Freeze-dried is a high-quality product preserved for a long time thanks to high technology. What is sublimation
Lyophilization, sublimation, molecular or freeze-drying is one of the ways to preserve perishable foods. The shelf life of such products is practically unlimited. The only condition is protection from moisture. Access to light should be gentle, that is, to preserve color, they should be protected from exposure to direct sunlight.
What is sublimation
What does sublimated mean? It is a biological material from which water is extracted. Technological process is carried out as follows. Literally, according to the terminology of physicists, lyophilization is the transition of a substance from one state of aggregation to another, without an intermediate stage. The opposite phenomenon to sublimation, desublimation, can be observed in nature in the form of frost and hoarfrost. An example of sublimation under natural conditions is the evaporation (sublimation) of elemental iodine, a liquid alcohol tincture of which is found in every home medicine cabinet. Iodine in nature exists only in two states - solid and gaseous, and does not occur in the liquid phase under normal conditions.
The need for new methods of preserving biological materials
Initially, the need for long-term preservation of products arose among the military and doctors. It was about preserving donor blood in the form of dry plasma. The creation and preservation of vaccines, serums and blood does not allow the addition of preservatives.
Development of the space industry for life support spaceships required new discoveries in methods for regenerating water from moisture-containing objects.
Sublimation of berries and other plant fruits of the earth
Lyophilize or freeze-dry, what does this mean in relation to berries, fruits and vegetables? The same applies to all of the above. This is the transformation of a solid into a gas without passing through the liquid phase. The process is expensive because it requires a lot of energy. Fruits, vegetables and berries are more than half water. When sublimated in a vacuum chamber, it is completely removed, but first the fruits are quickly, in shock mode, frozen to a temperature of -100 to -190 degrees Celsius. When sharply frozen, the intracellular fluid turns into tiny crystals and does not rupture the cell membranes. During normal freezing, the liquid expands and violates the integrity of the space in which it is contained. Freeze-dried is a product that has been freed from water, but has retained its beneficial substances and properties. Moreover, with such drying, it completely retains its shape, color and smell.
Characteristics of molecular drying products
Freeze-dried berries - what are they and how do those dried by freeze-drying differ from those dried in the traditional way? Because they look the same as fresh ones. Due to the complete preservation of color and shape, they can be mistaken for synthetic, however, if you put them in a cup of water, they will absorb moisture within 10-15 minutes and become juicy, as if they had just been picked from a bush. At the same time, no dye, preservative or flavor was added to the product. The weight of the sublimate, accordingly, is several times less than that of a non-dehydrated product.
The disadvantages of this processing method include very high energy consumption. Firstly, this is the creation of a high vacuum, and secondly, the need for very careful initial processing.
Freeze-dried coffee
At the beginning of the last century, the technology for producing instant and then lyophilized coffee was invented.
Produced by sublimation, or freeze-dried coffee, what does this mean? This means coffee made from coffee extract that has been first frozen and then vacuum dehydrated. Instant coffee is obtained from the extract by evaporation without freezing and without the use of a vacuum. Freeze-dried coffee, or, as it is commonly called, “freeze-dried”, is much more expensive than instant coffee. Subsequently, it was from sublimated that they began to make granular. Coffee lovers still prefer natural beans. The fact is that when sublimated or when making instant coffee, it largely loses the aroma for which it is so valued. Initially, this technology for processing coffee beans was ordered for the needs of the American army, because in the trenches it is inconvenient to grind beans and brew a drink in a Turk. The need for a product that did not require complex preparation and increased tone was great.
So, freeze-dried coffee, what does it mean? This means that a drink made from beans processed by sublimation still gives vigor, but does not delight with the authentic coffee aroma and is quite expensive, although the cheapest and unpopular varieties are used for the production of freeze-dried and instant coffee. The best coffee is sold in beans.
Using sublimate in cooking
We can make an unambiguous conclusion that freeze-dried is a product that helps out in many situations and makes it very easy to solve many problems. You can prepare a lot of different dishes from freeze-dried fruits and berries. They can be used whole, or you can grind them in a blender and use the powder. It is used to color and flavor creams and biscuits.
Whole berries are added to pie fillings, porridges, and healthy drinks are made from them. For example, tea with freeze-dried raspberries for colds is much more beneficial than jam or dried leaves of this plant. In our Russian natural conditions It is not so easy to preserve berries collected during the season. We cannot dry it in the sun, as they do in Central Asia - the temperature is not the same, and when cooking compotes or jams, as well as freezing in a regular refrigerator, the most of useful substances.
Freeze-dried berries, fruits and vegetables are very good for baby food. They can be ground and introduced into the diet in small portions.
Sublimation is a solution to many problems
Freeze-dried products are suitable for forming a dietary table for a variety of diseases. After all, the same rutabaga or pumpkin cannot be found in stores in winter. And residents of the northern regions will never be able to try berries such as mulberry, honeysuckle, and many others, because due to their delicate structure they are practically not transportable. All hope is for lyophilization. The freeze-dried product is a real godsend for humanity, a gift of science for all people.
Sublimation- This defense mechanism psyche, responsible for relieving internal tension, using redirection of energy to achieve results of socially acceptable goals, for example in creativity, sports, metaphysics or religion. Sublimation translated from Latin (sublimare) means to elevate or spiritualize. Originally this term expressed moral exaltation. For the first time, this judgment was stated by Sigmund Freud in 1900. IN social psychology this protective mechanism of the psyche is associated with socialization processes. The problems of sublimation are given significant importance in child psychology, in the psychology of creativity, and in the psychology of sports.
What is sublimation? This term can also mean:
— technology for removing water ice using a vacuum method from fresh, frozen products, and biological materials;
- the conversion of a substance from a solid to a gaseous state without being in a liquid state;
— in printing, this is a method of transferring images to different surfaces: polyester fabrics, metal, wood, ceramics;
— sublimation in psychology is the transformation of libidinal energy into creative energy.
Sublimation according to Freud
In accordance with the concepts of his theory, Sigmund Freud described the defense mechanism of the psyche as a deviation from biological energy (sexual desire from its direct goal and redirecting it to socially acceptable tasks).
Freud considered sublimation as an exclusively “positive” defense that promotes constructive activities, as well as the relief of internal tension of the individual.
A similar assessment of sublimation is present in any therapy that is aimed not at ridding the individual of his internal conflicts, but at finding a socially adaptive solution.
Sublimation method widely used in . In the concept of psychoanalysis developed by Freud, sublimation is interpreted as a type of transformation of drives (libido). Currently, sublimation has several meanings and is understood more broadly, but regardless of its nature of origin, sublimation is the redirection of unacceptable impulses. It can take many different forms.
Examples of sublimation:
- by doing surgery you can sublimate sadistic desires;
- giving preference fine arts, jokes, anecdotes, you can sublimate the excessive desire for sex.
Everywhere, every day, a person expects surprises in the form of various problematic or overstressed situations that need to be relieved.
Sublimation process helps the individual not to ignore internal conflicts, but to redirect the individual’s energy to find ways to resolve them. This expresses the main function of sublimation in psychology.
And her energy can be transformed in sports, for example, in karate or in the strictness of raising her own children - applying exactingness towards them. Eroticism can be sublimated into friendship.
When he is unable to give vent to his instinctive drives, he subconsciously looks for that activity, that type of occupation, thanks to which these impulses will be released. Freud explained the creative activity of each individual precisely thanks to the protective mechanism of the psyche.
Sublimation mechanism transforms traumatic, unwanted, negative experiences into different types relevant and constructive activities. Throughout his career, Freud classified as sublimation certain types of activities prompted by desire, which are clearly not aimed at a sexual goal: intellectual research, artistic creativity, from the point of view of society, valuable activities.
So, sublimation in psychology is a protective mechanism of the psyche that performs the function of relieving internal tension and redirecting this tension to socially significant objects.
Sigmund Freud believed that everything that man calls “civilization” may have arisen as a result of the mechanism of sublimation.
Psychoanalysts argue that many outstanding works of art are the achievement of sublimating energy from, which are associated with collapse and failure in life. personal life(often lost or rejected love, unsatisfied sexual instinct, etc.).
As an example, Freud refers to Leonardo da Vinci, the famous painter, engineer and scientist. He practically created the unthinkable for one person. Whatever he undertook, he achieved perfection. At the same time, he was noted to have a complete lack of interest in sex.
Sigmund Freud argued that Leonardo became exceptional because without internal struggle he had complete sublimation of sexual desire - libido. This is how Freud interpreted his own, similar position and attributed his amazing performance at forty years to the result of complete, conscious sublimation of sexual energy. Sigmund Freud, being an atheist, shared the Jewish morality that sex is “decent” only for the purpose of procreation.
Biographical Psychoanalysis demonstrates that many famous works were created when the authors experienced either loss of love, disappointment, or lack of opportunity to meet the object of passion. Through creativity, energy found its way out. Fantasy in the works completed what the authors lacked in real life.
In psychoanalysis, sublimation is often understood as a change in mental states: from grief to pleasure, from melancholy to joy. This is how psychological defense works, modifying the energy of sexual desire into a socially acceptable goal.
Theory of sublimation. T. Adorno established the effect of a complex combination of love in people for television characters and concluded that the sublimation effect can multiply manipulation. After all, the spiritual life of an individual is largely developed by unconscious preferences. For example, when watching television, a person is not looking for a reason to develop analytical abilities or artistic, deep impressions and eternal truths. He is drawn to watching programs due to the influence of psychological attractions. This is the secret of the duality of consciousness.
The average TV viewer, rejecting violence in life, finds on-screen crimes an attractive spectacle, and for him it also acts as a redemptive liberation from everyday experiences and stress.
Monotonous, exhausting everyday life tirelessly generates disappointment in the individual. Most of his aspirations and hopes do not come true and are pushed into the sphere of the unconscious. All this awakens the need for artificial implementation of collapsed plans, for abstraction from hateful reality. In other words, an individual needs psychological compensation, which he finds in watching television or surfing the Internet.
Psychologists claim that watching detective and crime television shows reduces the number of real crimes, since when watching, the bad inclinations of the individual are sublimated.
A situation often arises when a person needs to redirect his unspent energy to something useful. People often try to transform their excess sexual energy into some kind of creativity. This, in principle, is called sublimation.
But still, let's take a closer look at what sublimation is. Many people have no idea what it means this term. Sublimation is understood as a certain set of protective actions of the psyche that help a person remove internal tension using the redistribution of energy flow to achieve further results in any field of activity.
What happens
Sublimation consists of the following components:
- Redirecting the energy flow from what we like to what has some significant meaning.
- Transformation of the emotional background that accompanies the process of human activity.
- Transformation of instinctive actions into a form consistent with the benefits of social life.
In each field of activity, this concept has, although similar, but still slightly different meanings. For example, in philosophy this is the redirection of remaining energy to lofty goals, avoiding actions that are unacceptable in society. was the first to use this concept. By the term sublimation Freud understood the transformation sexual desire into something beautiful or something related to religion.
It is worth saying a few more words about Freud’s understanding of this concept. He developed his concept according to which to sublimate means transferring the root cause from the source of any process to another purposeful activity. Sublimation, according to Freud, suggests that everything beautiful that has been created to date is the result of sublimated actions.
Manifestation in men and women
For representatives of the fair half of humanity, the sublimation of love is often relevant. However, this is not the only manifestation option. Here are some more examples of where a woman can direct her energy:
- Applied creativity.
- Sports and fitness activities.
- Doing housework (laundry, ironing, washing dishes, cleaning, etc.).
- Teaching children.
Men, in turn, use the concept of sublimation of love much less often than women. This is precisely the difference between a man and a woman. For men, love rarely comes first. But they also need to spend their energy somewhere. Here are some examples of what men usually spend on a large number of energy:
- Building your career.
- Creativity, and here they can achieve great success.
- Sports activity.
- Hobbies (fishing, hunting).
Having learned where you can direct your excess energy, you need to learn how to sublimate it correctly. Let's figure out how to properly redirect your sexual energy flow.
There is something that can help transform energy into creativity. This phenomenon is usually called a muse or inspiration. To be honest, scientists have not yet figured out exactly how the process of energy transformation occurs; some of them even completely reject this possibility. However, no one doubts that this happens to people, and not even just once. Remember: sublimation sexual energy very important.
It is also important to sublimate a negative reaction - for example. Currently, there are many ways to relieve a person emotionally. Here are some of them:
- Redirecting negative emotional actions onto something inanimate. It could be a pillow, paper, a punching bag, and so on.
- Quite often the methods used in . You just need to use them very carefully and better under the clear guidance of a specialist in this field.
- You need to increase your self-esteem. To do this, you can prove yourself in any field of activity: sports, art, education, science and others.
- Inspire yourself to do great things.
Sublimation is important for every person. If he learns to transform his excess energy into something good, he will always have something to do. After all, every person wants to be useful to society. Author: Olga Morozova
What is Sublimation? Meaning and interpretation of the word sublimatsija, definition of the term
1) Sublimation- (from Latin sublimus - sublime) - the elevation of natural life, its spiritualization, the transformation of the lower into the higher. For example, in asceticism the energy of passions is switched to spiritual goals, and in art - to creativity. “The ethics of sublimation is the ethics of “grace,” and the ethics of grace is religious ethics. The pinnacle of sublimation is Theosis, deification. The limit of perfection is Absolute perfection, or God” (B. Vysheslavtsev). In Thomism: the transformation of natural virtues acquired as moral maturity is achieved into true virtues associated with faith, hope and love: “The perfection of virtues is ensured only by divine virtues, first of all by love” (S. Swierzawski).
2) Sublimation- (from the Latin sublim I exalt) - in the psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud (the concept was introduced by him in 1900) one of the defense mechanisms, consisting of switching and transforming the energy of mental drives to sublime goals with the replacement of the form of their satisfaction. 3. Freud considered S. as one of the types of transformation of the energy of drives (libido), the opposite of repression and therefore considered the most desirable way of mastering sexual desire. The plasticity of sexual components, expressed in their ability to S. in socially determines the possibility of cultural achievements in the very human society, based on the transformation of libidinal energy. In psychoanalysis, the concept of S. allows one to explain phenomena scientific activity, artistic creativity, philosophical knowledge of truth, basing them on human mental functions and without leaving the soil of psychoanalytic pansexualism. S.'s mechanism is a process leading to the discharge of the affective energy of instincts in non-instinctive forms of behavior, and includes: 1) the movement of energy from the object of instinctive drives to the object of cultural purpose; 2) transformation of emotions that accompany all human activity (desexualization and disaggression); 3) liberation from instincts and their dictates in mental activity; 4) dressing instinctive action in a socially acceptable form. 3. Freud, in his Introduction to Psychoanalysis, emphasized the special importance of S. in the creation of culture and society in general. Through S. the phenomenon of affective attraction necessarily turns into the effect of a cultural phenomenon. For example, contemplation of works of art removes the energy of mental impulses from the sexual object, and satisfaction occurs in the form of an aesthetic experience. The entire psychoanalytic interpretation of literature and art is connected primarily with this mechanism of transformation of intrapsychic conflicts, infantile complexes and neurotic symptoms into artistic creativity. Psychoanalytic theory as a whole views self-talk as one of the best means of resolving mental conflicts that would otherwise lead to neurosis. However, S.'s mechanism can also be observed during analytical work. As C. G. Jung argues in Problems of the Soul of Our Time, the atmosphere in which the drama of healing is enacted and into which the patient is forcibly drawn gives rise to constrained relationships which also lead to the need to “sublimate.” In the process of S., based on his fantasies, since reality does not satisfy his desires, the subject manages to find another way into the real world, instead of leaving it. Under favorable circumstances, a person hostile to reality - if he, moreover, psychologically possesses artistic talent, that is, can express his fantasies not with symptoms of illness, but with artistic creations - avoids neurosis in this way and returns to the real world. Ibid., where, given the existing disagreement with real world, this precious talent is not there, or it is insufficient, the libido, following the origin of fantasies, inevitably comes, according to the principle of regression (Latin regressio - reverse development), to the resurrection of infantile desires (complexes), and therefore to neurosis. The compensatory function of S. was noted by A. Adler, who introduced this term into the theory of psychoanalysis in order to designate the functional balancing of feelings of inferiority. Compensation (from Latin compensatio - compensation) in S. occurs through psychological adaptability to external conditions. For example, in a neurotic, the mental feeling of inferiority etiologically corresponds to the physical inferiority of some bodily organ, thereby giving rise to an auxiliary construction, i.e., S., which consists of creating a fiction (psychological confidence) that compensates for psychological inferiority. At the same time, fiction, or a “fictitious line of behavior,” constitutes a system, the essence of which is the desire to transform any possible inferiority into super-value. C. G. Jung saw in this process an analogy of the self-regulation of the mental apparatus, produced through the ambivalent orientation of consciousness. The opposite attitude of human consciousness (the so-called “compensating opposite”) can be expressed in different ways: for Freud it is Eros, for Adler it is Power. According to F. Nietzsche, the transformation of instinct occurs precisely in the will to power. S., therefore, is a mechanism of human mental activity that appeared as a result of resistance that arises in relation to primitive sexuality, and moves libido energy to transformation into images, desexualized and differentiated. The transformation of libido energy in cultural symbols is the essence of the libido process, therefore the libido function is built on the principle of “saving” (redistribution) of the energy of desire, consistent with the “economic budget” of libido and its corresponding placement in space human culture. A. V. Sevasteenko
3) Sublimation- (from Latin sublimo - elevate) - switching energy from socially and culturally unacceptable (lower, base) goals and objects to socially and culturally acceptable (higher, sublime). S.'s idea was reflected in the works of writers of the 18th century. G. Stilling and Novalis, as well as in the works of A. Schopenhauer and Nietzsche. At the beginning of the 20th century. the concept of S. became widely used in psychoanalysis. According to Freud, sex is the process of reorienting drive (libido) to another goal, far from sexual satisfaction, and transforming the energy of instincts into socially acceptable, morally approved activity. Through the prism of S. Freud, S. Freud examines the formation of religious cults and rituals, the emergence of art and social institutions, the emergence of science and, finally, the self-development of humanity. In Western psychiatric genetics and philosophical anthropology, attempts have been made repeatedly to modify and modernize the psychoanalytic interpretation of S. P. Szondi distinguishes three stages of S., referring to them as “socialization,” i.e. translation of desires into the sphere of professional activity, “S proper”, associated with individual human life, and “humanization” - the highest form of S, promoting the development of humanity. In Scheler, all forms of organization are endowed with the ability for S. natural world. He introduces the term “oversublimation”, meaning by it “excessive intellectualization” characteristic of modern culture and causing destructive, destructive tendencies in a person. Currently, S.’s ideas find a response in the works of a number of philosophers, psychologists and art historians who seek to explain the relationship between the biological and the social, the relationship between the individual and society, the stages of socialization of the individual, the peculiarities of the course of cultural and historical processes, the nature and specificity of artistic creativity.
4) Sublimation- - direct transition when heating a solid (body) into a gaseous substance, bypassing the liquid stage. Sublimation. In psychology, social science and science fiction - the replacement of some needs with others, usually sexual, with work.
5) Sublimation- term of psycoalysis. It means the transformation of inclinations and lower instincts and sublime feelings: for example, sexual aspirations can be “sublimated” into spiritual or religious aspirations.
6) Sublimation- - switching psychic energy from one state to another; the process by which instinctive energies are switched into non-instinctive forms of behavior. Through this concept 3. Freud explained those types of human activity that have no visible connection with sexuality, but are generated by the power of sexual attraction: “Sexual attraction provides work with a huge amount of energy; this occurs due to his inherent ability to change his goal without weakening his pressure. This ability to change the original sexual goal to another, non-sexual, but psychologically close to it, is called sublimation.” In psychoanalysis, most often we're talking about about a change in mental states, a therapeutic transition from melancholy to joy, from grief to pleasure. This is how the protective mechanism of the psyche works, which transforms the energy of sexual desire into a socially approved goal. In con. 1950s Amer. television showed a series of programs for young parents. They demonstrated how to swaddle a baby and how to feed him. The most famous experts in the country gave advice to the newlyweds. An audience survey was then conducted to determine the popularity of the series. It turned out that many parents had no idea about the program at all. But childless TV viewers watched the TV lessons with increasing fascination. It was those who did not have children who enjoyed “swaddled” the child, “played” with him, and became familiar with the ABC of parenthood. The example of the television series can be discouraging. It was understood that the one who creates an idol for himself is aware of his actions. Here a different picture emerged. It turned out that the viewer lives in a world of intense, unconscious motivation; he rejoices and suffers, is obsessed with suppressed drives, desires, and aspirations. It is precisely these motives, and not at all critical thinking, determine his actions. S. is one of the main sources of artistic creativity and intellectual activity and provides their energetic basis. T. Adorno, who discovered the effect of a complex interweaving of love and hatred for television characters, came to the conclusion that the sublimation effect can enhance the manipulation of consciousness. A person's spiritual life is largely determined by the tyranny of the unconscious. The individual does not look for eternal truths in the television spectacle, not a reason for developing analytical abilities, not deep artistic impressions. He is drawn to television viewing under the influence of psychological attractions. In this fact lies, according to Adorno, the secret of the duality of consciousness. Rejecting violence as a thinking object, the average viewer finds in screen crime an attractive spectacle, a redemptive release from everyday experiences. Monotonous, exhausting everyday life constantly gives rise to a feeling of dissatisfaction in a person. Many of his aspirations and expectations do not come true, and therefore are pushed into the sphere of the unconscious. All this gives rise to the need for a fictitious implementation of failed plans, a distraction from unpleasant reality. Roughly speaking, a person needs psychological compensation, and he finds it in stories popular culture. Psychologists say that when detective and crime shows are shown on blue screens, the number of real crimes decreases. Evil inclinations, in the language of psychoanalysts, are sublimated. About Gurevich P.S. Adventures of image. M, 1991; Psychoanalysis and culture. M., 1995; Encyclopedia of depth psychology. Sigmund Freud. Life. Job. Heritage. M., 1998. P.S. Gurevich
7) Sublimation- (from lat. sublimare to exalt) - refinement, spiritualization. In Freud's psychoanalysis, the transformation of repressed sexual desire into spiritual activity, mostly in the sphere of religion, metaphysics or art. It is in this sense that psychoanalysis explains cultural activity; see Resublimation.
8) Sublimation- (lat. sublimo-exalt) - switching energy from socially unacceptable (lower, base) goals and objects to socially acceptable (higher, sublime). According to Z. Freud, S. is a process. which consists in the fact that attraction (libido) moves to another goal, far from sexual satisfaction, and the energy of instincts is transformed into socially acceptable, morally approved. Through the prism of S. Freud, he examines the formation of religious cults and rituals, the emergence of art and social institutions, the emergence of science, and the development of humanity. In Western philosophical anthropology (Scheler), all forms of organization of the natural world are endowed with the ability for self-study, and man is the last act of self-study in nature. M. Scheler introduces the term “oversublimation”, meaning by it “excessive intellectualization” characteristic of modern times. culture and causing destructive, destructive tendencies in a person. S.'s theory, which considers the spiritual to be the transformed energy of primary drives, ultimately reduces the social to the biological and cannot explain the complexity and specificity of the cultural-historical process.
Sublimation
(from Latin sublimus - sublime) - the elevation of natural life, its spiritualization, the transformation of the lower into the higher. For example, in asceticism the energy of passions is switched to spiritual goals, and in art - to creativity. “The ethics of sublimation is the ethics of “grace,” and the ethics of grace is religious ethics. The pinnacle of sublimation is Theosis, deification. The limit of perfection is Absolute perfection, or God” (B. Vysheslavtsev). In Thomism: the transformation of natural virtues acquired as moral maturity is achieved into true virtues associated with faith, hope and love: “The perfection of virtues is ensured only by divine virtues, first of all by love” (S. Swierzawski).
(from the Latin sublim I exalt) - in the psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud (the concept was introduced by him in 1900) one of the defense mechanisms, consisting of switching and transforming the energy of mental drives to sublime goals with the replacement of the form of their satisfaction. 3. Freud considered S. as one of the types of transformation of the energy of drives (libido), the opposite of repression and therefore considered the most desirable way of mastering sexual desire. The plasticity of sexual components, expressed in their ability to perform sex in a social sense, determines the possibility of cultural achievements in human society itself, based on the transformation of libidinal energy. In psychoanalysis, the concept of S. makes it possible to explain the phenomena of scientific activity, artistic creativity, and philosophical knowledge of truth, basing them on human mental functions and without leaving the soil of psychoanalytic pansexualism. S.'s mechanism is a process leading to the discharge of the affective energy of instincts in non-instinctive forms of behavior, and includes: 1) the movement of energy from the object of instinctive drives to the object of cultural purpose; 2) transformation of emotions that accompany all human activity (desexualization and disaggression); 3) liberation from instincts and their dictates in mental activity; 4) dressing instinctive action in a socially acceptable form. 3. Freud, in his Introduction to Psychoanalysis, emphasized the special importance of S. in the creation of culture and society in general. Through S. the phenomenon of affective attraction necessarily turns into the effect of a cultural phenomenon. For example, contemplation of works of art removes the energy of mental impulses from the sexual object, and satisfaction occurs in the form of an aesthetic experience. The entire psychoanalytic interpretation of literature and art is connected primarily with this mechanism of transformation of intrapsychic conflicts, infantile complexes and neurotic symptoms into artistic creativity. Psychoanalytic theory as a whole views self-talk as one of the best means of resolving mental conflicts that would otherwise lead to neurosis. However, S.'s mechanism can also be observed during analytical work. As C. G. Jung argues in Problems of the Soul of Our Time, the atmosphere in which the drama of healing is enacted and into which the patient is forcibly drawn gives rise to constrained relationships which also lead to the need to “sublimate.” In the process of S., based on his fantasies, since reality does not satisfy his desires, the subject manages to find another way into the real world, instead of leaving it. Under favorable circumstances, a person hostile to reality - if he, moreover, psychologically possesses artistic talent, that is, can express his fantasies not with symptoms of illness, but with artistic creations - avoids neurosis in this way and returns to the real world. Ibid., where, given the existing disagreement with the real world, this precious talent is not there, or it is insufficient, the libido, following the origin of fantasies, inevitably comes, according to the principle of regression (Latin regressio - reverse development), to the resurrection of infantile desires (complexes), and therefore to neurosis. The compensatory function of S. was noted by A. Adler, who introduced this term into the theory of psychoanalysis in order to designate the functional balancing of feelings of inferiority. Compensation (from Latin compensatio - compensation) in S. occurs through psychological adaptability to external conditions. For example, in a neurotic, the mental feeling of inferiority etiologically corresponds to the physical inferiority of some bodily organ, thereby giving rise to an auxiliary construction, i.e., S., which consists of creating a fiction (psychological confidence) that compensates for psychological inferiority. At the same time, fiction, or a “fictitious line of behavior,” constitutes a system, the essence of which is the desire to transform any possible inferiority into super-value. C. G. Jung saw in this process an analogy of the self-regulation of the mental apparatus, produced through the ambivalent orientation of consciousness. The opposite attitude of human consciousness (the so-called “compensating opposite”) can be expressed in different ways: for Freud it is Eros, for Adler it is Power. According to F. Nietzsche, the transformation of instinct occurs precisely in the will to power. S., therefore, is a mechanism of human mental activity that appeared as a result of resistance that arises in relation to primitive sexuality, and moves libido energy to transformation into images, desexualized and differentiated. The transformation of libido energy in cultural symbols is the essence of the libido process, therefore the function of libido is built on the principle of “saving” (redistribution) of the energy of desire, consistent with the “economic budget” of libido and its corresponding placement in the space of human culture. A. V. Sevasteenko
(from Latin sublimo - elevate) - switching energy from socially and culturally unacceptable (lower, base) goals and objects to socially and culturally acceptable (higher, sublime). S.'s idea was reflected in the works of writers of the 18th century. G. Stilling and Novalis, as well as in the works of A. Schopenhauer and Nietzsche. At the beginning of the 20th century. the concept of S. became widely used in psychoanalysis. According to Freud, sex is the process of reorienting drive (libido) to another goal, far from sexual satisfaction, and transforming the energy of instincts into socially acceptable, morally approved activity. Through the prism of S. Freud, S. Freud examines the formation of religious cults and rituals, the emergence of art and social institutions, the emergence of science and, finally, the self-development of humanity. In Western psychiatric genetics and philosophical anthropology, attempts have been made repeatedly to modify and modernize the psychoanalytic interpretation of S. P. Szondi distinguishes three stages of S., referring to them as “socialization,” i.e. translation of desires into the sphere of professional activity, “S proper”, associated with individual human life, and “humanization” - the highest form of S, promoting the development of humanity. For Scheler, all forms of organization of the natural world are endowed with the ability for S. He introduces the term “oversublimation”, meaning by it “excessive intellectualization”, characteristic of modern culture and causing destructive, destructive inclinations in a person. Currently, S.’s ideas find a response in the works of a number of philosophers, psychologists and art historians who seek to explain the relationship between the biological and the social, the relationship between the individual and society, the stages of socialization of the individual, the peculiarities of the course of cultural and historical processes, the nature and specificity of artistic creativity.
By direct transition when heating a solid (body) into a gaseous substance, bypassing the liquid stage. Sublimation. In psychology, social science and science fiction - the replacement of some needs with others, usually sexual, with work.
term psycoalysis. It means the transformation of inclinations and lower instincts and sublime feelings: for example, sexual aspirations can be “sublimated” into spiritual or religious aspirations.
Switching mental energy from one state to another; the process by which instinctive energies are switched into non-instinctive forms of behavior. Through this concept 3. Freud explained those types of human activity that have no visible connection with sexuality, but are generated by the power of sexual attraction: “Sexual attraction provides work with a huge amount of energy; this occurs due to his inherent ability to change his goal without weakening his pressure. This ability to change the original sexual goal to another, non-sexual, but psychologically close to it, is called sublimation.” In psychoanalysis, we most often talk about a change in mental states, a therapeutic transition from melancholy to joy, from grief to pleasure. This is how the protective mechanism of the psyche works, which transforms the energy of sexual desire into a socially approved goal. In con. 1950s Amer. television showed a series of programs for young parents. They demonstrated how to swaddle a baby and how to feed him. The most famous experts in the country gave advice to the newlyweds. An audience survey was then conducted to determine the popularity of the series. It turned out that many parents had no idea about the program at all. But childless TV viewers watched the TV lessons with increasing fascination. It was those who did not have children who enjoyed “swaddled” the child, “played” with him, and became familiar with the ABC of parenthood. The example of the television series can be discouraging. It was understood that the one who creates an idol for himself is aware of his actions. Here a different picture emerged. It turned out that the viewer lives in a world of intense, unconscious motivation; he rejoices and suffers, is obsessed with suppressed drives, desires, and aspirations. It is these impulses, and not critical thinking, that determine his actions. S. is one of the main sources of artistic creativity and intellectual activity and provides their energetic basis. T. Adorno, who discovered the effect of a complex interweaving of love and hatred for television characters, came to the conclusion that the sublimation effect can enhance the manipulation of consciousness. A person's spiritual life is largely determined by the tyranny of the unconscious. The individual does not look for eternal truths in the television spectacle, not a reason for developing analytical abilities, not deep artistic impressions. He is drawn to television viewing under the influence of psychological attractions. In this fact lies, according to Adorno, the secret of the duality of consciousness. Rejecting violence as a thinking object, the average viewer finds in screen crime an attractive spectacle, a redemptive release from everyday experiences. Monotonous, exhausting everyday life constantly gives rise to a feeling of dissatisfaction in a person. Many of his aspirations and expectations do not come true, and therefore are pushed into the sphere of the unconscious. All this gives rise to the need for a fictitious implementation of failed plans, a distraction from unpleasant reality. Roughly speaking, a person needs psychological compensation, and he finds it in the plots of mass culture. Psychologists say that when detective and crime shows are shown on blue screens, the number of real crimes decreases. Evil inclinations, in the language of psychoanalysts, are sublimated. About Gurevich P.S. Adventures of image. M, 1991; Psychoanalysis and culture. M., 1995; Encyclopedia of depth psychology. Sigmund Freud. Life. Job. Heritage. M., 1998. P.S. Gurevich
(from lat. sublimare to ascend) - refinement, spiritualization. In Freud's psychoanalysis, the transformation of repressed sexual desire into spiritual activity, mostly in the sphere of religion, metaphysics or art. It is in this sense that psychoanalysis explains cultural activity; see Resublimation.
(lat. sublimo-exalt) - switching energy from socially unacceptable (lower, base) goals and objects to socially acceptable (higher, sublime). According to Z. Freud, S. is a process. which consists in the fact that attraction (libido) moves to another goal, far from sexual satisfaction, and the energy of instincts is transformed into socially acceptable, morally approved. Through the prism of S. Freud, he examines the formation of religious cults and rituals, the emergence of art and social institutions, the emergence of science, and the development of humanity. In Western philosophical anthropology (Scheler), all forms of organization of the natural world are endowed with the ability for self-study, and man is the last act of self-study in nature. M. Scheler introduces the term “oversublimation,” meaning by it “excessive intellectualization” characteristic of modern times. culture and causing destructive, destructive tendencies in a person. S.'s theory, which considers the spiritual to be the transformed energy of primary drives, ultimately reduces the social to the biological and cannot explain the complexity and specificity of the cultural-historical process.
late lat. sublimatio - elevation, from lat. sublimo - raise high, elevate) - in theories of values means raising value from the lowest to the highest level(eg Max Scheler); in Freud's teachings, a special type of substitution or deviation of instincts from their inherent direction, in which the original (usually sexual) object of desire is replaced by another, more socially acceptable one. In psychology, the term "S." introduced by Freud in 1900. In psychoanalysis, the concept of S. is used to explain psychological. mechanisms of creativity and denotes the transformation in this process of lower (mostly subconscious) drives. Interpreting creativity as one of the ways to discharge internal. tensions and conflicts, Freud tried to explain it from a biological perspective. determinism; from this view. his neurosis appeared as a result of S.’s failure, and S. as a “successful neurosis.” The obvious narrowness of this explanation gave rise to a dilemma: to do away with biological science. determinism and recognize the freedom of choice and decision in creativity or declare its results only a more subtle and disguised form of expression of the same fundamentals. drives (claim as “exalting deception”). Having chosen the second of these paths, the authors of numerous Freudian works on the problems of creativity claim the existence of a direct connection between the results of creativity and a small number of variants of the main. drives and their pathological deviations. For example, according to the works of T. Reik, Goethe’s work, his “Olympism” is the result of compensation for paranoid psychosis, to which Goethe, as they say, was close in his youth; at the heart of Dostoevsky’s creativity is a feeling of guilt generated in childhood by his hostile impulses towards his father (I. Neufeld, Dostoevsky. Psychoanalytic essay, translated from German, Leningrad–M., 1925). Big role in the formation of art, compensation is given to them for injuries childhood(S. Freud, Leonardo da Vinci. Childhood memories, M., 1912). From these positions, creativity appears as a type of amateur activity. psychotherapy. Psychoanalysts have conducted many studies to identify the conditions of S. and the processes accompanying it. The general scheme of sublimatory activity was proposed by E. Bergler, who identified five levels of S. with the input and switching of a number of mental. mechanisms. Within the framework of the so-called egopsychology, in addition to the process of transferring or replacing the object of desire, emphasizes the role in S. of the transformation of energy itself - its transformation into a form suitable for performing specific tasks. Ego functions. Freud and especially his followers often connect the doctrine of S. with Plato's doctrine of eros. But if in Platonism lower forms of being are derived from higher ones, then in Freud, on the contrary, higher forms are reduced to the lowest, to the only real biological ones for him. processes. According to M. Scheler, in the doctrine of S. Freudianism reveals itself as inverted Platonism or as a “short game”; taking into account the real fact that psychic people take part in creativity. and psychosomatic processes at different levels, the Freudian teaching about S. tries to reduce this many levels to one - drives and their material; at the same time he is a creative person. the act of creating a new quality eludes direct research. Lit.: Freud Z., Delirium and dreams in Gradiva, in the book: Jensen V., Gradiva, Odessa, 1912; him, I and It, trans. from German, L., 1924; Kris?., Psychoanalytic explorations in art, N. Y., 1952; Bergler E. O., On a five-layer structure in sublimation, "Psychoanalytic Quarterly", 1945, v. 44, No. 1. D. Lyalikov. Moscow.
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