Characteristics of officials from dead souls table. Officialdom in the poem “Dead Souls. Traditional motives in the depiction of officials

The motive of rejection of the modern way of life can be seen quite clearly in all of Gogol’s works. This is “Taras Bulba” together with “Old World Landowners”, where Gogol turns to romanticism as a method in order to, in contrast with the past, show all the pettiness and emptiness of present life. These are the St. Petersburg stories, where this motive is so obvious and strong that there is even special meaning in writing about it. These are, finally, the main (according to many) works of Gogol - Dead Souls and The Inspector General. There, modern life is personified by the bureaucratic class. This is what our conversation will be about.

In The Inspector General, officials are the main characters on whom all of Gogol's satire is focused. In “Dead Souls” it’s a little different. Despite the fact that the poem mainly focuses its attention on landowners, and not on officials, starting from the seventh chapter, they begin to play an important role in the work, which must be understood if we want to comprehend the entire complex meaning of the work.

Let’s start, perhaps, with “The Inspector General,” since this work was written by Gogol while writing the first volume of “Dead Souls,” and understanding the image of officials in “The Inspector General” helps to understand the image of officials in “Dead Souls.” The miracle and genius of the comedy, in my opinion, lies in the fact that Gogol portrayed the image of each individual landowner in such a way that he does not lose his individuality, but, at the same time, represents himself as part of this class, unloved by Gogol.

Each official has his own distinctive features and characteristics. Anton Antonovich, for example, does not miss what “floats into his hands”, he is cunning, he loves to embezzle government money, as happened with the church under construction. He is one of the main persons of the philosophy that Nikolai Vasilyevich denies. It appears from time to time in his phrases in conversations with other officials.

The mayor is a swindler, a bribe-taker, who is afraid of only one thing - his superiors. That's why he was so distraught when he learned about the arrival of the auditor. The fear of punishment clouded his and other officials' reason. So much so that they mistook Khlestakov, a petty liar, for a significant person.

Other “city fathers” do not lag behind the mayor. Judge Lyapkin-Tyapkin is a fan of hound hunting. He takes bribes exclusively with greyhound puppies. Among other officials he is known as a freethinker, since he “read five or six books” (one senses Gogol’s irony). He is less afraid than others, because he is calm that no one will look into his court. Artemy Filippovich Zemlyanika is a “pig in a yarmulke,” a trustee of charitable institutions who keeps a German doctor who does not understand anything in Russian.

Alogisms in general are often found in the work. Strawberry ultimately betrays all his comrades to Khlestakov, exposing his nature. Luka Lukich Khlopov is an extremely stupid and empty person. He is a trustee of educational institutions and is always complaining about teachers. Finally, postmaster Shpekin, who spends his leisure time opening other people's letters and reading them. Ultimately, this “feature” of his reveals Khlestakov.

Moreover, Shpekin does not even understand that he is committing a bad act, but is only afraid of the fact that he is opening letters from high-ranking people. Despite the differences between these people, they are all part of a single whole. They are all slackers and do not care at all about the people entrusted to them. And if you leave out all the comedy, it becomes really scary.

As for Gogol’s poem, the officials are given the first chapter, as well as all the following after the 7th. Despite the absence of detailed and detailed images similar to the landowner heroes, the picture of bureaucratic life is strikingly accurate and expressive. He depicts this reality in an amazingly lapidary way, applying only certain “strokes”, like an embroidering governor and prosecutor, about whom nothing can be said other than his eyebrows. Another thing is also noteworthy.

Nikolai Vasilyevich in the poem carries out a certain classification of officials. In particular, in the first chapter, when describing the ball, there are “thin” and “thick”. Accordingly, the “fat” ones are the elite, already in years, settled down, benefiting from their position, and the “thin” ones are young, impulsive people. Chapter 7 describes the office, where there are the so-called “lower” ones - clerks, whose only occupation is to eavesdrop on different stories.

Sobakevich gives the officials a rather vicious but accurate description: “The swindler sits on the swindler and drives the swindler around.” All officials mess around, cheat, steal, offend the weak and tremble before the strong. All of them are a faceless mass, similar to “a squadron of flies that swoop down on the tasty morsels of refined sugar.”

Their behavior after the revelation of Chichikov’s scam and their attitude towards him in general are noteworthy. Chichikov, a master of communication, managed to win over each of them through flattery. And then, when his plan was revealed because of Nozdryov, the officials at first did not believe it, and then began to fear for themselves and their place. So much so that the prosecutor dies. After which it is discovered that he has a soul. Gogol's irony, as always, is felt.

But you really feel uneasy when you read “the story of Captain Kopeikin.” Her casual style of presentation is in direct contrast to her message. A person who has bled for his fatherland cannot receive help. Even the most basic. And this is to blame for the officials - the most diverse. Starting from the provincial secretary to the highest St. Petersburg dignitary. All of them are cold towards the misfortune of others and the fate of their state.

Summing up the above, we understand that the bureaucracy in both personifies everything that Nikolai Vasilyevich is struggling with. Namely - the purposelessness of existence, stupidity, spiritual emptiness and lawlessness in relation to people. This is precisely what explains their faceless images.

Relevance of images

In the artistic space of one of Gogol's most famous works, landowners and people in power are connected with each other. Lies, bribery and the desire for profit characterize each of the images of officials in Dead Souls. It’s amazing with what ease and ease the author draws essentially disgusting portraits, and so skillfully that you don’t doubt for a minute the authenticity of each character. Using the example of officials in the poem “Dead Souls,” the most pressing problems of the Russian Empire of the mid-19th century were shown. In addition to serfdom, which hampered natural progress, the real problem was the extensive bureaucratic apparatus, for the maintenance of which huge sums were allocated. People in whose hands power was concentrated worked only to accumulate their own capital and improve their well-being, robbing both the treasury and ordinary people. Many writers of that time addressed the topic of exposing officials: Gogol, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Dostoevsky.

Officials in "Dead Souls"

In “Dead Souls” there are no separately described images of civil servants, but nevertheless, the life and characters are shown very accurately. Images of city N officials appear from the first pages of the work. Chichikov, who decided to pay a visit to each of the powerful, gradually introduces the reader to the governor, vice-governor, prosecutor, chairman of the chamber, police chief, postmaster and many others. Chichikov flattered everyone, as a result of which he managed to win over every important person, and all this is shown as a matter of course. In the bureaucratic world, pomp reigned, bordering on vulgarity, inappropriate pathos and farce. Thus, during a regular dinner, the governor’s house was lit up as if for a ball, the decoration was blinding, and the ladies were dressed in their best dresses.

The officials in the county town were of two types: the first were subtle and followed the ladies everywhere, trying to charm them with bad French and greasy compliments. Officials of the second type, according to the author, resembled Chichikov himself: neither fat nor thin, with round pockmarked faces and slicked hair, they looked sideways, trying to find an interesting or profitable business for themselves. At the same time, everyone tried to harm each other, to do some kind of meanness, usually this happened because of the ladies, but no one was going to fight over such trifles. But at dinners they pretended that nothing was happening, discussed Moscow News, dogs, Karamzin, delicious dishes and gossiped about officials of other departments.

When characterizing the prosecutor, Gogol combines the high and the low: “he was neither fat nor thin, had Anna on his neck, and it was even rumored that he was introduced to a star; however, he was a great good-natured man and sometimes even embroidered on tulle himself...” Note that nothing is said here about why this man received the award - the Order of St. Anne is given to “those who love truth, piety and fidelity,” and is also awarded for military merit. But no battles or special episodes where piety and loyalty were mentioned are mentioned at all. The main thing is that the prosecutor is engaged in handicrafts, and not in his official duties. Sobakevich speaks unflatteringly about the prosecutor: the prosecutor, they say, is an idle person, so he sits at home, and a lawyer, a well-known grabber, works for him. There is nothing to talk about here - what kind of order can there be if a person who does not understand the issue at all is trying to solve it while an authorized person is embroidering on tulle.

A similar technique is used to describe the postmaster, a serious and silent man, short, but witty and philosopher. Only in this case, various qualitative characteristics are combined into one row: “short”, “but a philosopher”. That is, here growth becomes an allegory for the mental abilities of this person.

The reaction to worries and reforms is also shown very ironically: from new appointments and the number of papers, civil servants are losing weight (“And the chairman lost weight, and the inspector of the medical board lost weight, and the prosecutor lost weight, and some Semyon Ivanovich ... and he lost weight”), but there were and those who courageously kept themselves in their previous form. And meetings, according to Gogol, were only successful when they could go out for a treat or have lunch, but this, of course, is not the fault of the officials, but the mentality of the people.

Gogol in “Dead Souls” depicts officials only at dinners, playing whist or other card games. Only once does the reader see officials at the workplace, when Chichikov came to draw up a bill of sale for the peasants. The department unequivocally hints to Pavel Ivanovich that things will not be done without a bribe, and there is nothing to say about a quick resolution of the issue without a certain amount. This is confirmed by the police chief, who “only has to blink when passing a fish row or a cellar,” and balyks and good wines appear in his hands. No request is considered without a bribe.

Officials in “The Tale of Captain Kopeikin”

The most cruel story is about Captain Kopeikin. A disabled war veteran, in search of truth and help, travels from the Russian hinterland to the capital to ask for an audience with the Tsar himself. Kopeikin’s hopes are dashed by a terrible reality: while cities and villages are in poverty and lacking money, the capital is chic. Meetings with the king and high-ranking officials are constantly postponed. Completely desperate, Captain Kopeikin makes his way into the reception room of a high-ranking official, demanding that his question be immediately put forward for consideration, otherwise he, Kopeikin, will not leave the office. The official assures the veteran that now the assistant will take the latter to the emperor himself, and for a second the reader believes in a happy outcome - he rejoices along with Kopeikin, riding in the chaise, hopes and believes in the best. However, the story ends disappointingly: after this incident, no one met Kopeikin again. This episode is actually frightening, because human life turns out to be an insignificant trifle, the loss of which will not suffer at all to the entire system.

When Chichikov’s scam was revealed, they were in no hurry to arrest Pavel Ivanovich, because they could not understand whether he was the kind of person who needed to be detained, or the kind who would detain everyone and make them guilty. The characteristics of officials in “Dead Souls” can be the words of the author himself that these are people who sit quietly on the sidelines, accumulate capital and arrange their lives at the expense of others. Extravagance, bureaucracy, bribery, nepotism and meanness - this is what characterized the people in power in Russia in the 19th century.

Work test

N.V. Gogol was outraged by the fact that officials were leading the country not to development, but to decline. That is why he portrayed them exactly as they really are. The writer was criticized for this truth.

All the officials are hand-picked. They are no different from each other, except that some like to chat about trifles, while others are silent, since they have nothing to say. All of them are spiritually dead, they have no interests, they do not care about the fate of ordinary people whom they must help according to the responsibilities assigned to them.

The world of officials is a world full of holidays, entertainment and bribes. Without exception, everyone does nothing until they receive a reward. Their wives do not work or do anything, which makes it clear that officials make great money from bribes. Together they lead an idle lifestyle. Officials love to get together and play cards all day and night.

The world of officials is full of selfishness, deception, meanness and undeserved money. This world is full of dead souls, that’s exactly what all the officials were like. Here, betrayal and meanness are regarded as commonplace. Officials do not understand that they live an unworthy life. In their understanding, they have achieved a lot and occupy a high position, so they must be respected.

Officials are a special social stratum, a “link” between the people and the authorities. This is a special world, living by its own laws, guided by its own moral principles and concepts. The topic of exposing the depravity and limitations of this class is topical at all times. Gogol dedicated a number of works to her, using the techniques of satire, humor, and subtle irony.

Arriving in the provincial town of N, Chichikov pays visits to the city's dignitaries in accordance with etiquette, which prescribes visiting the most significant persons first. The first on this “list” was the mayor, to whom “the hearts of the citizens trembled with an abundance of gratitude,” and the last was the city architect. Chichikov acts on the principle: “Don’t have money, have good people to work with.”

What was the provincial city like, about whose welfare the mayor was so “concerned”? There is “bad lighting” on the streets, and the house of the “father” of the city is like a “bright comet” against the background of the dark sky. In the park the trees “became ill”; in the province - crop failures, high prices, and in a brightly lit house - a ball for officials and their families. What can you say about the people gathered here? - Nothing. Before us are “black tailcoats”: no names, no faces. Why are they here? – Show yourself, make the right contacts, have a good time.

However, “tailcoats” are not uniform. “Thick” (they know how to manage things better) and “thin” (people who are not adapted to life). “Fat” people buy real estate, registering it in their wife’s name, while “thin” people let everything they have accumulated go down the drain.

Chichikov is going to make a deed of sale. The “white house” opens to his gaze, which speaks of the purity of the “souls of the positions located in it.” The image of the priests of Themis is limited to a few characteristics: “wide necks”, “lots of paper”. The voices are hoarse among the lower ranks, majestic among the bosses. The officials are more or less enlightened people: some have read Karamzin, and some “have not read anything at all.”

Chichikov and Manilov “move” from one table to another: from the simple curiosity of youth - to Ivan Antonovich Kuvshinny’s snout, full of arrogance and vanity, creating the appearance of work in order to receive the due reward. Finally, the chairman of the chamber, shining like the sun, completes the deal, which must be noted, which is carried out with the light hand of the police chief - a “benefactor” in the city, receiving twice as much income as all his predecessors.

The extensive bureaucratic apparatus in pre-revolutionary Russia was a true disaster for the people. Therefore, it is natural that the satirical writer pays attention to him, sharply criticizing bribery, sycophancy, emptiness and vulgarity, low cultural level, and the unworthy attitude of bureaucrats towards their fellow citizens.

Who did not become first of all
man, he is a bad citizen.
V.G. Belinsky

In his poem, Gogol mercilessly castigates officials with the light of satire. They are like a collection of strange and unpleasant insects collected by the author. Not a very attractive image, but are the officials themselves pleasant? If we remember that all these “statesmen” are in the service; if we remember that Gogol described the province (where the picture of the state is most typical); If we remember that Gogol was very criticized (which most clearly shows the veracity of the poem, despite all the grotesquery) for his work, it becomes truly scary for Russia, for the form in which it existed. Let's take a closer look at this eerie collection.

Russia has always been divided by modern critics into two parts: the peasantry, the people, and the landowners and officials. Here it would be necessary to add a third layer, which was still emerging at that time; his representative is Chichikov. He is like a pale toadstool growing on the bodies of landowners collapsing into oblivion. But was the landowner and bureaucratic layer really doomed? After all, the state existed, and it seemed to be good...

What is an urban society? In his description, Gogol used one, but very vivid image: officials “... flashed and rushed separately and in heaps here and there, like flies rushed,... and air squadrons..., lifted by light air, take off boldly, like full the owners... not to eat, but just to show themselves...” With one comparison, Gogol immediately shows the great Emptiness, Emptiness with a capital V, reigning in the minds and souls of officials.

What are landowners and officials like individually? Let's start with the “statesmen” who are in service, personifying state power; on which the life of the people depends.

Prosecutor. His “silence” and “seriousness,” taken by everyone as a sign of a great mind, are only evidence that he simply has nothing to say. It is clear that he is the biggest bribe-taker: the news of “dead souls” and the worries associated with it shock him so much that he, unable to withstand the enormous, all-consuming fear... dies.

Here is the chairman of the chamber. He is a “very” reasonable “amiable person”. All! This is where his characterization ends. Nothing is said about this person’s hobbies or inclinations - there’s simply nothing to talk about!

The postmaster is not much better than the rest. Only during the card game is a “thinking face” depicted on his face. The rest of the time he is “talkative.” But nothing is said about the content of the speeches. Obviously, as unnecessary.

One should not think that there are important differences between landowners and officials. Both are endowed with power that brings money.

Chichikov successively visits four landowners in the poem. A visit to Manilov shows the highest degree of emptiness and worthlessness. Manilov, about whom it can be said that his hobby - dreams - turned into a “profession”, brought his farm to such a state in which everything is collapsing from airy dilapidation and instability. One can guess about the future fate of Manilovka and the estate: they will be mortgaged if they do not fall apart first.

Korobochka and Plyushkin. These are two forms of the same phenomenon: senseless and greedy hoarding. This greed is brought to the point of absurdity: Korobochka and Plyushkin differ only in the size of the smallest and most worthless object, dragged into the house, into chests, and generally “inside.” Both Korobochka and Plyushkin have complete isolation and isolation from the world, in one it is expressed in a solid fence and chained dogs, in sitting at home all the time; the other - in misanthropism, hatred of all potential wasters, and, as a consequence, of all people. Plyushkin's farm is already ruined remains; Korobochka's farm is a “fortress”, ready to become moldy and collapse within itself.

Sobakevich is a strong owner. It seems that it is his farm - strong, although uncouth, made of oak - that will last the longest. The peasants live relatively well... Although we don’t know if this is so - we know about the peasants of Sobakevich only from their dwellings - gray but strong huts. One can guess that Sobakevich keeps his peasants under strict discipline. Who can guarantee that in some bad year the peasants will not rebel and sweep away Sobakevich with his family and estate? The Russian revolt will be all the more senseless and merciless because peasants from Manilovki, Vshivy Spesei and other villages will probably join it.

And here is Chichikov, by position an official, by intentions a landowner, by nature a crafty slave, humiliating himself before the right person. “By adapting, people want to preserve themselves, and at the same time they lose themselves,” said Russian essayist M.I. Prishvin. This is very similar to Chichikov. Looking at the masks under which Chichikov hides, one can barely see his true face as a scoundrel and opportunist. But the failures that haunt him are an inevitable consequence of his machinations directed against people.

As for the environment in which such ugly personal computers appeared, they shaped it, adjusted it to themselves. The environment, musty and dark, produced more and more officials and landowners serving it. Only a revolution could break this vicious circle, which ultimately took place after 1861 and 1905.

So, where is the future of Russia, which will eventually rise and bloom? It is already clear that these are neither landowners nor Chichikov, the latter does not even have his own clear face, he is rather an exception; nor the officials who have subjugated power and law. The people, the Russian people, who will rise up, finally feeling freedom, part of which are the intelligentsia, and part of the truly tenacious, business people, this is Russia, we and our future.