of the word “Motherland” for each person: “... I have a father, sister and son left in Lysykh Mountains." It is this understanding of his unity with the people in difficult times that fills the life of Prince Andrei with new content.

Let us remember Pierre Bezukhov with his thoughts: “What is bad? What well? What should you love, what should you hate? Why live and what am I? What is life, what is death? What power rules everything? So awkward, in many ways naive, he becomes strong when he needs to protect a friend, when he realizes himself as a “Russian Bezukhov” - the winner of Napoleon, when he takes on the solution of important problems - how to improve life throughout the country. Natasha Rostova, with her lively, emotional face, which shines with a happy smile from love for people and the world. This face is distorted with rage and anger when she sees how many residents of the capital, taking things away, abandon their relatives in Moscow. Thanks to her persistence, almost all of the Rostovs' carts were given to wounded soldiers and officers. The mercy of a Russian woman is embodied in this act, in her desperate cry-outburst: “Are we what kind of Germans?” On the last pages of the novel, Tolstoy portrays Natasha as a happy wife and mother. From the author’s point of view, a happy family life is the ideal of existence for a man and a woman. But we see the happiness of Natasha and Pierre not only in the prosperity and comfort of home, in the warmth of the family hearth, but, above all, in understanding each other, in the fact that Natasha lived “every minute of her husband’s life.”

Tolstoy's heroes live, develop, respond to events, strive for self-improvement and goodness for people. They live the life of their Fatherland in important moments for it. They are truly the favorite heroes of Tolstoy, who believes: “To live honestly, you have to rush, get confused, fight, make mistakes, start and quit, and start again, and quit again, and forever fight and rush about. And calmness is spiritual meanness.”

Compare with them the beautiful, dissolute Helen with her mask on her face - an expression that she copies from the faces of respected persons, the boring Julie Karagina, who, like fashion in a certain period, changes mood and language and sets up networks of “Penza forests and Nizhny Novgorod estates” with beautiful ones grooms. And what is Berg worth, building his life in someone else’s image and likeness, right down to the napkin on the table and the bowl of cookies, and buying “a wardrobe and a toilet” during the general retreat from Moscow! And Boris Drubetskoy, climbing up the steps of profitable acquaintances and patronages, not even disdaining to marry Julie, who is attractive to him (“I can always get a job so that I can see her less often”). He perceives even the announcement of a French attack not as stunning news, offensive and bitter for a real citizen, but as an opportunity to show others that he was the first to know about something.

Their way of life is a waste of time, and therefore there is no point in mentioning them in the epilogue, because what could seriously change in the life of these static mannequins of high society! Only Anatoly Kuragin, who didn’t even remember where he served, and apparently lives only for today, will change his fate, purifying him by participating in the Battle of Borodino and being seriously wounded. What was the reason for their static, patterned life, which does not arouse the reader’s interest? Let's turn to another hero, much more sympathetic and emotional, and go through the stages of his life. Nikolai Rostov is talented and lively, in his own way very decent, because he cannot break his word to Sonya, he considers it his duty to pay his father’s debts. At the call of romance, he leaves the university and goes to war as an ordinary cadet, disdainfully discarding letters of recommendation. He bullies the “staff” Bolkonsky, although he realizes that he would really like to have him as his friend.

But he will get scared near Shengraben, run like a hare, and ask to sit on the gun carriage with a slight wound. He does not understand the feat of Raevsky, who went ahead of the army with his teenage sons to raise the morale of the army. Having gone to defend an innocently injured comrade, he will not complete the job, because he will fall into an atmosphere of fanatical deification of the sovereign-emperor and will lose time in the crowd at the ceremonial meeting. By the way, Leo Tolstoy did not find a place for Nikolai Rostov on the Borodino field - it was at this time that he was in the rear taking care of the horses and the buffet table. In difficult times, he will help Princess Marya, then, having fallen in love with her, he will become her husband, will work hard on the estate, raising it after devastation, but he will not be able to fully understand his wife and will not love his children like Pierre. And the author will not give him such family happiness as Natasha and Pierre have.

Since 1812, many nobles and officers began to treat their serfs in a new way, because together with them, ordinary soldiers, partisans and militias, they defeated the enemy. And Nikolai, irritated by household chores, beats his serf so hard that he breaks the stone on his ring. It may well be that he beats the one who went with him to defend Russia. Many of the former officers thought about changing the political system, because “theft is in the courts, the army is one stick: shagistika, settlements - they torture the people, they stifle education. What’s young, honestly, is ruined!” Next to them are the future heroes of Senate Square - Pierre, Nikolinka Bolkonsky. Vasily Denisov sympathizes with them and will probably join.

Nikolai Rostov does not doubt their integrity, he could also go with them, but he takes the opposite side. According to Nikolai Rostov, nothing can be changed if state guidelines exist; there is no need to even think about it. He’s had this since his youth: to chop and not think, that’s all! Therefore, he can, mindlessly following Arakcheev’s order, “go with the squadron and cut down” against his family and friends...

According to Leo Tolstoy, it is the hard work of thought and heart that is the main sign of personality, the essence of a person. So, thought, the search for the meaning of being, one’s place in life, a lot of work on improving one’s own personality - this is what makes up the core of a real person, this is what Leo Tolstoy values and respects in people. This is what the author and his favorite heroes bequeath to us - the mysterious path to real human happiness.

(1 votes, average: 5.00 out of 5)

In the epic novel “War and Peace,” Tolstoy depicts a huge period of Russian life and sets out his philosophical views. One of the most important problems of the novel is the question of a person’s place in society, the meaning of his life. Revealing this problem, Tolstoy pays serious attention to the inner world of a person, the formation of his moral positions. The spiritual beauty of the author’s favorite heroes is manifested in the internal struggle of thoughts and feelings, in the tireless search for the meaning of life. For Tolstoy, moral traits are not initially given. The author believes that in order “to live honestly, you have to struggle, get confused, struggle and make mistakes, start and quit and start again, and quit again, and always fight and rush about. And calmness is spiritual meanness.” Each of Tolstoy’s favorite heroes forms his own moral character. His life path is a path of passionate quest leading to truth and goodness.
According to the author, many traits of a future personality are already laid down in the family, which is why he pays so much attention to depicting the Rostov, Bolkonsky, and Kuragin families. Tolstoy draws the Rostov family with great sympathy. He likes their attraction to the Russian people, their contempt for predation and careerism. The Rostovs' simplicity, widespread hospitality, lack of petty calculation, and generosity make this family very attractive. All the best traits of this family were embodied in Natasha Rostova. The author especially appreciates her naturalness, spontaneity, desire to live fully and interestingly. The richness of her nature is manifested in her ability to understand and come to the rescue. Natasha is a sensitive person and has subtle intuition. She lives not with her mind, but with her heart, and this helps her find deep spiritual connections with the world. All Tolstoy’s favorite heroes strive to find harmony with the world. But if Natasha achieves this naturally, thanks to the fullness of her nature, then Prince Andrei and Pierre go through a number of serious trials and disappointments.
The most significant test for all the heroes was the War of 1812. It is in this critical situation that the best qualities of Tolstoy's heroes are most clearly manifested. Captivated by a feeling of deep patriotism, Prince Andrei sacrifices his career and leaves headquarters in order to honestly fulfill his military duty. On the eve of the Battle of Borodino, he says to Pierre: “Believe me, if anything depended on the orders of the headquarters, I would have been there... but instead I have the honor of serving here in the regiment... and I believe that tomorrow will really depend on us, and not from them.” Both Pierre and Prince Andrei understand that the people are accomplishing a great feat in the fight against Napoleon’s army. Both of them strive to be involved in this feat, to participate in the Battle of Borodino, but not for the sake of “their Toulon,” but sharing the fate of Russia. It was this battle that played a decisive role in shaping the moral character of the heroes. Pierre felt his spiritual unity with the people for the first time on the battlefield. “The hidden warmth of patriotism”, “the common spirit of the army” united both the “young officer”, and Pierre, and the “red-faced” soldier. It was this spiritual unity during the battle that allowed Tolstoy to claim that the Russian army won a moral victory on the Borodino field, one “that convinces the enemy of the moral superiority of his enemy and of his powerlessness.” Having experienced spiritual unity with the people, Pierre strives to get closer to them, he decides: “To be a soldier, just a soldier!” Andrei Bolkonsky, after the Battle of Borodino and a mortal wound, rises to understand the meaning of Christian love: “Compassion, love for brothers, for those who love, love for enemies - yes, the love that God preached on earth, which Princess Marya taught me and which I did not understand ... this is what was still left for me if I were alive.” The idea of Christian love underlies the image of Platon Karataev. The author writes: “He loved and lived lovingly with everyone with whom life brought him, and especially with man.” Communication with Platon Karataev taught Pierre to appreciate the simplicity and naturalness of folk life. Simplicity is submission to God; you can't escape him. Unlike Platon Karataev, whose personality dissolved in the popular environment, Pierre retains his individuality, he strives to “unite in his soul the meaning of everything,” and this helps him find harmony with the world.
Natasha also finds harmony in her closeness to the Russian people; she loves folk songs, customs, and music. Emphasizing the heroine’s spiritual connection with the people, Tolstoy writes that she “knew how to understand everything that was in Anisya, and in Anisya’s father, and in her aunt, and in her mother, and in every Russian person.” He connects the richness of the inner world of Tolstoy’s beloved heroes with their attitude towards their native nature. Before the Battle of Borodino, Prince Andrei recalls how Natasha tried to convey to him “that passionately poetic feeling” that she experienced when she got lost in the forest and met an old beekeeper there. “This old man was such a charm,” says Natasha, “and it’s so dark in the forest... and he was so kind... no, I don’t know how to tell.” Spiritual beauty and a sense of harmony with the world are the result of the constant internal development of these people. The author strives to show the subtlest shades of the spiritual life of the heroes, to reproduce “the mental process itself” of their moral improvement. Various impressions constantly accumulate in the souls of the heroes, which then lead to drastic changes in their spiritual development.
It is interesting that none of the characters morally alien to Tolstoy are shown in development. The inner world of these people is very poor, and the author does not consider it necessary to reproduce it. Thus, for Tolstoy, the moral value of a person is determined by his ability to have a great spiritual life.

The first work by L.N. Tolstoy's story "Childhood" was written during the Caucasian War. Having finished working on it, Tolstoy sent the story to Nekrasov for publication in the Sovremennik magazine. Tom liked it extremely much and wrote a rave review.

“In your story there is something that our society lacks today: the truth and only the truth, which is so little left in Russian literature since the time of Gogol.”.

This assessment was the most important for Tolstoy, since this was his main literary goal - to show the world as it is, without embellishment. Later a continuation was written, the stories “Adolescence” and “Youth”.

According to the original plan, Tolstoy also wanted to write “Youth,” but did not do so, because he decided that all the ideas of the supposed “Youth” had already been embodied in his other works.

Features of the trilogy “Childhood”, “Adolescence” and “Youth”

The duration of each of these stories is a day or two, no more, because Tolstoy believed that the day is the main unit of human life or society. The day provides an opportunity to see the hero from all sides, to show him in all his glory. In one day you can show both the hero’s conflict with the environment and his conflict with his own shortcomings (Tolstoy showed this in the example of his diaries).

The main criterion in assessing a person is his capacity for spiritual growth. That is why Tolstoy considers it necessary to record all the moral mistakes made during the day - so as not to repeat them in the future. A person who is able to become a better person thanks to such an analysis of his behavior is a strong person.

Justice as a criterion for assessing a person

Partly reminiscent of the trilogy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth” and another work of Tolstoy, created at the dawn of his work - “Sevastopol Stories”, dedicated to military events in the Caucasus. Also following here the principle of “the truth and only the truth,” as Nekrasov called it, Tolstoy completely refuses to present war in a romantic light, he strives to show his reader that real war is only pain, blood, dirt and horror.

However, there is also another important evaluation criterion Thick human personality - justice. In his narrative, Tolstoy is practically devoid of evaluativeness and partiality; he writes with equal respect about his allies and opponents.

In his opinion, people cannot be divided into “good” and “bad”, into black and white. People are different and changing. Tolstoy compared people to rivers: a river is narrow in one place, wide in another; The water in it is sometimes cloudy, sometimes clear, sometimes warm, sometimes cold. And one cannot judge this categorically, since every person can change and grow spiritually.

Every writer and creator is, first of all, a person. Of course, he has his own passions, his own views on life, and principles. Therefore, the heroes he created for him, like living people, are also divided, as for us, readers, into loved ones - that is, into those who share his thoughts, and into strangers. And the point is not only that there are main characters, a lot of space is given to them, a lot of attention is paid to them on the pages of the work, and secondary ones. So it is in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace”. I believe that both Captain Tushin and Timokhin, although they participate only in certain episodes, are also “from Tolstoy’s camp.” The author treats them with respect and sympathy, because, in his opinion, they constitute the best part of the Russian people.

L.N. Tolstoy embodies his understanding of the essence of man in the destinies of the heroes of the work. Let us remember the noble, intelligent and beautiful in actions and aspirations of Andrei Bolkonsky. After many ups and downs and catastrophic disappointments, he craves not fame, but a socially useful cause: “It is necessary that everyone knows me, so that my life goes on not only for me, so that they do not live independently of my life, so that it is reflected on everyone and so that they all lived with me." We see his arrogance in the capital's salons and the beauty and concrete help in the smoke and gunpowder of Shengraben, when Captain Tushin's battery is evacuated, we feel his personal high impulse, “his Toulon” during the Battle of Austerlitz and the pride that he “serves here in the regiment ", and does not sit at headquarters. On the Borodino field, he is united with the soldiers and officers by a sad, tragic feeling of loss and at the same time anger at the enemy who invaded his homeland. With what bitterness he speaks about the death of his father, the ruin of his estate - he speaks in Russian, in the same words as a simple Russian soldier: “I am from Smolensk.” Having always attached great importance to military strategy and tactics, before the Battle of Borodino he puts in first place the feeling of the offended pride of a patriot, discarding general phrases and talking about the specific meaning of the word “Motherland” for each person: “... I am left with a father, sister and son in Bald Mountains. It is this understanding of his unity with the people in difficult times that fills the life of Prince Andrei with new content.

Let us remember Pierre Bezukhov with his thoughts: “What is bad? What is good? What should we love, what should we hate? Why live and what am I? What is life, what is death? What power rules everything?” So awkward, in many ways naive, he becomes strong when he needs to protect a friend, when he realizes himself as a “Russian Bezukhov” - the winner of Napoleon, when he takes on the solution of important problems - how to improve life throughout the country. Natasha Rostova, with her lively, emotional face, which shines with a happy smile from love for people and the world. This face is distorted with rage and anger when she sees how many residents of the capital, taking things away, abandon their relatives in Moscow. Thanks to her persistence, almost all of the Rostovs' carts were given to wounded soldiers and officers. The mercy of the Russian woman is embodied in this act, in her desperate cry-outburst: “Are we what kind of Germans?” On the last pages of the novel, Tolstoy portrays Natasha as a happy wife and mother. From the author’s point of view, a happy family life is the ideal of existence for a man and a woman. But we see the happiness of Natasha and Pierre not only in the prosperity and comfort of home, in the warmth of the family hearth, but, above all, in understanding each other, in the fact that Natasha lived “every minute of her husband’s life.”

Tolstoy's heroes live, develop, respond to events, strive for self-improvement and goodness for people. They live the life of their Fatherland in important moments for it. They are truly the favorite heroes of Tolstoy, who believes: “To live honestly, you have to rush, get confused, fight, make mistakes, start and quit, and start again, and quit again, and always struggle and rush about. And calmness is spiritual meanness.”

Compare with them the beautiful, dissolute Helen with her mask on her face - an expression that she copies from the faces of respected persons, the boring Julie Karagina, who, like fashion in a certain period, changes mood and language and sets up networks of “Penza forests and Nizhny Novgorod estates” with beautiful ones grooms. And what is Berg worth, building his life in someone else’s image and likeness, right down to the napkin on the table and the bowl of cookies, and buying “a wardrobe and a toilet” during the general retreat from Moscow! And Boris Drubetskoy, climbing up the steps of profitable acquaintances and patronage, not even disdaining to marry Julie, who is attractive to him (“I can always get a job so that I can see her less often”). He perceives even the announcement of a French attack not as stunning news, offensive and bitter for a real citizen, but as an opportunity to show others that he was the first to know about something.

Since 1812, many nobles and officers began to treat their serfs in a new way, because together with them, ordinary soldiers, partisans and militias, they defeated the enemy. And Nikolai, irritated by household chores, beats his serf so hard that he breaks the stone on his ring. It may well be that he beats the one who went with him to defend Russia. Many of the former officers thought about changing the political system, because “there is theft in the courts, there is only one stick in the army: shagistika, settlements - they torture the people, they stifle education. What is young, honestly, is ruined!” Next to them are the future heroes of Senate Square - Pierre, Nikolinka Bolkonsky. Vasily Denisov sympathizes with them and will probably join.

Clarification.

Kom-men-ta-rii to so-chi-ne-ni-yam

2.1. What moral lessons did you learn from Prince Igor’s unsuccessful move? (Based on “The Tale of Igo-re-ve’s Regiment.”)

The main idea of “The Word...” is the thought of the unity of the Russian land. The author turns to Igor’s story in order to passionately, completely defend this idea. The view of the author is primarily in-te-re-sy of Ro-di-na as a whole, and not the honor of the princes. Since Igor’s encouragement was to protect the Ro-di-na, in the process the prince showed courage and loyalty to his brother in captivity, the author of “The Tale of Igo-re-ve’s Campaign” glorifies the prince, although he does not welcome his campaign. The prince is a man of his era. The attractive qualities of his personality come into conflict with recklessness and egoism, since the prince cares more about his honor than about the honor of his family. That's why, despite the visible personal sym- pa-tia to Prince Igor, the author still underlines in the hero not in-di-vi -du-al-noe, but the common thing is that he is related to other like-like princes, self-love and not-distant-view -ness of which led to the internecine struggle, once again and ultimately to the unity of Rus' as a state states.

2.2. What does V.V. Ma-yakovsky see as the poet’s purpose?

In Ma-ya-kov’s poem “An Unusual Attraction...” there is a theme of two suns - the sun of light and the suns -tsa in e-zia, which is developed in pro-iz-ve-de-niy and further, is very accurate and accurate incarnation in the traditional image of “two trunks of suns”, from one trunk of which you -there are sheaves of light, and from the other - light in e-zia. Before the power of this weapon, the “wall of shadows, the nights of the prison” prostrates itself. The poet and the sun act together, replacing each other. The poet says that when he “gets tired” and wants to “lie down” with the Sun, then he “will be able to do all the light - and again the day will ring.” nit-sha.”

To be sure, the poet names a specific place of action. The sun in the poem appears as a meta-fo-ri-che-like image of the poet (“There are two of us, then”) . The poet calls for “Shine always, shine everywhere...”, seeing in this the poet’s main purpose. So, po-ezia is needed, and what’s more, it simply doesn’t matter to people, like the sun. And here it is no coincidence that the comparison of the present-day with the light, which has long been considered a symbol -the scrap of life on earth, without which there would be neither heat nor light. Poems warm the soul of every person, filling it with the eternal fire of life, making one realize that one is not away from oneself -my part of a huge world.

2.3. The meaning of the name of A. S. Push-ki-na’s ro-ma-na “Ka-pi-tan’s daughter.”

In the very name “Ka-pi-tan’s daughter” there is a union of two worlds: the private and the public. The news about-le-che-but in the form of “family za-pi-juice”. The name of the ro-ma-na under-cher-ki-va-et is indirect from the central heroes to the history: Masha - Ka-pi-tan's daughter, Gri-ne-va - the noble's son. All ongoing events are assessed primarily from a moral, human point of view, that very important for the author himself. The name is, in fact, closely connected with the image of Masha Mir-ro-nova. In production, faith in a person is affirmed, in the unconditional value of his feelings, in the triumph of goodness, honestly -sti, blessings. All these qualities are embodied in the image of a simple de-vush-ki - do-che-ri ka-pi-ta-na Mi-ro-no-va.

2.4. What does L.N. Tolstoy value most in a person? (For example, 1-2 pro-iz-ve-de-nyi according to the student’s choice.)

In the pro-iz-ve-de-ni-yah of Russian pi-sa-te-leys you can find answers to the most vital questions. Questions that no science can answer, questions about people’s inter-relationships , mo-ra-li, morality. This is precisely why li-te-ra-tu-ra is a special art.

In the story by L. Tol-sto-go “After the Ball” the writer sets the chi-ta-te-ley for-thinking over the same temper -we are ka-te-go-ri-i-mi, as honor, duty, conscience, which are at all times responsible- a special person for everything that happens to him and to society. To these times-le-ni-yams we are led by the very composition of the story, built on the pro-ti-in-place -nii kar-tin ball and na-ka-za-niya run-lo-go sol-da-ta, re-given through the re-re-pri-tion of a mo-lo-do-go person -ve-ka Ivan Va-si-lie-vi-cha. It is he who has to understand “what is good and what is bad”, evaluate what he sees and make a choice of his future destiny .

The hot-blooded, impressive young man, for the first time in his life, was faced with severe injustice, with un-justice -I eat something of great value, which is manifested by us even not in relation to him. He saw that the terrible power over man was exercised in the usual way, habitually by man, who Not long ago, he himself was kind and cheerful at the ball.

Horror at what he saw entered the living soul of the young man; he “was so ashamed” that he “lowered his eyes” and “wanted to leave.” home". Why didn’t I interfere in what was going on, didn’t express my dis-agreement, didn’t blame the same -ko-sti and without-soul-shii half-cov-no? Probably, because such a terrible scene, seen for the first time, simply stunned the young man -ka, and I was also confused by the sincerity with which the colonel behaved at the same time. “Obviously, he knows something that I don’t know,” Ivan Vasilievich once thought. “If I knew what he knows, I wouldn’t know what I saw, and it wouldn’t torment me.” From the story we learn that Ivan Va-si-lye-vi-chu failed to “get to the root” in his thoughts. But his conscience did not allow him to become a military man in his later life, because he could not do so “according to the law” of his ancestors. hang out with a person, serve a hundred.

The author develops objective social conditions that create false morals for people -nye ka-te-go-ries, but the emphasis in this story is made precisely on the responsibility of everyone for the fact that he believes -sha-et in life.

Abstract: Tolstoy L. n. Tolstoy’s criteria for assessing a person: spiritual growth and justice What Tolstoy values ​​most in a person

Features of the trilogy “Childhood”, “Adolescence” and “Youth”

Justice as a criterion for assessing a person

Abstract: Tolstoy L. n. Tolstoy’s criteria for assessing a person: spiritual growth and justice What Tolstoy values most in a person