Medieval architecture of Europe. Amazing architecture of Europe European architecture of the 15th - early 19th centuries

First half of the 19th century passes as a period of late flowering of neoclassicism. IN mid-19th centuries, architects are in search of style, and therefore are trying to revive various styles of the past in an updated form: Neo-Baroque, Neo-Renaissance, Neo-Gothic.

It was in the first half of the 19th century. European capitals acquired their architectural appearance.

The beginning of the revolution in France was marked not by construction (little was built and the buildings were temporary), but by the destruction of the Bastille building, the royal prison that personified the hated “old order.” Place Louis XV was renamed Place de la Revolution and it was here that first Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, and then Danton and Robespierre were executed by guillotine. During the revolution, Paris was decorated with new monuments and sculptural monuments, Parisian streets and squares were designed for mass holidays. In 1791, the Church of Saint Genevieve was renamed the Pantheon national heroes France, the remains of Rousseau and Voltaire were placed here.

The revolutionary era chose neoclassicism its official style (the decision was made by the Convention as the highest legislative and executive body of the French Republic). An Artists' Commission was formed to plan changes in the appearance of the city. Neoclassicism survived into the Napoleonic era and was called empire style(from the French “empire”). This style expressed the greatness of the empire created by Napoleon.

The reconstruction of Paris and the renewal of the capital's layout are being undertaken. The designers were inspired by ancient Roman monuments, glorifying the military victories of Bonaparte. This is what Jean François Shangren did when building Arc de Triomphe on Star Square (1806-1807). The arch became a monument to military valor; it is no coincidence that the square itself was renamed in 1970 as General de Gaulle Square, politician, who led the French Resistance during World War II and then became president of the French Republic.

If France chose neoclassicism, then in England, free from revolutionary upheavals, neo-Gothic took hold. An example of this is the Houses of Parliament in London. The architect was Sir Charles Barry (1795-1860). The building is reminiscent of English Gothic monuments of the 16th century; it is distinguished by its clear layout and special luxury.

In Germany, the architectural center was the capital - Berlin.

Berlin buildings were most often variations on the theme of various historical styles (mainly ancient Greek architecture or the Renaissance). An example is the Old Museum in Berlin (architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel (1781-1841).

In sculpture dominant style Neoclassicism also remained, supported by a lively interest in ancient masterpieces. Romanticism contributed to the manifestation of interest in personality, which was reflected in the appearance of numerous monuments to great people of the past. Among the most significant names of sculptors of the 19th century. the Italian Antonio Canova (1757-1822) should be named (“Eros flying to Psyche”, “Hercules and Lichas”, “Paolina Borghese Bonaparte”). The sculptor worked in Italy and France, where he created an image of the emperor and his loved ones.

Bertel Thorvaldsen (1770-1844), Danish sculptor who worked mainly in Italy, then throughout Europe. He created sculptural images of Copernicus, Gutenberg, Byron. At the end of his life, he returned to Copenhagen and headed the Academy of Arts there.

In the middle of the century, the appearance of many European capitals changed, cities grew and were rebuilt: processes of industrialization and urbanization took place. The most successful perestroikas were carried out in Paris and Vienna. The symbol of Paris is the famous Eiffel Tower, built in 1889 for the opening of the World Exhibition. The Eiffel Tower demonstrated the technical capabilities of a new material - metal. However, the original artistic solution was not immediately recognized; they called for the tower to be demolished and were called monstrous. Time has put everything in its place. Now the tower is a symbol of Paris.

Eclecticism appears in European architecture (from the Greek eclectios - choosing). Eclecticism combines elements of different styles both in one building and in ensembles. An example of eclectic architectural ensemble The Viennese Ring became an example of a separate building - the Grand Opera Theater by Charles Garnier (1825-1898), the Sacre Coeur church in Paris, built by Paul Abadie.

Hangs up the line architectural styles XIX century Art Nouveau style, the originality of which was manifested in the liberation from the influence of the ancient order and in the amazing variety of decorative design of buildings. Art Nouveau developed in different options, since the principle of improvisation became the main thing for architects. If in America Art Nouveau is associated with the construction of the first skyscrapers (high-rise business buildings), then in Europe these were completely unusual buildings, the architects of which worked in dissimilar manners.

Modernism completed the search for the 19th century. and became the basis for the development of architecture in the 20th century.

Among the Art Nouveau architects one can name the name of Antonio Gaudi (1852-1926). His buildings amaze with the richness of their design solutions and diversity in interior decoration. Among them are residential and apartment buildings (House of Vicens and Palace Güell in Barcelona). There, according to his design, a unique temple was built, similar to a Gothic cathedral: the Sagrada Familia (“Holy Family”) church.

The Belgian sculptor Victor Horta (1861-1947), like graphic artists and painters, sought to free himself from stylistic restrictions. His creations are characterized by a love for ornamentation and home comfort, which makes Art Nouveau interiors a little similar to Rococo interiors. In Brussels he built mansions: Hotel van Etevelde, Tassel House, Solvay House.

In decorating interiors in the Art Nouveau style, artists showed endless imagination and could intricately combine various historical styles and eras. Impulsive nervous lines appeared, ornaments, curved stairs, columns were likened to trees. Ornaments evoke either plants or sea waves. Windows accept the most unusual shape. Fantastic creatures are often seen in interior and decorative elements. Stained glass and mosaics were used, and the lines of the stucco could resemble snails and starfish.

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European architecture - The architecture of European countries is distinguished by a variety of styles.

Primitive era

During the Bronze Age (2nd millennium BC) in Europe, structures were erected from large stone blocks, which are classified as so-called megalithic architecture. Menhirs - vertically placed stones - marked the place of public ceremonies. Dolmens, which usually consisted of two or four vertical stones covered with stone, served as burial places. The cromlech consisted of slabs or pillars arranged in a circle. An example is Stonehenge in England.

Antiquity

One of ancient buildings European architecture are the ruins of buildings on the island of Crete, the creation of which dates back more than 1000 BC. e. They are the first representatives of ancient architecture, then used Ancient Greece and Rome. The rounded shapes of columns and arches bore the imprint of ideas about ideal forms and embodied grace and beauty. Statues could be part of a structure as part of a wall or as a replacement for columns. This architecture influenced not only temples and palaces, but also public institutions, streets, walls and the houses themselves. Roman architecture was more complex than Greek, everything began to play in it big role arches The Romans were the first to use concrete, at least in Europe. The most notable structures: the Colosseum and aqueducts.

Middle Ages

An excerpt characterizing European architecture

This old continent has many amazing places, which still impress tourists and locals. No matter what we're talking about, Europe offers its guests many beauties, and one of the best ways see beauty - get acquainted with modern European architecture.

Many wonderful architects come up with designs, putting all their effort and imagination into creating extraordinary buildings that will for a long time make an impression on the audience. In many European countries you can see similar modern architectural masterpieces, so you, as a tourist, have something to see while traveling around Europe. We have selected ten buildings created in the spirit of modern architecture. Take a look, you will definitely like something, and next time you travel, include it in your itinerary!

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Location: Prague, Czech Republic

"The Dancing House" is also known as "Ginger and Fred", named after the famous dancers of the golden era of Hollywood, Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. The building was designed by architects Vlado Milunic and Frank Gehry, construction began in 1992 and was completed in 1996.

During this time, the building was criticized as it differed significantly from the typical architecture of Prague. The building consists of two parts - one static and one dynamic (dancing part). In fact, they represent Czechoslovakia's transition from communist rule to parliamentary democracy.

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"New Customs" (Der Neue Zollhof)

Location: Dusseldorf, Germany

Der Neue Zollhof or “New Customs House” consists of three buildings. All of them are located in the German city of Dusseldorf in the harbor next to the Rhine River. The buildings are unique due to their geometric shapes and unusual window openings. Different materials were used for the façade of these three buildings. The building in the center is covered with metal panels, the eastern and tallest building is clad in plaster, and the western building has a red brick façade.

Thanks to the attractive facades of all three, and especially the metal building, they are popular among tourists. Der Neue Zollhof was designed by Frank Gehry and completed in 1998.

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Location: Brussels, Belgium

The Atomium is located in the capital of Belgium, Brussels, and is a fragment of an iron crystal lattice, magnified 165 billion times! The building that now houses the museum was built in 1958 for the World's Fair in Brussels and represents the belief in scientific progress. The Atomium was designed by architects Andre and Jean Polak, who worked together with engineer Andre Waterkein.

At the end of the exhibition, the building was supposed to be dismantled, but the unique and futuristic architecture won the hearts of many people and is still doing so successfully, so it was decided to leave the building.

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Location: Malmo, Sweden

This unusual building is located in the south of Sweden in the city of Malmo. Turning Torso is an amazing neo-futuristic skyscraper. This house is considered the tallest in all of Scandinavia! The project was designed by the famous Spanish architect and sculptor Santiago Calatrava. The idea for such a skyscraper appeared thanks to one of Calatrava’s sculptures, which depicts a twisted human torso.

The building was completed in 2005 and ten years later, it won a "10 Year Award" from the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. The height of “Turning Torso” reaches 190 meters. This is a residential building with 147 apartments. Thanks to this height, its residents can enjoy amazing views of Malmö and Copenhagen across the Øresund Strait.

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Prince Philip Science Museum

Location: Valencia, Spain

The Prince Philip Science Museum is one of the buildings of the cultural and architectural complex “City of Arts and Sciences” in Valencia. The complex was designed by the Spanish architect and sculptor Santiago Calatrava and opened in 2000. The museum has three floors that cover 8.000 square meters. There are several regular exhibitions here, covering many areas of science, technology, climate and art.

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Cube houses

Location: Rotterdam, Netherlands

Cube houses are located in Rotterdam and were originally built as ordinary residential buildings. But thanks to their unique appearance, the buildings attracted many visitors who were curious about what these cube houses looked like from the inside. One of the owners decided to open his house to visitors, and his cube is today known as the Kijk-Kubus Museum.

The man behind this masterpiece is the architect Pita Bohm, who designed the first series of cubic houses in Helmond in the mid-1970s, and then created a second project in Rotterdam in the early 1980s.

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Kunsthaus

Location: Graz, Austria

The Austrian city of Graz has acquired an alien look thanks to a building that was built in 2003 as part of the European Capital of Culture program. We mean Kunsthaus Graz! Having such a modern appearance, the building definitely stands out among its Baroque neighbors. The architects of this masterpiece are Colin Fournier and Peter Cook.

Since 2003, Kunsthaus Graz has been an architectural landmark of the city. In fact, it's now a gallery contemporary art, visitors can see art exhibits here ranging from the 1960s to the present day, including films, photographs and new media.

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Location: Montpellier, France

Located in French city Montpellier. This theater really looks like a decorated wooden box! Built in 2013 by architects from A+ Architecture, the theater has a very interesting appearance with wooden patterns in the harlequin style. At night, thanks to multi-colored lighting built into the façade, the building takes on an even more amazing appearance.

The theater is named after the famous French novelist Jean-Claude Carrier, which makes this theater truly special. In addition, it is built in such a way that it absorbs much less energy than any analogue of the same size.

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Location: Gothenburg, Sweden

Kuggen is a colorful, cylindrical building designed by Swedish architects Gert Wingårdh and Jonas Edblad for Wingårdh Arkitektkontor. The building is located in Gothenburg, Sweden's second largest city, and belongs to Chalmers University of Technology (lucky students!).

The facade is made of terracotta panels in six shades of red and two green, which look different depending on the angle at which you look at them and the amount of natural light at a given moment.

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Kunsthofpassage

Location: Dresden, Germany

At first you might think that this building doesn't look that special compared to the others on our list, but what makes it unique is that the house plays music every time it rains! Thanks to a system of gutters and funnels attached to the building's facade, the Kunsthofpassage is one of the main attractions of Dresden, Germany. The musical building was designed by sculptor Annette Pavla and designers Christoph Rossner and Andre Tempel.

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Conclusion

This was an article TOP 10 most unusual modern buildings Europe. Thank you for your attention!

Parliament building in Vienna. This is the most recognizable landmark of the city and a magnificent architectural structure. It was built in the eighteenth century according to the design of Theophil Hansen. The Parliament building occupies a huge territory on which the Chambers of Councils, huge living rooms and halls, bars, libraries and meeting rooms are located. On both sides of the main entrance to the building you can see statues of ancient gods. The entire parliament building covers an area of ​​13 thousand square meters. Thousands of tourists visit this Vienna landmark every day.

Photo: Old Town Hall in Prague

Photo: Vienna State Opera

Photo: Brandenburg Gate in Berlin

Photo: St. Stephen's Basilica in Budapest

Roman style Style 9-13 centuries. the main role was given to harsh, fortress architecture. Monasteries, churches, castles were located on elevated places, dominating the area. The original prototype of the churches were Roman basilicas, but they were significantly modified: for example, the flat ceiling was replaced by a vault. The churches were decorated with paintings and reliefs, in conventional forms expressing the frightening power of God. But images of animals and plants go back to folk art. Among the magnificent examples of Romanesque architecture are the monasteries of St. Paul and St. Giovanni in Rome, the cathedral in Pisa and the church of St. Miniatas in Florence. There are many excellent examples of this style in France and Germany (for example, the cathedral in Bamberg).

Gothic Style of the centuries. It reflected the formation of national states, the strengthening of cities, the development of trade and crafts. The leading architectural type is the city cathedral. The frame system made it possible to create cathedral interiors of unprecedented height and spaciousness, and to cut through the walls with huge windows with multi-colored bends. The upward aspiration of the cathedral is expressed by giant openwork towers, lancet windows and portals, curved statues, and complex ornaments. Town halls and residential buildings were built in the same style. shopping arcades and other buildings. In Gothic we see an increased interest in real world, nature, wealth of experiences.

Renaissance style Renaissance is a period in the history of centuries. Characterized by a humanistic worldview, an appeal to cultural heritage antiquity. However ancient culture developed and interpreted in a new way. In architecture, secular buildings began to play a leading role - public buildings, palaces, city houses. Using the order division of walls, arched galleries, colonnades, vaults, domes, architects gave their majestic buildings clarity, harmony and proportionality to man. The buildings are characterized by clarity of structure and clear division of strict volumes and light, spacious interiors.

Baroque One of the main styles of the centuries. It is associated with the noble-church culture of mature absolutism. It reflected ideas about the complexity, diversity, and variability of the world. Characterized by contrast, tension, dynamism, a desire for grandeur and splendor, for a combination of reality and illusion. Architecture is characterized by spatial scope, unity, and fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms.

Rococo Style, early 18th century. Characterized by a departure from life into the world of fantasy and mythology. A particularly characteristic motif of the ornament is a stylized shell (rocaille). A graceful, whimsical ornamental rhythm dominates. The buildings are distinguished by their sophistication, decorative beauty of asymmetrical compositions, and comfort. Lush interior design can be combined with relative austerity appearance buildings (for example, in the architecture of French hotels).

Classicism Style of the centuries. It developed in France, reflecting the rise of absolutism. In the 18th century he was associated with the bourgeois Enlightenment. The ancient heritage is considered as the norm and an ideal example. The architecture is characterized by clarity and geometric shapes, logical planning, a combination of walls with orders, and restrained decor. The basis of the architectural language is the order, in proportions and forms closer to antiquity than in the architecture of previous eras. The interior is characterized by clarity of spatial divisions and softness of colors. Perspective effects are widely used in monumental and decorative painting.

Art Nouveau Style of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. Art Nouveau architecture sought unity of constructive and artistic beginnings. New technical means, new materials (for example, reinforced concrete), free, functionally based layout, decorative rhythm of flexible flowing lines, stylized floral pattern, especially from aquatic plants. The buildings are emphatically individualized, all their elements are subject to a single ornamental rhythm and figurative and symbolic design.