Lesson notes at the origins of human civilization. Online loan comparison service in Ukraine. Achievements of Neolithic man
In general, it is characterized by the increasing dynamics of changes occurring both in various spheres of social life and in the complex of relationships between society and nature.
Traditional for the materialistic traditions of European science was the consideration of history from the point of view of man's conquest of nature. It really acts as a source of resources for the development of civilization. At the same time, a person is in constant interaction with his environment, he himself is its creation and an integral part.
Human society and natural communities
The oldest stone tools are 2.5-3 million years old. Consequently, at that time creatures with the rudiments of intelligence already lived in East Africa.
The most developed primates (chimpanzees, gorillas, orangtans) are capable of using ready-made objects (a stick, a stone) in certain situations. However, they cannot make a tool, even the most primitive one (chip and sharpen flint). This requires a certain knowledge about the properties of objects (for example, that flint is easier to process than granite), the ability to plan one’s actions, to mentally imagine their result, which implies the skill of abstract thinking, the presence of reason.
The origin of the mind is explained by the action of natural laws of evolutionary development, interspecies struggle for survival. The best chances in this struggle were those species that, to a greater extent than others, could ensure their existence in changing natural conditions. environment.
Wildlife has demonstrated an infinite variety of both dead-end and viable evolutionary options. One of them was associated with the formation of the rudiments of social behavior that many animal species demonstrate. By uniting in herds (flocks), they could defend themselves and protect their cubs from stronger opponents, and obtain more food. Moreover, the size of each of them was limited by the ability to feed themselves in a certain territory (among primitive people, the size of the herd was 20-40 people).
In the interspecific and sometimes intraspecific struggle between herds that needed similar food, those who had better developed communication, the ability to warn each other about the approach of the enemy, and better coordinate their actions during the hunt won. Gradually, over hundreds of thousands of years, among human predecessors, primitive sound signals expressing emotions began to acquire an increasingly meaningful character.
Speech was formed, inseparable from the ability for abstract, abstract thinking, which implied a complication of the brain structure. Those individuals who showed greater communication abilities had the best chance of surviving in the primitive herd and leaving offspring.
Thus, the emergence and improvement of speech and abstract thinking became the most important factor in the development of the human race itself. It is no coincidence that each new step in the stage of human evolution was associated, on the one hand, with the development of the brain, and on the other, with the improvement of hunting and fishing tools.
Many animals demonstrate the ability to learn, but reflexes and skills acquired by one individual do not become the property of the species. In the herds primitive people gradually accumulated knowledge, which, thanks to the development of speech, was passed on from generation to generation. They reflected the experience of tens of thousands of years of interaction with the outside world, concerned the properties of surrounding objects, and understanding the connections between actions and their results. The accumulation of knowledge and practical skills in its application has provided humans with decisive advantages in the struggle for survival compared to other species.
Armed with clubs, spears, and acting together, primitive hunters could cope with any predator. The possibilities for obtaining food expanded significantly. Thanks to warm clothing, mastery of fire, and acquisition of the skill of preserving food (drying, smoking), people were able to settle over a vast territory and felt relative independence from the climate and vagaries of the weather.
The accumulation of knowledge was not a constantly developing, progressive process. Many human communities due to hunger, disease, hostile attacks tribes died, the knowledge they gained was completely or partially lost.
Stages of human development
The most ancient stone tools are found in East Africa, North and South Asia. It was in these areas that Australopithecus lived. They were more like monkeys than people, although they could walk on two legs. It is generally accepted that australopithecus used sticks and sharp stones as weapons, but most likely did not yet know how to process them.
Approximately 1.0 million - 700 thousand years ago, a period begins that is called the Early Paleolithic. (from Greek, “paleo”, “ancient” and “litos” - “stone”). Excavations in France, near the villages of Chelles and Saint-Achelles, made it possible to find the remains of caves and ancient settlements, where successive generations of the predecessors of modern man lived for tens of thousands of years. Subsequently, such finds were discovered in other places.
Archaeological research has made it possible to trace how tools of labor and hunting have changed. Tools made of bone and sharpened stone (points, scrapers, axes) became more and more sophisticated and durable. The physical type of a person changed: he became more and more adapted to moving on the ground without the help of hands, and the volume of the brain increased.
Thus, the brain volume of the great ape was about 300-600 cubic meters. cm, Australopithecus - 600-700 cc. cm, Pithecanthropus - 800-870 cc. cm, Sinanthropus and Heidelberg man - more than 1000 cubic cm, Neanderthal - 1300-1700 cubic cm. cm - modern man - 1400-1800 cubic meters. cm.
The most important achievement of the Early Paleolithic was the mastery of the ability to use heat (about 200-300 thousand years ago) to heat a home, prepare food, and protect against predators.
Initially, people did not know how to light a fire. Its source was randomly occurring forest and steppe fires; the resulting fire was constantly maintained in the hearths. The ancient Greek legend about Prometheus, who stole the knowledge of fire from the gods, is probably an echo of the memory of very ancient times.
The time of the Early Paleolithic ends with a period of sharp changes in the natural conditions of existence of primitive people. The onset of glaciers began, approximately 100 thousand years ago, covering almost the entire territory Russia, Central and Western Europe. Many herds of primitive Neanderthal hunters were unable to adapt to new living conditions. The struggle for diminishing sources of food intensified between them.
By the end of the Early Paleolithic (approximately 30-20 thousand years BC) in Eurasia and Africa, Neanderthals completely disappeared. Man of the modern, Cro-Magnon type has established himself everywhere.
World religions were based on the idea of the creation of man by higher powers. In the 19th century, during the period of dominance of natural scientific views, science developed a view according to which man is the product of a long, gradual evolution. However, in the 20th century, the idea of the extraterrestrial origin of man began to spread in popular science literature.
The fact is that modern science does not have indisputable data about the immediate ancestors of modern humans. It is assumed that he could not be a product of the evolution of Neanderthals, who represented a dead-end branch of evolution. In other words, the most important, transitional link has not yet been found in the chain of successive human predecessors.
Under the influence of differences in natural conditions, the main races of people emerged.
Racial characteristics are very diverse. The most obvious are pigmentation (skin and hair color), skull shape, development and shape of hair (beard, mustache, scalp hair), eye shape, height. The use of modern research methods includes analysis of the predominant blood groups, papillary patterns on the fingers, and the shape of the teeth.
There is no data proving the existence of any races with mental, psychological, physiological or other advantages over others. All of them belong to a single biological species, “Homo sapiens” (Homo sapiens).
The main races usually include Negroid, European, Mongoloid and Oceanic (Australoid).
The main characteristics of the Negroid races include dark skin pigmentation, coarse curly hair, weak beard and mustache growth, and a forward facial section of the skull. The Negroid race developed on the African continent, although archaeologists find traces of its residence in southern Europe.
Mongoloids have predominantly dark, straight hair, they are characterized by a specific eye shape, a facial skeleton with prominent cheekbones. Mongoloids lived in Southeast, Eastern, Central and partly Central Asia, Siberia, the islands of Polynesia and America.
Caucasians are characterized by soft hair, strong hair development, a developed profile of the facial skeleton, and a protruding nose. During the Mesolithic period, Caucasians lived in Europe, Western and Central Asia, and on the Hindustan Peninsula.
It is also customary to distinguish the oceanic race as a separate large race, whose representatives lived in small groups over a vast territory from South Asia to Australia and Oceania. A distinctive feature of this race is a combination of Negroid and Caucasian features.
Large races are by no means homogeneous; for example, the Europeans of the north are characterized by a predominance of blond hair and blue eyes. Southern Caucasians have darker skin color and darker hair. On the borders of residence of large races, transitional racial groups have developed, for example, mulattoes, the Ethiopian race, and ethnic groups living in Cydan are transitional between the Caucasian and Negroid races. Some peoples of Siberia, the Urals and Central Asia were a mixed form between Caucasians and Asian Mongoloids.
The study of the history of races and the nature of their settlement around the globe is the most important source of knowledge about the life of peoples and their origin.
Man masters his planet
The Mesolithic era (from the Greek, "mesos" - "middle" - "litos" - "stone") covers the period from the 20th to the 9th - 8th millennium BC. It is characterized by a new change in natural conditions, which become more favorable: glaciers are retreating, new territories become available for settlement.
During this period, the Earth's population did not exceed 10 million people. This is not much, but with the predominance of an appropriating type of economy (hunting, fishing, gathering), it was necessary to constantly expand the territory of hunting grounds. The weakest tribes were pushed to the periphery of the inhabited world. About 25 thousand years ago, man first entered the American continent, and about 20 thousand years ago - to Australia.
The history of the settlement of America and Australia causes a lot of controversy. It is generally accepted that man could have ended up on these continents even before the end of the Ice Age. When the ocean level was about 100 m below modern levels and there were land bridges connecting these continents with Eurasia. At the same time, scientists, noting that there were several waves of migration to overseas continents, argue that already at the dawn of their history people could cross wide expanses of water. The Norwegian explorer T. Heyerdahl, to prove the correctness of this point of view, crossed the Pacific Ocean on a raft made using technologies that could have been available to man during the Mesolithic.
In the Mesolithic era, rock painting arose and became widespread. In the remains of dwellings of that time, archaeologists find figurines depicting people, animals, beads and other decorations. All this speaks of the onset of a new stage in the knowledge of the world. Abstract symbols and generalized concepts that emerged with the development of speech take on a kind of independent life in drawings and figurines. Many of them were associated with rituals and rites of primitive magic.
The greatest mystery for man was himself, the process of cognition, understanding the nature of intellectual activity and the abilities associated with it. Primitive magic was built on the belief in the ability to influence distant objects and other people with words, symbolic actions and drawings, and in the special significance of dreams. Early beliefs sometimes did have some rational basis. However, they often became fetters for further knowledge of the world.
The large role of chance in people's lives gave rise to attempts to improve the situation in hunting and in life. This is how belief in omens, favorable or unfavorable, arose. Fetishism appeared - the belief that some objects (talismans) have special magical powers. Among them were animal figurines, stones, and amulets that supposedly brought good luck to their owner. Beliefs arose, for example, that a warrior who drank the blood of an enemy or ate his heart acquired special strength; hunting, treating the sick, and choosing a mate (boy or girl) were preceded by ritual actions, among which dancing and singing were of particular importance. People of the Mesolithic era knew how to make percussion, wind, string and plucked musical instruments.
Particular importance was attached to funeral rituals, which became more and more complex with modern times. In ancient burials, archaeologists find jewelry and tools that people used during their lifetime, and food supplies. This proves that already at the dawn of history there were widespread beliefs in the existence of an other world, where a person lives after death.
Belief in higher powers gradually strengthened, which could both help and harm. It was assumed that they could be appeased with a sacrifice, most often with part of the loot, which should be left in a certain place. Some tribes practiced human sacrifice.
It was believed that some people have great abilities to communicate with higher powers and spirits. Gradually, along with the leaders (they usually became the strongest, most successful, experienced hunters), priests (shamans, sorcerers) began to play a noticeable role in the life of primitive tribes. They usually knew the healing properties of herbs, perhaps had some hypnotic abilities and had a great influence on their fellow tribesmen.
Questions and tasks
1. Using the knowledge acquired in biology, history and social studies classes, talk about the most common hypotheses of human origins. When did the theory of evolution arise and who was its author?
2. What factors contributed to the separation of man from the natural world? What role did interspecific and intraspecific struggle play in the process of human evolution?
3. Name the directions of evolution of the human race. What was the significance of the accumulation of knowledge for ancient man in the struggle for survival?
4. Which regions are the ancestral home of humanity? Name the anthropoid ancestors of humans.
5. Trace changes in the anthropological type of man in the process of evolution.
6. What achievements of man in the early Paleolithic era allowed him to survive in the conditions of the Ice Age?
7. At what stage of primitive history did human settlement take place across the continents of the planet?
8. When did rock art and religious beliefs emerge in human groups? What function did they perform?
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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At the origins of the human race NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION PARAGRAPHS 4-5 Statsenko Anna Valerievna, history teacher of the Irkutsk Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution Secondary School No. 11 with in-depth study of individual subjects
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Consider the main theories of the origin of man; Identify and characterize the main stages in the formation of mankind; Reveal the significance of the primitive era in the history of mankind; Goal: study the primitive era in the history of mankind;
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Generally accepted periodization of General History of the 3rd millennium BC. - V century AD ANCIENT WORLD 5th century - end of the 15th century MIDDLE AGES 16th - 19th centuries NEW TIME XX - early XXI centuries RECENT TIME PRIMITIVE ERA Duration more than 2.5 million years, formation of modern humans, tribal system, transition to agriculture and cattle breeding, no private property and social inequality, the emergence of art and religion
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Periodization of history according to L. Morgan and J. Condorcet WILDLIFE Gathering hunting BARBARY Agriculture cattle breeding The emergence of private property and social inequality CIVILIZATION State writing cities class society Lewis Morgan (1818-1881) - American ethnographer and historian, creator of the scientific theory of primitive society PROGRESS Progress is progressive movement of society from lower to higher levels Jean Condorcet (1743-1794) - French philosopher, founder of the theory of PROGRESS
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FORMATIONAL APPROACH Humanity is a single whole and develops from lower levels to higher levels - formations. Formation (from Latin Formatio - view) is a society at a certain stage of development. Primitive communal formation Slave-owning formation: slave owners and slaves Feudal formation: feudal lords and dependent peasants Capitalist formation capitalists (bourgeoisie) and proletariat (wage workers): Communist formation - classless society A) socialism “from each according to his ability, to each according to his work) B) communism “from each according to his ability, to each according to his need Progress Each formation is based on a certain method of producing material wealth K. Marx “Revolutions are the locomotives of history”
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The primitive era in the history of mankind The primitives are people who lived before the advent of writing, the appearance of the first cities and states PRIMITIVE CIVILIZATION 2.5 million years ago. – 5 thousand years ago
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“In modern science, the question of the origin of man remains highly controversial” ANTHROPOGENESIS - part of biological evolution that led to the emergence of Homo sapiens (lat. Homo sapiens) Anthropos - man Genesis - origin ANTHROPOSOCIOGENESIS - a term adopted to refer to the problem of the origin and evolution of man as a species in the process of forming society. MAN is a BIO-SOCIAL being
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THEORIES Natural science theories EVOLUTIONISM Man as a biological species is the result of EVOLUTION People descended from a special species of apes Religious theories (CREATIONISM) Man was created by GOD The paleo-visit theory MAN came from SPACE None of these theories HAVE full scientific confirmation What theories of the origin of man exist ?
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Religious (creation) theory Man is CREATED BY GOD “And God said: Let us make man in our image and in our likeness...” The Bible. Genesis. 1-26 THE IMAGE OF GOD is the qualities given by God to man, distinguishing him from all other creatures on earth - reason, speech, the ability to distinguish between good and evil and strive for good. THE SIMILARITY OF GOD is what a person should strive for - to become like God – in love, patience, etc. 2:7. And the Lord God formed man from the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living soul. According to the Bible, man is created in THREE stages. The first stage is God's plan for man. “And God said: Let us make man in our image and likeness.” Then God proceeds directly to the creation of man. He creates a body from the earth and then, into the finished body, inhales the soul. SOUL is the immortal personality (essence) of a person. The meaning of life is the salvation of the soul.
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Religious (creation) theory Gregory of Nyssa - Christian theologian and philosopher of the 4th century. Basil the Great - Christian theologian and philosopher of the 4th century. Vasily Rodzianko (1915-1999) - Bishop of the Orthodox Church in America D. Sysoev “Chronicle of the Beginning” A. Kuraev “School Theology” “Orthodoxy and Evolution”
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Evolutionary theory Evolution is a natural process of development of living nature, accompanied by the disappearance and emergence of species of living beings Man is the highest stage of development of living organisms on earth TYPE - chordates CLASS - mammals ORDER - primates FAMILY - hominids GENUS - people SPECIES - homo sapiens HOMO SAPIENS
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The main factors of evolution Charles Darwin is the founder of the theory of evolution (Darwinism) 1859. The origin of species through natural selection” 1871 “The origin of man and sexual selection”: the similarities and kinship of humans and great apes. The main factors of evolution are the struggle for existence and natural selection (Darwinism). The mechanism of evolution - genetic mutations (neo-Darwinism) Charles Darwin 1809-1882 “Natural selection can explain (more precisely, describe, not explain) variability within a population, but cannot explain the jump from one species to another. Therefore, in the Origin of Species, Darwin talks about everything except the origin of species itself.” A. Kuraev “Orthodoxy and evolution”
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The origin of the mind is explained by the action of natural laws of evolutionary development The struggle for existence (species and interspecies) and natural selection The appearance of speech, abstract thinking, COMMUNICATION SKILLS accumulation of knowledge, improvement of tools MAN The ability to make tools is the main difference between humans and animals
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Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) - German philosopher, author of the work “The Role of Labor in the Process of Transforming Ape into Man” The gradual improvement of tools contributed to the development of speech and thinking “Labor made a man out of an ape”
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Questions What is anthropogenesis and anthroposociogenesis? Why is man a biosocial being? What theories of human origins exist? What is the essence of creation theory? Who is the author of the theory of evolution? What factors contributed to the separation of man from the natural world? What does the expression “labor made a man out of a monkey” mean?
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The main stages of human development. Human ancestors Australopithecus (southern ape) 4 million years ago Sticks and sharp stones Homo habilis 2.5 million years ago Roughly processed stones Homo erectus PITHECAANTHROPUS 1 million years ago Neanderthal 600-35 thousand years ago Cro-Magnon 40 thousand years ago PALEOLITHIC (paleo - ancient, lithos - stone) - Old Stone Age MESOLITHIC XX -X thousand years ago. NEOLITHIC X thousand years ago 100 thousand years ago 200-300– thousand years ago
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Periodization of the primitive era PALEOLITHIC 2.5 million years ago. - XII thousand years n. Lower, middle, upper Rough (unpolished) stone tools gathering, hunting, fishing MESOLITHIC XX-X thousand years ago. NEOLITHIC – X-IX thousand years ago Chalcolithic Copper-Stone Age Human herd Tribal community
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Races RACES are historically established groupings (groups of populations) of people within the species Homo sapiens. EUROPEAN MONGOLOID NEGROID OCEANIC Races differ from each other in secondary physical characteristics - skin color, body proportions, eye shape, hair structure, etc.
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Questions Which regions are the ancestral homeland of humanity? What is the main difference between ancient people and animals? Name the anthropoid ancestors of humans. What are Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic? What human achievements during the Early Paleolithic era allowed him to survive the Ice Age? What are races?
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Man masters the planet MESOLITHIC (XX -X thousand years ago) – changes in natural conditions, the glacier retreats, new territories become available for settlement 25 thousand years ago. 20 thousand years ago
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Art and religion MESOLITHIC (XX -X thousand years ago) - the emergence of art and religion What is RELIGION and why did it arise? Religion is the belief in the existence of higher powers and the worship of them. Religion arose from the fear of primitive people of the forces of nature. Religion is the most important spiritual need of man “You created us for Yourself, and our heart knows no peace until it rests in You” (St. Augustine)
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Art and religion MESOLITHIC (XX -X thousand years ago) - the emergence of art and religion PRIMITIVE (archaic) RELIGIONS 1) ANIMISM - belief in the soul and spirits Funeral rite 2) FETISCHISM 3) TOTEMISM 4) MAGIC Magic rite
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Art and religion It was believed that some people have great abilities to communicate with higher powers and spirits. Priests (shamans, sorcerers) played a big role in the life of primitive tribes MESOLITHIC (XX -X thousand years ago) - the emergence of art and religion
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Art and religion MESOLITHIC (XX -X thousand years ago) - the emergence of art and religion Paleolithic Venuses
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Questions At what stage of primitive history did human settlement take place across the continents of the planet? What is religion? How do scientists explain its appearance? When do religion and art appear in human society? What connection exists between them? Name the primitive forms of religion.
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NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION 10 thousand years ago n. The transition from a primitive APPROPRIATING economy to a PRODUCING economy based on cattle breeding and agriculture
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NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION Transition from a primitive APPROPRIATING economy to a PRODUCING economy based on cattle breeding and farming CAUSES CONSEQUENCES Climate warming Disappearance of large animals (mammoths) Population growth Improvement of tools and weapons Extermination of many species of animals Emergence of agriculture and cattle breeding Separation of crafts from agriculture The emergence of exchange and trade The transition from matriarchy to patriarchy The emergence of property The transition from the tribal community to the neighboring one Increasing inequality Creating the preconditions for the emergence of STATES What was the significance of the Neolithic revolution?
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Tribal system Tribal community Tribal community Tribal community TRIBE Council of elders Leader
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AT THE ORIGINS OF THE HUMAN KIND. PRESENTATION ON THE SUBJECT “WORLD HISTORY OF RUSSIA AND THE WORLD FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY. EVG 3097@MAIL. RU
BASIC CONCEPTS AND TERMS. EVOLUTION, ABSTRACT THINKING, PRIMITIVE HERD, INTERSPECIES AND INTRASPECIES STRUGGLE. EARLY PALEOLITHIC, NEANDERTHAL, CRO-MANNON. RACES OF PEOPLE, MESOLITHIC, ROCK PAINTING, FETISHISM.
HUMAN SOCIETY AND NATURAL COMMUNITIES. ORIGIN OF MIND IN THIS STRUGGLE, THOSE WHO COULD ENSURE THEIR EXISTENCE IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT WON MORE SUCCESSFULLY. THE MOST ANCIENT STONE TOOL - 2.5 - 3 MIL. IN EAST AFRICA. ONLY BEINGS WITH THE RUDGES OF MIND CAN MAKE TOOLS OF LABOR. ANIMALS CAN ONLY USE THEM. REASON CAN BE EXPLAINED: BY THE OPERATION OF NATURAL LAWS OF EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT, INTERSPECIES STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE.
HUMAN EVOLUTION. FORMATION OF THE RUDIGIES OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR. THE ABILITY TO LEARN HAS MADE AWAY A PERSON WHO TRANSFERED EXPERIENCE FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION, UNLIKE ANIMALS WHO COULD NOT DO THIS. THE ACCUMULATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS, MASTERING FIRE ALLOWED HUMANS TO UNITED INTO HERDS IN PRIMITIVE COMMUNITIES TO EXIST SUCCESSFULLY AND PEOPLE COULD PROTECT THEMSELVES AND CHILDREN. IN NATURE. THE INTER-SPECIES STRUGGLE WON THOSE WHO HAD THE ABILITY TO COMMUNICATE AND COORDINARY ACTIONS. FORMATION OF SPEECH HAS COMPLICATED THE BRAIN STRUCTURE. THE ABILITY TO ABSTRACT THINKING HAS APPEARED. EACH STAGE OF HUMAN EVOLUTION IS CONNECTED FIRST WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN, AND SECONDLY WITH THE IMPROVEMENT OF WORK TOOLS.
1. RELIGION APPROVES THE DIVINE ORIGIN OF MAN. STAGES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR. 2. IN THE 20TH CENTURY THE VIEW THAT MAN IS A PRODUCT 2.5 – 3 mil. EAST AFRICA – AUSTRALOPITHECICA. USE OF TOOLS, WALKING UPREMODERN SCIENCE DOES NOT HAVE THE ANSWER WHY THIS HAPPENED. HENCE THE DIFFERENCE OF VIEWS ON THE ORIGIN OF THE ANCESTOR OF MODERN MAN. APPROXIMATELY 1.5 – 700 THOUSAND. YEARS AGO EVOLUTION. EARLY PALEOLITHIC. 3. IN THE 21st CENTURY THEORY ABOUT EXTRATERRESTRIAL TOOLS – SCRAPS, CUTS FROM THE ORIGIN OF BONE AND STONE. UPREAMING, INCREASING BRAIN VOLUME FROM 300 – 600 CU. CM UP TO 1300 – 1700 CU. SEE NEANDERTHALS. APPROXIMATELY 200 – 300 THOUSAND. YEARS AGO - MASTERING FIRE. THE EARLY PALEOLITHIC TIME ENDS WITH THE ADVANCE OF GLACIERS ABOUT 20 - 30 thousand years ago. YEARS AGO THE NEANDERTHALS COMPLETELY DISAPPEARED. CRO-MANNON CONFIRMED.
BUT THEY ALL REFER TO THE ONE TYPE OF HOMOS SAPIES. MAIN RACES OF PEOPLE. RACIAL CHARACTERISTICS ARE DIVERSE: SKIN PIGMENTATION, EYE SHAPE, HAIR COAT, HEIGHT, BLOOD TYPES, ETC. NEGROID RACE. (skin pigmentation, curly hair, weak beard and mustache growth) EUROPEAN RACE. (soft hair, protruding nose) MONGOLID RACE. (eye shape, cheekbones, straight hair) OCEANIC RACE. (a combination of Negroid and Caucasian features) LARGE RACES ARE HETEROGENEOUS. IN ADDITION TO THIS, TRANSITIONAL RACES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED AT THE BORDERS OF RACES.
MAN IS DEVELOPING HIS PLANET. MESOLITHIC AGE. (FROM 20 TO 9 – 8 THOUSANDS B.C. GLACIERS RECEIVE THE ARISE OF BELIEF IN SIGNS, FETISHISM. THE APPEARANCE OF FUNERAL RITUALS AND BELIEF IN HIGHER POWERS. APPEARANCE OF SHAMANS, PRIESTS. POPULATION - 10 MILLION. APPROPRIATING TYPE OF ECONOMY – HUNTING, GATHERING , FISHING. MAN’S ENTRY INTO AMERICA AND AUSTRALIA. THE ADVANCE OF A NEW STAGE IN THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE WORLD: ROCK PAINTING, RITES OF MAGIC ABSTRACT THINKING. THE BIGGEST MYSTERY IS MAN HIMSELF WITH HIS INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT.
TRY TO Draw your own conclusions. MAIN CONCLUSIONS. THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN WAS THE RESULT OF A MULTIFACTORY INFLUENCE ON HIS DEVELOPMENT. EACH NEW STEP WAS CONNECTED WITH BOTH THE IMPROVEMENT OF WORK TOOLS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN. THE FIRST STAGE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IS THE EARLY PALEOLITHIC. THE MANUFACTURE OF TOOLS AND THE USE OF FIRE SEPARATED MAN FROM THE ANIMAL WORLD. THE BASIC RACES ARE BEING FORMED. IN THE MESOLITHIC ERA, MAN COVERED THE PLANET. . THE BRAIN DEVELOPES AND ABSTRACT THINKING ARISES: RITUALS, MAGIC, FETISHISM. SINCE THE PALEOLITHIC, THE CRO-MANNON MAN, THE MODERN TYPE OF HUMAN, HAS BEEN DOMINANT.
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION. BASIC CONCEPTS: NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION, PRODUCING TYPE OF ECONOMY, DIVISION OF LABOR, EXCHANGE, MONEY, PROPERTY INEQUALITY, MATRIARCHY AND PATRIARCHY, PROPERTY, TRIBE, CLAN, UNION OF TRIBES, ENEOLITHIC, METAL PROCESSING.
MAN AND NATURE: THE FIRST CONFLICT. NEOLITHIC – TRANSITION TO AGRICULTURE AND CASTLE BREEDING IN 9 – 8 THOUSAND. BC THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND CASTLE BREEDING ONLY IN FAVORABLE CONDITIONS: CASTLE BREEDING FROM HUNTING AND AGRICULTURE FROM GATHERING. THERE HAS BEEN A TRANSITION FROM THE APPROPRIATING TO THE PRODUCING TYPE OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY. THE REASONS FOR THIS WERE THE IMPROVEMENT OF HUNTING GEARS AND THE CONSEQUENTIAL NUTRITION CRISIS THAT AFFECTED HUMAN COMMUNITIES. 1. SOME TRIBES LIMITED CONSUMPTION BY THE TABOO SYSTEM AND FROZEN IN THEIR DEVELOPMENT. 2. BREAKTHROUGH TO A NEW QUALITY IMPACT ON NATURE.
Excess production caused not only trade, but also the emergence of wealth inequality. Gradually, leaders and AGRICULTURAL-PASTORAL CULTURES. sorcerers began to accumulate property and valuables. THE FIRST AGRICULTURAL CIVILIZATIONS. (7 – 4 THOUSAND B.C.) THE DIVISION OF LABOR DEPTHENED: AGRICULTURE SEPARATED FROM CASTLE BREEDING, CRAFT BECAME INDEPENDENT. THE SPHERE OF EXCHANGE WAS EXPANDING: VARIOUS CONNECTIONS OF NATURAL EXCHANGE BEGAN TO BE REPLACED BY MONEY. THESE CIVILIZATIONS ARE SOMETIMES CALLED RIVER CIVILIZATIONS (MILD CLIMATE, SOIL AND WATER) - EGYPT, INTERFLIVE, INDUS VALLEY, JUANGE. THE FIRST PLANTS: WHEAT, BARLEY, CORN IN THE INCA. HUGE CHANGES HAVE HAPPENED IN PEOPLE'S LIFE, IF BEFORE A PERSON'S ENTIRE LIFE WAS DEDICATED TO SURVIVAL AND A PERSON EXPILED FROM THE TRIBE WAS DOOMED, THEN WITH THE APPEARANCE OF THE PRODUCTION TYPE OF ECONOMY IT BECAME POSSIBLE TO PRODUCE MORE FOOD CUTS, WHAT YOU NEED
TRANSITION FROM MATRIARCHY TO PATRIARCHY. OWNERSHIP, ACCUMULATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS HAVE LEADED TO CHANGES IN THE CASE OF LIFE. NEOLITHIC PEOPLE LIVED IN LARGE FAMILIES. GIRLS WERE GIVEN IN MARRIAGE TO OTHER CLANDS AND TRIBES. THE MEN STAYED WITH THE FAMILY. DEGREE OF RELATIONSHIP IN THE MALE LINE AND HENCE THE ARISE OF PROPERTY. SEVERAL KINDS OF TRIBE. THE APPEARANCE OF A FAMILY HAS HAPPENED. THE QUESTION OF THE ORIGIN OF THE FAMILY HAS BEEN CONTROVERSIAL FOR A LONG TIME. ACCORDING TO MORGAN (USA) – THE FORMATION OF A FAMILY HAS PASSED SEVERAL STAGES. IN CONDITIONS OF HUNTING AND GATHERING - THE MAIN FIGURE IS A WOMAN WHO TRANSFERED EXPERIENCE AND ORGANIZED THIS BUILDING - MATRIARCHY WITH THE ADVANCE OF AGRICULTURE AND CASTLE BREEDING THE MORTALITY AMONG MEN DECREASED AND THEY CARRIED OUT THE MOST HARD AND IMPORTANT WORK. ALL THIS LEADED TO THE NORM OF PATRIARCHY – A SPECIAL ROLE FOR MEN IN SOCIETY.
TRANSITION TO THE ENEOLITHIC. POPULATION GROWTH LEADED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TERRITORIES, AND A NEW STAGE IN HUMAN HISTORY BEGAN, CONNECTED WITH THE APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST STATES. TRIBAL ALLIANCES APPEARED, WHICH GRADUALLY LOST CONNECTION WITH EACH OTHER. THE APPEARANCE OF DIFFERENT LANGUAGES (5 – 4 THOUSAND B.C.) TOTAL 4 THOUSAND. LANGUAGES. INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY OF LANGUAGES, FINNO-UGRIAN, MONGOLIAN, SEMITE-HAMIC, BERBERO-LIBYAN, CUSHITE, SINO-TIBETAN AND OTHERS. AT THIS TIME THE TRANSITION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF METALS BEGINS: COPPER, TIN, LEAD AND OTHERS. DEVELOPMENT TIME: 7 THOUSAND. , BUT WIDE DEVELOPMENT IN 4 – 3 THOUSAND. BC IN THE ENEOLITHIC ERA (COPPER - STONE AGE)
MAIN CONCLUSIONS. APPROXIMATELY 10 THOUSAND. BC THERE WAS A CRISIS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION, CONNECTED WITH THE EXHAUSTION OF HUNTING AND GATHERING POSSIBILITIES. THE WAY OUT OF IT IN TWO WAYS: 1. LIMITING NEEDS 2. DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND CASTLE BREEDING. THE PRODUCTION TYPE OF ECONOMY LEAD TO CHANGES IN THE WAY OF LIFE: DIVISION OF LABOR, CRAFT PRODUCTION, EXCHANGE AND APPEARANCE OF MONEY. THERE IS A TRANSITION FROM MATRIARCHY TO PATRIARCHY AND THE FORMATION OF A FAMILY. THE CONCEPT OF PROPERTY APPEARS. WITH THE GROWTH OF THE POPULATION, PEOPLE SPREAD TO NEW PLACES AND, AS A RESULT, DIFFERENT LANGUAGES APPEAR. EXACTLY AT THIS TIME AT 7 THOUSAND. BC THE EXPLORATION OF METALS BEGINS. PERIOD FROM 4 TO 3 THOUSAND. BC IS CALLED THE COPPER - STONE AGE (ENEOLITHIC) A NEW STAGE BEGINS, RELATED TO THE ARISE OF STATES.
SOURCES ZAGLADIN N.V. WORLD HISTORY OF RUSSIA AND THE WORLD FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY: TEXTBOOK FOR 10TH GRADE. – 7 - IZD. – M.: TID “RUSSIAN WORD - RS”, 2007. CHAPTER 2. “PRIMIMEVAL AGE”
Human society and natural communities ORIGIN OF MIND In this struggle, those who could more successfully ensure their existence in the natural environment won. The oldest stone tool is 2.5 – 3 million years old in East Africa. Only creatures with the rudiments of intelligence can make tools. Animals can only use them. Reason can be explained by: the action of natural laws of evolutionary development; interspecies struggle for existence.
Human evolution Formation of the rudiments of social behavior The ability to learn distinguished a person who passed on experience from generation to generation, unlike animals who could not do this. By uniting in herds, primitive people could protect themselves and their children. In the interspecies struggle, those who had the ability to communicate and coordinate actions won. The design of speech has complicated the structure of the brain. The ability for abstract thinking has appeared. Each stage of human evolution is associated with: the development of the brain and the improvement of tools.
Lower Paleolithic Stone Age Middle Paleolithic up to 45 - 40 thousand years ago Upper Paleolithic Paleolithic up to 100 thousand years ago up to 12 - 10 thousand years ago Mesolithic Neolithic Chalcolithic up to 8 thousand years ago up to 5 thousand years ago (Copper Stone Age) until Tue floors 4 thousand BC e. Early Bronze Iron Age Middle Bronze early. floors 2 thousand BC e. Late Bronze Bronze Age 3 thousand BC e. Tue. floors 2 thousand BC e. From the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e. and up to modern times
Ice Age Mindel Riess Würm Günz Archanthropes and paleoanthropes, at the end of Riess - the appearance of Cro-Magnons (Homo sapiens); human settlement in Africa, Asia, Europe; emergence of races Neolithic revolution: transition to a productive economy; the birth of the most ancient civilizations of the East and West
Pithecanthropus Lived about 1.5 million years ago. Distinctive features were a low forehead, developed brow ridges, and massive protruding jaws.
The severe test served as an incentive to reveal the hidden possibilities of human development. People learned to process stone, bone and animal skins, make fire and much more. Speech and the beginnings of religious ideas appear. The species homo habilis is being replaced by the species homo sapiens (reasonable man).
Main races of people Racial characteristics are diverse: skin pigmentation, eye shape, hair, height, blood types, etc. NEGROID RACE (skin pigmentation, curly hair, weak beard and mustache growth) EUROPEAN RACE (soft hair, protruding nose) MONGOLID RACE (eye shape, cheekbones, straight hair) OCEANIC RACE (combination of Negroid and Caucasian features) The main races are heterogeneous. Transitional racial groups (mulattoes) formed at the borders of residence of the main races.
Man masters his planet MESOLITHIC ERA (from 20 to 9 - 8 thousand BC, glaciers recede) The emergence of belief in omens, fetishism. The emergence of funeral rituals and belief in higher powers. The appearance of shamans and priests. Population – 10 million people. The appropriating type of economy is hunting, gathering, fishing. Human penetration into America and Australia. The onset of a new stage in the knowledge of the world: rock paintings, rituals of magic - ABSTRACT THINKING. The greatest mystery: man himself with his development of intelligence.
By the end of the Stone Age, people who had undergone a severe test of survival over several tens of thousands of years had learned a lot. People have achieved real art in the manufacture of tools. They have learned to drill and grind stone, and create tools of miniature precision.
Man discovered the properties of clay and learned to create ceramic dishes. He invented a loom and learned how to weave linen and sew clothes.
