Weak positions of consonants. Strong-weak positions for consonants. Positional changes of consonants
The composition of vowel phonemes in the Russian language system is determined on the basis of their semantic distinctive role in a strong position. For vowel phonemes of the Russian language, the position under stress not between soft consonants is absolutely strong (both perceptually and significatively).<и>However, in a perceptually weak position, a phoneme does not enter into neutralization with other phonemes, therefore, to determine the composition of vowel phonemes, it is enough to take into account which position is significatively strong. For vowel phonemes of the Russian language, this is the position under stress. In this position, six vowels are distinguished: [a] – [o] – [i] – [s] – [e] – [y]. But two vowel sounds alternate positionally: [and]/[ы]. Positionally alternating sounds are representatives of the same phoneme. In a perceptually strong position - after and between hard consonants [s] appears, however, at the beginning of a word only [and] occurs, therefore it is considered to be the main variant of the phoneme, and [s] is only a variation of the phoneme<а>– <о>–< . So, the composition of vowel phonemes in the Russian language is as follows: –< and> –< e> – y> (she [ʌн A – y> (she ], it O ], they [ʌn’ And ], those – [t’ uh ], here ]).
at<у>Significatively weak for Russian phonemes is the position not under stress. However, this is individual for each phoneme. Yes, phoneme<а>, <о>does not enter into neutralization with any other phoneme. For<а> –< All unstressed positions are weak. In the position of the first prestressed syllable after soft consonants, four vowel phonemes enter into neutralization – < o> – < e> i>: h[i e ]sy, m[i e ]doc, r[i e ]ka, l[i e ]sa. Perceptually weak positions for Russian vowels are: after soft consonants mint [m’ˑat], before soft consonants mother
[maˑt’] and between soft consonants crumple [m’ät’].
STRONG AND WEAK POSITIONS OF CONSONANTS AND COMPOSITION OF CONSONANT PHONEMS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
The composition of voiced and voiceless consonant phonemes is determined by strong positions for voiced and voiceless consonants. Strong positions are:<з> – <с>);
1) Before vowels: ko[z]a – ko[s]a (<з’> – <’с>);
2) Before sonorant consonants: [z’l’]it – [s’l’]it (<з’>– <’с>).
3) Before /v/, /v’/: v[z’v’]it – [s’v’]it (
Weak positions for voiced and voiceless noisy consonants:<д>1) At the end of the word: ro[d]a-ro[t], p[t]a – ro[t] (<т>neutralized with
in option [t]);<с’>2) Before a voiced consonant: ko[s’]it – ko[z’b]a (<з’>neutralized with
in option [z’]);<д>2) Before a voiced consonant: ko[s’]it – ko[z’b]a (<т>3) Before voiceless consonants: lo[d]ochka – lo[tk]a (
Sonorant consonants do not enter into neutralization with any other consonant phonemes on the basis of voicedness/voicelessness, therefore all positions for them are strong on this basis.
In terms of hardness and softness, the strong positions for consonant phonemes of the Russian language are:
1) Before vowels<а>, <о>, <и>, <у>, <э>: in the garden - I will sit (<д> – <д’>), nose – carried (<н> – <н’>), bow – hatch (<л> – <л’>), soap – mil (<м> – <м’>), pole – gap (<ш> –<ш’:>);
2) At the end of the word: horse - horse (<н> – <н’>), angle – coal (<л> – <л’>);
3) Before back-lingual consonants: gorka - bitterly (<р> – <р’>), shelf – polka (<л> – <л’>).
However, weak positions in terms of hardness and softness are “individual”:
1) For dental consonants - before soft dental consonants: evil - to anger (<з>2) Before a voiced consonant: ko[s’]it – ko[z’b]a (<з’>in variant [z’]), chant – song (<с>2) Before a voiced consonant: ko[s’]it – ko[z’b]a (<с’>in option [s’]);
2) For dental consonants - before soft labial consonants: story - dawn (<с>2) Before a voiced consonant: ko[s’]it – ko[z’b]a (<с’>in option [s’]);
3) For labial consonants - before soft labial consonants: again - together (<в>2) Before a voiced consonant: ko[s’]it – ko[z’b]a (<в’>in option [c’]);
4) For dental<н>- in front of the anterior palatines<ч’>And<ш’:>: boar - boar (<н>2) Before a voiced consonant: ko[s’]it – ko[z’b]a (<н’>in the variant [n’]), deception – deceiver (<н’>2) Before a voiced consonant: ko[s’]it – ko[z’b]a (<н’>in version [n’]).
Requires special comments position before vowel<э>. For centuries, a law has been in force in the Russian language: a consonant, falling into a position before<э>, softened. Indeed, in native Russian words before<э>the consonant is always soft: forest, river, light, summer, wind. The exception is the hard hissing ones (rustle, gesture), but they were originally soft. Therefore, the position in front<э>for consonants it was weak in hardness-softness. In 20-30 In the 20th century, changes occurred in the phonetic system of the Russian language. On the one hand, abbreviations are actively formed, which become commonly used words: NEP, DNEPRO HPP, Power lines. On the other hand, many borrowings, becoming mastered, bypass the stage of phonetic adaptation. Thus, the commonly used words, without a doubt, include: antenna, atelier, stand, tennis, muffler. Consonant before<э>these words are pronounced firmly. Thus, before<э>In modern Russian, hard and soft consonants are possible. This means that the position has turned from weak to strong.
In fact, all positions except the weak ones listed above are strong in terms of hardness and softness. The range of weak positions in terms of hardness and softness has narrowed over the past 50-80 years. “Destroyed” positional patterns include:
1) Softening consonants before
2) Softening of the labials before the soft posterior linguals: paws [lap’k’i], rags [tr’ap’k’i].
In fact, the positional patterns of softening the labials before the soft labials and the teeth before the soft labials are also in the stage of destruction. The “Russian Grammar” indicates possible pronunciation options in these positions: [s'v'et] and [sv'et], [v'm'es't''] and [vm'es't'']. The reasons for such changes in the phonetic system of the Russian language will be discussed in the next paragraph.
Back-lingual consonants have a special position in the system. Hard and soft back-lingual consonants alternate positionally: soft back-lingual consonants are possible only before front vowels<и>, <э>. In these positions there are no hard back-lingual ones: ru[k]a – ru[k’]i, ru[k’]e; but[g]a – but[g’]i, but[g’]e; sti[x]a – sti[x’]i, about sti[x’]e. Consequently, hard and soft velars are representatives of the same phonemes. Since hard back-linguals are possible in most positions, they are considered the main variants of consonant phonemes -<г>, <к>, <х..
Thus, the composition of consonant phonemes in the Russian language is as follows:<б> – <б’> – <п> – <п’> –<в> – <в’> – <ф> – <ф’> – <д> – <д’> – <т> – <т’> – <з> – <з’> – <с> – <с’> – <м> –<м’> – <н> – <н’> – <л> – <л’> – <р> – <р’> – <ж> – <ж’:> – <ш> – <ш’:> – <ч’> – <ц> –
PHONEMIC TRANSCRIPTION
Phonetic transcription serves to accurately record spoken speech. Phonemic transcription reflects the composition of phonemes. This is a recording of abstract units of language, not intended for reading.
Procedure for performing phonemic transcription:
1) Perform phonetic transcription;
2) Perform a morpheme analysis of the word (to establish which morpheme a particular phoneme belongs to);
3) Determine the nature of the position for each sound unit (a strong position is indicated by “+”, a weak position by “-”);
4) Select checks for all phonemes that are in weak positions: a) for phonemes in the root of the word - cognate words of the same root; b) for phonemes in prefixes – words of any part of speech with the same prefix (with the same meaning); c) for phonemes in suffixes – words with the same suffixes (checks “automatically” will belong to the same part of speech and the same grammatical category); d) for phonemes in endings - words of the same part of speech, the same grammatical category, in the same grammatical form.
5) Transfer the recording to phonemic transcription.
Note. Remember that it is necessary to check the positions of consonants according to two parameters - sonority-voicelessness and hardness-softness.
Sample.
1) correspondence [p'yr'i e p'isk];
2) [p’yr’i e -p’is-k-b];
3) [p’ p’ and e -p’ and s-k-b];
+ – + – + + – + – (for consonants according to voicedness/voicelessness)
+ + + + + (for consonants of hardness/softness)
4) Check for vowels in the prefix: P e registration, translation e abusive; for the root consonant [s], which is in a weak position in terms of voicedness/voicelessness: rewrite; for the unstressed vowel [ъ] at the end: spring(the ending of a feminine noun in the singular form, nominative case).
5) After checking, we transfer the recording to phonemic transcription:<п’эр’эп’иска>.
When performing phonemic transcription of different words, remember checks for various prefixes, suffixes, endings of different parts of speech in different grammatical forms.
Since Russian graphics and spelling are based on the phonemic principle, the recording of a word in phonemic transcription largely coincides with the orthographic appearance of the word.
1) What does phonology study? Why is it also called functional phonetics?
2) Define phoneme. Explain why the phoneme is considered the minimal sound unit of language. What is the function of a phoneme? Illustrate your answer with examples.
3) What alternations are classified as phonetic positional? Give examples of phonetic positional alternations of vowels and consonants. What are the differences between phonetic non-positional (grammatical positional) alternations? In which case are alternating sounds representatives of one phoneme, in which case are they representatives of different phonemes? How can a phoneme be defined in terms of positional alternations?
4) Define the strong and weak position of phonemes from the perceptual and significative points of view. In which case is a phoneme represented by its basic variant? With your variations? Options? What are allophones?
5) Define hyperphoneme and illustrate your answer with examples.
6) Name the strong and weak positions for Russian vowels. What is the composition of vowel phonemes in the Russian language?
7) Name the strong and weak positions of consonant phonemes of the Russian language according to voicedness - deafness.
8) Name the strong and weak positions of consonant phonemes of the Russian language according to hardness and softness.
9) What is the composition of consonant phonemes in the Russian language?
Practical tasks
№1 . Write down the definition of phoneme in your workbook. Justify each word in this definition.
№2 . Select rows of words in which vowels, voiced and voiceless consonants, hard and soft consonants perform a meaningful function. Prove that the order of sound units in a word can perform a semantic distinguishing function.
№3. Determine what alternations are observed in the following cases: a) house - house [ʌн- house-elf; b) traces - trace; c) play along - signature d) graze - pasture; e) evil - to anger; f) honor – honest; g) walk – I’m walking; h) frost - freeze; i) table - about the table. Which of these alternations are phonetic positional? Find similar examples of phonetic positional and phonetic non-positional alternations.
№4. Transcribe the text. Establish possible phonetic positional and non-positional alternations: The snow fell until midnight, the darkness fell over the gorges, and then it became quiet, and the new moon rose... This world, it is moved and alive from time immemorial by transformations, sometimes invisible, sometimes obvious, their countless succession(Yu. Levitansky).
№6 . Prove that for alternations [s’]/[w] and [d’]/[g] in pairs wear - wear, walk - go there are exceptions and, therefore, these alternations are classified as phonetic non-positional.
№7 . Show what different sounds the phoneme /z/ can be represented by (in the preposition without). Indicate the main variant of this phoneme, its variations, variants.
№8. Transcribe the words and determine which series of positionally alternating sounds represent the Phonemes<э>, <о>, <а>: running, jogging, running; move, walked, walkers; thunderstorms, thunderstorm, thunderstorm; anger, wisdom; record, record, record.
№9. What phonemes and in what positions are neutralized in the examples of task 3?
№10. Select examples illustrating the neutralization of phonemes:<б> – <п>; <и> – <э>; <э> – <о>; <д> – <д’>.
№11. Transcribe the words. Indicate strong and weak positions for vowel phonemes: brownie, honey plant, golden, groovy, subscription, story, kindness, youth, copier, cotton wool, field, strict. Select checks for vowel sounds in weak position. What vowel phonemes are they representatives of?
№12 . Transcribe the words. Indicate the strong and weak positions of consonant phonemes according to their voicedness and voicelessness. Select phoneme checks: crab, trail, thunderstorm, long, hawk, scythe (short adjective), dexterous, cat, piece of wood, mowing, carving, interspersed, signature, echo, jump away, heartless, silent, make you laugh, break.
№13 . Write down the words in phonetic transcription, indicating strong and weak positions for consonant phonemes according to hardness and softness: elephant, horse, slide, bitterly, goat, song, together, with Vitya, racer, hog, cog, difference, removable, branching. Select checks for phonemes in weak position.
№14 . What hyperphonemes are there in the words listed below: watercolor, crimson, gesso, turquoise, wife, bow, suddenly, wax, becoming, light, everywhere?
№15. Give examples of words that have hyperphonemes:<а/о>; <и/э>; <а/о/э>; <а/о/э/и>; <с/з>; <г/к>; <с’/з’>; <т’/д’>; <с/c’/з/з’>.
№16. Perform phonemic transcription of the words: young, flying, show, prose writer, stay, riddle, quiet, chair, sea, play along, wash, kerosene, blind, supply, closet, delight, asphalt, here.
№19. Using the materials from the paragraph and the completed exercises, write down in your notebook and remember the checks for morphemes: a) prefixes on-, for-, under-, pere-, rose-; b) suffixes
-ost-, -chick-, -from-, -from-; c) endings of nouns of different types of declension, adjectives, personal endings of verbs; d) infinitive suffix -th and postfix -s reflexive verbs.
System and characteristics of consonant phonemes.
Scientists are inclined to believe that there are 32 consonant phonemes in the Russian language, except<г’>,
Strong in sonority/voicelessness:
Any phoneme before vowels;
Before sonorants;
Before <в>, <в’>,
Weak positions in terms of voicedness/voicelessness:
At the absolute end of the word (house);
In the middle of a word for any noisy before a noisy (ska h ka);
Strong in hardness/softness:
For pairs of hardness/softness at the absolute end of the word (drill);
Before vowels, except E;
Front-lingual consonants before back-lingual hard and hard labials (up to With ka, With the battle);
Phonemes <л>And<л’> before any consonants (flax);
Weak in hardness/softness:
Before E (case);
Phoneme position <н>, <н’> before <ч>, <щ> (pocket, deceiver);
Dental (not lateral) before soft dental (steppe);
Dental (not lateral, except <л’>, <л> ) before the soft labials (knock down, beat off);
Strong and weak positions of consonant phonemes.
There are perceptual and significative (from the Latin co-signify, distinction). There are significatively strong and weak positions. Significantly strong position– position of greatest discrimination of phonemes. For vowel phonemes - the position is stressed, for consonants - the position before the vowels. Significantly weak position. For vowel phonemes - unstressed position; for consonants - the absolute end of the word, in the middle of the word before the voiceless consonants. Perceptual position (from Latin perception, identification) - we identify one word with another. Perceptually strong position – the position of a phoneme that is not influenced by neighboring phonemes. For consonants - no deafening, voicing, softening, hardening. Perceptually weak– the position in which phonemes are influenced by neighboring phonemes. For consonants - shift; for consonants – deafening, voicing, softening, hardening. There are positions: strong and weak. Strong phoneme– a phoneme that appears in the position of greatest differentiation, i.e. position when more phonemes are distinguished. Weak phoneme– a phoneme that is in the position of least differentiation, i.e. for vowels – unstressed position; for consonants – the absolute end, subject to change in the middle. Absolutely weak phoneme– a phoneme in an absolutely weak position. Absolutely strong phoneme– a phoneme in an absolutely strong position.
5. Positional alternations of consonant sounds in the Russian language: phonetic (consonants in sonority-voicelessness, hardness-softness, place and method of formation, longitude-shortness, consonants with a zero sound) and morphological. Historical alternations.
Sound of speech - this is a specific sound, realized in specific phonetic conditions, depending on the environment, the speech characteristics of the speaker, the speech situation, therefore one should distinguish between the alternation of language sounds, which are caused by objective reasons and explained by the laws of phonetics and the alternation of speech sounds, which are subjective in nature and often depend on the will speaker.
Alternation of sounds RY are divided into positional and non-positional.
Positional – are determined by phonetic position (water-water [vo't]-[v^da], [t]-[d]; [o]-[^]. Positional alternations can be determined not only by phonetic position) absolute end of a word, unstressed position, proximity to another sound), but also morphological position.
Non-positional – are not determined by phonetic position, they are associated with specific morphemes (hook - hook, friend - friend, hearing - hearing...).
Positional alternations are divided into: phonetic and morphological.
Positional alternations.
Phonetic alternations – appear in a certain phonetic position, they are explained by phonetic laws (reduction of vowels, for consonants - deafening, voicing). Phonetic alternations can occur for vowels and consonants.
Consonant sounds. There are 5 types:
1) alternation in voicedness/voicelessness, such alternations are observed: at the absolute end of a word, in the middle of a word, before any consonant. These alternations are natural and objective. Can be carried out according to 2 models:
A) positional exchange of a crossed type, characterized by paired voicedness/voicelessness [b]-[p], [v]-[f]... For example, [oaks]-[b]-[dup]-[p]-[B].
b) positional change of a parallel type, characterized by unpaired consonants in terms of voicedness/voicelessness. For example, [p’eitukh]-[x]-[p’eitugby]-[g].
2) alternation in hardness/softness - only before another soft consonant - positional change. For example, [bridge]-[s]-[mos’t’ik]-[s’].
3) alternation according to place and method of education. For example, open [^open’]-clean [^h’is’t’it’]-[t]-[h]. Plosive-affricate; dental-palatal;
4) alternation of consonants with zero sound - occurs in a group of consonants. For example, [ (s), (t), (l)]-[sl]; [ndsk]-[nsk]; [t]// with zero sound;
5) alternation of long and short consonants occurs in 2 cases:
At the absolute end of a word;
In the middle of a word before a consonant. For example, group - a lot of gru P; cool – cla With ny; [t- long] // [t].
Morphological. Determined by morphological position, not phonetic. For example: 1) alternation [g] // [zh] before the verbal suffix – I. Flag - flag, result - sum up; 2) before the suffix - N of the adjective. Friend - friendly; taiga - taiga; 3) alternation – consonant at root 1 and consonants at root 2 with //SS before the suffix – U. Blink - blink; step - step; - are called morphological. They can be considered historical, because there is no way to replace them at this time.
Non-positional alternations.
Historical alternations – associated with a specific morpheme, they are usually denoted by letters. There are several models in total:
1) alternation of consonant with consonant s//s.
- x//sh – fur - bag; hearing - hearing;
- g//f – friend - friend; girlfriend - girlfriend;
- s//w – friends - to be friends; goat - leather;
- s//sh – forest - goblin;
2) alternating a consonant with 2 consonants s// ss.
- sh//st – mother-in-law - father-in-law;
- sch//sk – area – flat;
- b//bl – love - love;
- p//pl – buy - buy;
- m//ml – feed - feed;
- v//vl – poison - persecution;
3) alternation of vowel with vowel g//g.
- e//a – flattery - climb;
- e//o– weave – whip – raft;
- o//a – word - words; through – well;
- a (i)//y – shaking - coward; dirt - load;
In a word, consonants can occupy different positions. In some positions, consonants are contrasted with each other in terms of sonority-dullness and hardness-softness; such positions are called strong. The positions of the consonant before vowels and before sonorants are strong in voiced-voicelessness (i.e., voiced and voiceless consonants are always different here): d am – T um, b silt – P silt, h loy – With loy, d rel – T rel. Consonant positions before vowels (except [e]) are also strong in terms of hardness and softness: m al – m yal, l uk – l yuk, b yt – b it, V ol – V ate(but before [e] both a soft and a hard consonant sound are possible: sir – sir; meter(unit of measurement; pronounced with a soft [m"]) -meter(teacher, master; pronounced with [m] hard).
Positions in which consonants are not contrasted in terms of voicedness and deafness and in terms of hardness and softness are called weak. Thus, the position of the consonant at the end of a word is weak in terms of voiced-voicelessness: voiced and voiceless consonants are pronounced the same way here - voiceless (cf. one hundred To And one hundred G, pr T And prue d). Before voiced consonants, all consonants paired according to voiced-voicelessness are pronounced as voiced (cf. h here And With do: in both words, in the position before the voiced [d"] the voiced [z"] is pronounced, and in front of the deaf ones - like deaf ones (cf. true b ka And sha P ka: in both words, in the position before the deaf [k], the deaf [p] is pronounced).
Position in front of the soft lips and teeth, as well as in front of
In the same word, but in its different forms, consonants can alternate with each other - depending on what position they find themselves in: voiced consonants before vowels alternate with voiceless ones at the end of the word, voiceless consonants alternate with voiced ones in the position before voiced ones , hard ones alternate with soft ones in position before soft consonants. Such alternations of sounds are called positional. They do not violate the morphological integrity of the word and are not reflected in the writing. Compare: true b a-tru b (pronounced [true P]), mow T b–mow b[ʌн(pronounced [ka h"ba]), tra V a–tra V ka(pronounced [tra fкъ]), bo[ m b]a–o bo[ m"b]e, [ d"v"]e– [dv]umya.
Some alternations characterize not the modern phonetic system, but its state in the past; such alternations are called historical. They are assigned to certain morphological forms and are reflected in writing in the form of different letters. Compare: sve T it - light h uh, boo d it - boo and y, stereo G and – stereo and yes and under. Such alternations are not determined by the position of the sound: and before<и>, and before<у>both [t"], [d"], [g"], and [h], [zh] are possible (compare: shine and sharpen, guard and awaken and so on.). (For more on historical alternations, see below, §94–97.)
Loss of consonants.
In some positions during pronunciation, consonant sounds are dropped. Typically no sounds are made d And T in combinations zdn And stn , For example: great zdn ik, y stn y. In addition, in some words, a consonant sound is dropped when other consonants are combined, for example: Sun, se rdc e , NAV st Liv, hello rise wow(compare: sunshine, heart, happiness, congratulations, where are the sounds l, d, t, v are pronounced).
To check the spelling of words with unpronounceable consonants, you need to select related words or forms of words where these combinations of consonants would be separated by a vowel or would appear at the end of the word, for example: mustache T ny – mustache T a – mustache T (gender case).
Exercise 72. Answer these questions orally.
1) What additional work of the tongue creates the softness of consonant sounds: d – d", l - l", h-z", d-g", x-x", b-b", m-m"? 2) Which consonant sounds in the Russian language are only hard? 3) Which consonants are only soft? 4) After which consonants in Russian words there can be no sound s ? After what sound ], they [ʌn’ ?
73 . Read; identify soft consonants and explain how their softness is indicated in writing.
The louder the noise about you,
The more arrogantly you shut up.
Don't complete someone else's lies
Shame on explanations. (B. P asternak.)
74 . Write by inserting the missing letters. Explain why in some cases the softness of a consonant is indicated by the letter ь, and in others it is not indicated.
1) The lilac trees closed the whole house. 2) Tufts of white flowers stood out against the dark greenery. 3) The boys were looking for che...veys for fishing. 4) An agronomist...made a report on beans with pests in gardens and vegetable gardens. 5) W...i...pi...ma and put them in the sweat...box. 6) The tables were covered with white... rolls. 7) At the meeting they talked about the male...be and the young of the spring. 8) The hunters tracked down a big bear. 9) Was there a mustache here before? 10) There were nails in the box. 11) The s...d walked in shoals. 12) But...the air was fresh.
75 . Change these words so that the highlighted consonants are softened and write. Explain orally why it is written between soft consonants b .
Piss m o - in writing m e; fight b ah, grind b A, prison m A, mow b ah, please b ah, it hurts b oh, here you go m ah, surly m A , finger m A , finger b oh, sit me down b oh, take it m u, Kuz m oh, eight m Ouch.
76 . Write down and underline the soft consonants next to each other. Verbally explain why there is no relationship between them. b .
Worm, branchy, bears, bony, unless, if, death, forgive me, excuse me, areas, jaws, stories, canes, honors, in a dream, shipyards, nails, thoughts, executions, illnesses, greengrocer, lamplighter, mason, night, kidney , daughter, stove, finish, take into account, read, subtract.
77 . Read expressively; indicate what sounds the highlighted letters represent.
E sli boy
l Yu bit labor,
in the book l chick,
about this one
write here:
good ], they [ʌn’ th boy.
(V.V. Mayakovsky.)
78. Using the elementary school curriculum and textbooks, determine which cases of denoting soft consonants are familiar to students in grades 1 and 2.
79. Indicate which words contain unpronounceable consonants; change, where possible, the given words so that these consonants are pronounced.
1) The sun flooded the entire neighborhood with bright light. 2) The guys felt joyful in the clean air. 3) The giant pines made a dull noise from their tops. 4) The nature of the area suddenly changed dramatically. 5) Late in the evening we were returning home. 6) There was a ladder at the window. 7) Someone hit me with a branch. 8) A breeze blew from the forest - the herald of a thunderstorm.
VOWEL SOUNDS
For all consonants without exception, the strong position is position before vowel. Before vowels, consonants appear in their basic form. Therefore, when doing phonetic analysis, do not be afraid to make a mistake when characterizing a consonant in a strong position: [dach’a] - Yes´ cha,[t'l'iv'i´zr] - television´ zor,[s’ino´n’ima] - sino´ nims, [b’ir’o´zy] - birch trees, [karz"i´ny] - baskets´ us. All consonants in these examples come before vowels, i.e. in a strong position.
Strong positions on deafness of voicedness:
· before vowels: [there] - there, [ladies] - I'll give,
· before unpaired voiced [p], [p’], [l], [l’], [n], [n’], [m], [m’], [y’]: [dl’a] - For,[tl'a] – aphid,
· Before [in], [in’]: [own’] - mine,[ringing] – ringing.
Remember:
In a strong position, voiced and voiceless consonants do not change their quality.
Weak positions in deafness and voicedness:
· before paired ones according to deafness-voicing: [sweet] - sla´ dky, [zu´pk’i] – zu´ bki.
· at the end of a word: [zup] - tooth,
[dup]
– oak.
End of work -
This topic belongs to the section:
Orthoepy. Phonetics. Graphic arts. Classification of sounds, transcription
ORPhoepia as a branch of the science of language.. orthoepic norms of the Russian language.. verbal and logical stress..
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All topics in this section:
Phonetics. Graphic arts. Orthoepy. Accentology
Phonetics (Greek Phone - sound) is a branch of linguistics in which the sound side of language is studied: the sounds of human speech, methods of their formation, acoustic properties,
Speech sounds
Speech sounds are the sounds that make up words.
Speech sounds are the minimum sound unit that is distinguished by sequential sound division
The following symbols are used to indicate sounds
1. To distinguish a sound from a letter, sounds are enclosed in square brackets -.
[a], [o], [l].
1. To distinguish a sound from a letter, sounds are enclosed in square brackets -.
The entire transcribed text is enclosed in square brackets.
Vowels and consonants
Depending on the method of formation, sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds consist only of the voice. When arr.
1. During the formation of each specific sound, the movement of the speech organs is strictly individual.
For example, when forming the sounds [d], [t], the tip and the front part
Consonants
There are 36 consonant sounds in the Russian language, including 15 hard-soft pairs, 3 unpaired hard and 3 unpaired soft consonants
Voiced and voiceless consonants
Depending on the presence of voice, consonants are divided into voiced and voiceless. Sounds consisting of noise and voice are called bells: [b], [c], [d
Hard and soft consonants
Consonant sounds are divided into hard and soft sounds. The pronunciation of hard and soft sounds differs by the position of the tongue. Compare, for example
Speech sounds and letters. Alphabet
Sound speech in writing is conveyed using special graphic signs - letters. We pronounce and hear sounds, and we see and write letters. A list of letters in a specific order is called
1. To distinguish a sound from a letter, sounds are enclosed in square brackets -.
Speech sounds and letters
1. In accordance with what sounds are indicated by letters, all letters are divided into vowels and consonants.
Consonants are sounds, when pronounced, the air encounters an obstacle in its path. In the Russian language there are two types of obstructions: a gap and a bow - these are the two main ways of forming according to
Voiced and voiceless consonants
According to the ratio of noise and voice, consonants are divided into voiced and voiceless.
Indication of softness of consonants in writing
Let's take a break from pure phonetics. Let's consider a practically important question: how is the softness of consonants indicated in writing?
There are 36 consonant sounds in the Russian language, including 15 pairs of hardness
Place of formation of consonants
Consonants differ not only according to the characteristics already known to you: · dullness-voicing, · hardness-softness, · method of formation: stop-gap.
The last one is important
Strong-weak positions for vowels. Positional changes of vowels. Reduction
People do not use spoken sounds in isolation. They don't need it. Speech is a sound stream, but a stream organized in a certain way. The conditions in which one or another finds itself are important.
Positional changes of consonants according to deafness-voicing
In weak positions, consonants are modified: positional changes occur with them. Voiced ones become voiceless, i.e. are deafened, and the deaf are voiced, i.e. call out. Positional changes observed
Assimilation of consonants
The logic is this: the Russian language is characterized by similarity of sounds if they are similar in some way and at the same time are nearby.
Learn the list: [c] and [sh] → [sh:] – sew
Simplifying consonant clusters
Learn the list: wstv – [stv]: hello, feel zdn – [zn]: late zdc - [sc]: by the reins lnc - [nc]: sun
Letters and sounds
Learn the list: wstv – [stv]: hello, feel zdn – [zn]: late zdc - [sc]: by the reins lnc - [nc]: sun
Letters and sounds have different purposes and different natures. But these are comparable systems. Poe
Accent
Verbal stress is the emphasis on one of the syllables in a word by greater voice strength and duration of pronunciation. In Russian the stress is free (various
Stress is the emphasis on a group of words, an individual word, or a syllable in a word.
In Russian, the stressed element is pronounced with greater force, more distinctly and with more
Russian word stress (compared to other languages) has a number of features
1. Consonants paired in deafness-voicing can change their quality depending on their position in the word. Voiced consonants at the end of a word and before voiceless ones are deafened, i.e. pronounced
Pronunciation of consonant combinations
1. Combinations сж, зж, сш, зш at the junction of a prefix and a root, a root and a suffix are pronounced as long hard consonants [zh], [sh]: squeeze - [zh]at, lucky - ve[sh]ii, n
Pronunciation of endings -ого -его
At the endings of the -ого, -го genitive case of adjectives and masculine and neuter participles, the sound [в] is pronounced in place of the letter g: good - good [в
Pronunciation of borrowed words
1. Before the letter e in many borrowed words, the consonants [d], [t], [z], [s], [n], [r] are pronounced firmly: antenna - an[te]nna, model - mo[de]
Some accentological norms of the modern Russian language
1. In a number of feminine nouns of the 1st declension with an accent at the ending, the stress in the accusative case of the singular is transferred to the first syllable: head
phonetic processes
Modification of sounds in the speech chain. Phonetic processes are caused by the interaction of the beginning and end of articulation of adjacent sounds, as well as the position of the sound in a word.
Phonetic processes are:
1) combinatorial:
a) assimilation (similarity of neighboring sounds in some component of articulation;
assimilation can be complete or partial, progressive (direct) or regressive (reverse);
b) dissimilation (dissimilarity of articulation of neighboring consonants);
c) accommodation (interaction of neighboring vowels and consonants);
d) diaeresis (miscarriage, separation): loss of sound in a complex combination of sounds (vm. sun [só"nts]);
2) positional phonetic processes:
a) reduction (quantitative, qualitative);
b) synharmonism.
Position- This is the position of the sound in the word. There are strong and weak positions of sounds.
Strong positions are those positions of sounds in which the largest number of sounds differ: [dom - tom / heat - ball // m"ir / cheese / sat / mush / rom /l"es //].
In weak positions, one of the correlative sounds is not distinguished: [tu T/sa T/ With Ù dý/sad Ù Here//].
Changing consonants
For consonant sounds distinguish between strong and weak positions: 1) by deafness and voicedness; 2) hardness and softness.
I. Strong and weak positions in voicedness and voicelessness
1. Strong positions in terms of voicedness and deafness are for paired sounds:
a) the position of voiced and voiceless consonants before vowels: [ b ar – P ar / G ork – To ork / d"el – T"el];
b) the position of voiced and voiceless voices in front of sonorants: [ b l "esk – P l "esk / P"ĵу́ – b"ĵу́ / G chickpeas - To chickpeas];
c) the position of voiced and voiceless consonants before labiodental sounds [in], [in"]:[d howl – T voį / With in "et - h in "er"];
d) unpaired sounds are always in a strong position, because they can have only one sound - either unvoiced or voiced.
2. Weak positions in voicedness and deafness are:
a) position at the absolute end of a word. In the Russian language, there is a word-ending law, the essence of which is that paired voiced consonants are deafened: [ló P/ But w/sa T/ s"n"e To];
b) position before voiceless consonants, where voiced consonants are deafened: [lo T kъ / but w kb/pro Pкъ];
c) position before voiced consonants, where voiceless consonants are voiced: [pro h"b/vÙ G hall/malÙ d"ba];
When voiced consonants are deafened and voiceless consonants are voicing, there is an assimilation (assimilation) of the preceding consonant to the subsequent one.
II. Strong and weak positions of hardness and softness
1. Strong positions in hardness and softness are:
a) before vowels: [ With at – With" at" / l uk - l uk / With er – With" er];
b) position at the absolute end of a word: [в "е́ With- in "e" With"/tro n- tro n"/ two R- dv"e R"];
c) before back-linguals: [ba n k - ba n" kb/go R k - go R" kъ / d "é T k"i - d"a T" k"i];
d) unpaired sounds in terms of hardness and softness are always in a strong position.
2. Weak position on hardness and softness is:
a) the position of hard teeth in front of soft teeth: [l "i With" t"ik / f" s"o / V"z"at"];
b) the position of the hard teeth in front of the soft noisy anteropalatines: [ba n" sh̅ "ik / zbo R"chic];
c) position of hard teeth in front [ĵ]: [With"ĵel/dru z"ĵа́ / V"ĵug];
d) position of hard teeth in front of soft labials: [bÙ m" bit" /z" m"éį / t"é R" Pete].
(In modern Russian, the softening of a consonant before a soft one fluctuates)
e) soft consonants in rare cases can harden before hard ones: [bunta R"® riot R sk"iį / m"é T"® m"e d nį].
Some consonant sounds in pronunciation have a longer sound compared to other consonants. Such consonants are called long.
For example, in Russian the sound usually denoted by the letter sch - [sh̅"], can only be a long sound: sch uka – [ w̅"uka], about sch ah - [prÙ sh̅"а́i] etc.
In orthographic writing, the longitude of a consonant is most often conveyed by placing two identical letters next to each other, denoting the given consonant: kass [ʌн (cf.: to], it sa), ball (cf.: bal ), coloss (cf.: coloWith ).
Long consonants can be found in the roots of words: Ross ya, zhuLJ ah, droLJ ], they [ʌn’ etc.
In addition, long consonants can appear at the junction of a preposition and the word following it, a prefix and a root, or a root and a suffix, when two identical adjacent consonant sounds merge into one long consonant: [Ù T̅"and e b"a] – o t t yourself, [рÙ With̅ " in "et] - ra ss vet, [ V̅Ùz"it"] – bb to irritate, [h "uh-huh n̅ыi] - chugu nn y, etc.
It often happens that the placement of two identical letters next to each other in an orthographic letter is observed where there is no long consonant in the pronunciation.
For example, in the following words we usually pronounce short rather than long consonants, although their length is indicated in the letter: a ll her – [a l"éiь], isku ss yours - [suit With TV], arti ll eria - [Ùrt"i l" er "iiь], ba ri kada - [b R" ikad], gra mm atika - [grÙ m at "ik", ko ll section - [kÙ l" ektsyi] etc.
This circumstance creates certain difficulties in students mastering the spelling of these words.
Loss of consonants
In some cases, when several consonant sounds are combined, one of them may not be pronounced. However, it is pronounced in other forms of the word or in related words.
For example: preles T ny - [pr "l" esnyi], but lovely T b - [pr "el"s" T"], pos d but - [pozn], but opoz d al - [ÙpÙz d al], swiss T no - [with "in"isnut"], but svis T et - [s"v"is" T" this"].
According to the rules of Russian spelling, dropped consonant sounds in writing are indicated by the corresponding letters.
Changing the vowel sounds of the Russian language
For vowel sounds in a strong position is their shock position:
[With O mm A k/m "And r/d y m/l y k/hl "uh P ].
If the vowels are in an unstressed position, then position is weak: [tr Ù va/dr Ù to you" ], they [ʌn’ ], those – [t’ hundred].
The degree of change in vowels in an unstressed position depends on the place they occupy in relation to the stressed position. Yes, in a word ogoro ́ d both unstressed vowels [O] pronounced like [Ù] ; and in the word milk ́ first [O] stands in the second pre-stress position and is pronounced like [ъ](sound close to [s]):[mъ lÙko].
The change in vowel sounds in an unstressed position also depends on what consonants (hard or soft) they come after. For example: vowel [ ], they [ʌn’ ] after hard consonants is pronounced like [s]: circus – [tsy rk], life - [fy zn "], width - [wy R"].
Changing vowel sounds in weak positions is called reduction(from Latin reductio - bring, back).
There are qualitative and quantitative reductions.
The weakening and change in the sound of vowels in an unstressed syllable, accompanied by the loss of certain features of their timbre, is called quality reduction: [h"as / h" ], they [ʌn’ ], those – [t’ sý/h" b With Ù fsh̅ "ik]; [goal ъ wu/g Ù lof/g ъ l Ù va]; [water / in Ù yes / in ъ d Ù sun].
Reducing both the length and strength of the sound of a vowel in an unstressed syllable while maintaining timbre is called quantitative reduction: [bow/l ], here ha/l ], here gÙvói], [cheese/s s ry].
