How to write a sentence parser. Learning to write correctly: parsing a sentence - an example of complex phrases

To use punctuation marks correctly, you need to have a clear understanding of the sentence structure. Syntactic parsing, that is, parsing the sentence into members, is intended to help you understand it. Our article is devoted to the syntactic parsing of sentences.

Syntax units

Syntax studies the connections between words within phrases or sentences. Thus, the units of syntax are phrases and sentences - simple or complex. In this article we will talk about how to do a syntactic analysis of a sentence, not a phrase, although they are often asked to do this at school.

Why is sentence parsing needed?

Syntactic analysis of a sentence involves a detailed examination of its structure. This is absolutely necessary in order to put punctuation marks correctly. In addition, it helps to understand the connection of words within a phrase. During syntactic analysis, as a rule, the characteristics of the sentence are given, all members of the sentence are determined and it is replaced by what parts of speech they are expressed. This is the so-called full parsing. But sometimes this term is used to refer to a short, partial, syntactic analysis, during which the student only emphasizes the parts of the sentence.

Members of the sentence

Among the members of a sentence, the main ones are always identified first: subject and predicate. They usually form the grammatical basis. If a sentence has one grammatical stem, it simple, more than one - complex.

The grammatical basis can consist of two main members, or include only one of them: either only the subject, or only the predicate. In the second case we say that the sentence one-piece. If both main members are present - two-part.

If, apart from the grammatical basis, there are no words in a sentence, it is called undistributed. IN widespread the sentence also has minor members: addition, definition, circumstance; a special case of the definition is application.

if a sentence contains words that are not members of the sentence (for example, appeal), it is still considered uncommon.

When performing analysis, it is necessary to name the part of speech by which one or another member of the sentence is expressed. The children practice this skill while studying Russian in the 5th grade.

Offer characteristics

To characterize a proposal, you need to indicate it, you need to describe it

• according to the purpose of the statement;
• by intonation;
• by the number of grammatical bases and so on.

Below we offer an outline of the proposal's characteristics.

According to the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative, motivating.

By intonation: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.

Exclamatory sentences can be any type of sentence, not just incentive ones.

By the number of grammatical bases: simple or complex.

By the number of main members in the grammatical basis: one-piece or two-piece.

If the sentence is one-part, it is necessary determine its type: nominative, definitely personal, indefinitely personal, impersonal.

By the presence of minor members: widespread or not widespread.

If the proposal is complicated in some way, then this must also be indicated. This is a plan for parsing a sentence; It's better to stick to it.

Complicated sentence

A sentence can be complicated by address, introductory and inserted constructions, homogeneous members, isolated members, direct speech. If any of these types of complications is present, then you must indicate that the sentence is complicated and write with what.

For example, the sentence “Guys, let’s live together!” complicated by the address “guys”.

If the sentence is complex

If it is necessary to analyze a complex sentence, you must first indicate that it is complex and determine its type: conjunctive or non-conjunctive, and if conjunctive, then also complex or complex. Then characterize each of the parts in terms of the composition of the grammatical basis (two-part or one-part, type of one-part) and the presence/absence of minor members.

The table shows the minor members and their questions.

Secondary members can be expressed by different parts of speech, for example the definition:

wool skirt- adjective;

wool skirt- noun;

ironed skirt- participle;

habit of winning- infinitive...

Example of parsing a sentence

Let's look at the proposal “I didn’t know that you, Masha, moved from the village to the city”.

We emphasize grammar basics. There are two of them: knew and You moved. Let's define parts of speech: knew- predicate, expressed by a verb in personal form, etc.

Now we emphasize minor members:

Moved from where? from the village - a circumstance expressed by a noun; Where? to the city - also a circumstance, also expressed by a noun. Masha- this is an appeal, it is not a member of the sentence.

Now let's give characteristics. The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, conjunction, complex.

The first part “didn’t know” is incomplete and undistributed.

The second part is two-part, widespread. Complicated handling.

At the end of the analysis, you need to draw up a diagram of a complex sentence.

What have we learned?

Parsing is designed to help you understand the structure of a sentence, so you need to indicate everything that can be associated with it. It is better to carry out the analysis according to plan, then there is a greater chance that you will not forget anything. It is necessary not only to emphasize the members of the sentence, but also to identify the parts of speech and characterize the sentence.

Test on the topic

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Tasks related to syntactic analysis of text cause difficulties for schoolchildren and students of the philology department. A competently carried out syntactic analysis of a sentence requires quite extensive knowledge in the field of the Russian language. But, having basic concepts, you can successfully cope with the tasks.

What is sentence parsing

Parsing is the analysis of a sentence according to the following criteria:

1. Type according to the purpose of the statement.
2. Kind of emotional coloring.
3. The number of stems (in the following, simple and complex sentences are parsed according to a certain order).
4. Characteristics of the members of the sentence.
5. Constructions that complicate the sentence (if any).
6. Punctuation analysis.
7. Scheme (if required).

Sentence parsing free online

Finding a program that can correctly perform parsing in full, taking into account all the nuances, is quite difficult. But still there are several services on the network that will help solve the problem.

The Seosin.ru resource is the most popular available. When you enter a sentence in the appropriate window, you can get a syntactic analysis of the text.

If semantic analysis is required for analysis, it is best to use the program of the well-known exchange “Advego”.

You can also get an online solution from specialists - philologists and linguists. To do this, you need to go to the appropriate forum (http://gramota.ru/, https://lingvoforum.net/, http://lingvo.zone/). Professionals will definitely help with analysis and give a comprehensive answer to the most difficult question.

Do the parsing yourself

You can comprehend all the intricacies of analysis if you carefully read the information below and practice a little.

I. Purpose of the utterance

Depending on the purpose, proposals are divided into:

1. narrative(they convey information, report something, affirm or deny. At the end of such sentences there is a period or an exclamation mark);
2. interrogative(contain a question, at the end there is (required!) a question mark);
3. incentive(contain an incentive, appeal, request, demand). Characteristic are incentive intonation, the use of imperative verbs, particles let, let, come on.

II. Emotional coloring

The indicator is the presence of an exclamation mark. There he is - a proposal exclamation point, No - non-exclamatory. Any of the sentences according to the purpose of the statement can become exclamatory.

III. Number of grammar points

Based on the availability of basics, proposals are simple and complex. Simple ones include those in which there is 1 grammatical basis.

Accordingly, a complex sentence must have 2 or more stems.

III. 1. The procedure for parsing a simple sentence

The type of proposal based on the presence of main members should be indicated.

The main members include subjects and predicates.

Subject answers the questions who and what? Can be expressed by almost any part of speech.

Predicate answers the questions what does it do, what is this object, who is it, what is it like, what state is it in? It can also be expressed by different parts of speech.

Minor members include addition(answers questions about indirect cases), definition(which? whose?) and circumstance(where? when? where? how much? etc.)

III. 1.1 Common and non-common offers

If a sentence contains only main members, it uncirculated. If the sentence has at least one minor member - common.

III. 1.2. One-piece or two-piece

If a sentence has a subject and a predicate, the sentence is two-part. If only one main member is one-piece.

III. 2. Analysis of a complex sentence.

After determining the type of simple or complex sentence, it is necessary to analyze the secondary members, find complicating structures and explain the placement of punctuation marks.

Parsing examples

Syntactical analysis of the sentence: The sun was already quite high in the clear sky.

• 1 base - simple,
• The basis is the sun (subject) stood (predicate). Secondary members of the sentence: stood (where?) in the sky (adverbial). In the sky (what?) pure (definition). It was (how?) already quite high (circumstance).

Syntactic analysis of the sentence: The rain fell along the garden path.

• Narrative, non-exclamatory,
• 1 base - simple,
• there are both main terms - two-part,
• there are minor ones - common.
• The bottom line is that the rain has passed.
• Secondary members: walked (where or how?) along the path (circumstance). Garden path (what?) (definition).
• There are no complicating structures or punctuation marks.

Syntactical analysis of the sentence: Blueness appeared between the thinning tops.

• Narrative, non-exclamatory,
• 1 base - simple,
• there are both main terms - two-part,
• there are minor ones - common.
• The base appeared blue.
• Secondary members: appeared (where?) between the tops (circumstance), (which ones?) blue (definition).
• There are no complicating structures or punctuation marks.

Syntactic analysis of the sentence: Old handwritten books were worth their weight in gold.

• Narrative, non-exclamatory,
• 1 base - simple,
• there are both main terms - two-part,
• there are minor ones - common.
• The basis is that books were valued.
• Secondary members: were valued (how?) as worth their weight in gold (circumstance). Books (what?) old handwritten (definition).
• There are no complicating structures or punctuation marks.

Syntactical analysis of the sentence: The summer was dry, there was almost no rain.

• Narrative, non-exclamatory,
• 2 basics (the summer was dry and there was no rain), so we analyze a complex sentence,
• Part 1 – undistributed,
• Part 2 – common. The secondary member is a circumstance (how?) almost.
• Non-Union.
• The parts are separated by a comma.

A sentence contains information, asks about it, or directs action. Most often it has a base and secondary members describing it. To learn or refresh your memory of a topic, it is useful to study examples of grammatical analysis of sentences in Russian.

The grammatical basis in parsing a sentence

The basis is quite logical in application. It consists of a subject, which directly names a thing or phenomenon, and a predicate, an action committed or directed at an object.

The subject is always used in the initial form (nominative clause), but can be not only a noun. It could be:

• numeral - to indicate quantity, set, number (there were three people in line; four was his best estimate);
• personal pronoun (he walked quietly along the corridor; we left the classroom);
• indefinite pronoun (someone was sitting in the room; something was disturbing me);
• negative pronoun (no one could stop them);
• adjective as a noun (the person in charge was appointed by management; the person on duty kept order).

In grammatical analysis of a sentence, it is customary to highlight the subject by underlining, and the predicate by double underlining.

The predicate is most often a verb, but has several types:

• simple verb, expressed by a verb in any mood (the dog ran along the alley; the student gets up early);
• compound verb, consists of an auxiliary verb (modal word) and an infinitive (she started running in the morning; I have to go to work);
• compound nominal, having a linking verb (most often - to be) and a nominative part (a schoolboy has become a student; bread is their main food; three times two is six(the word “will” is omitted);

Completeness of the sentence

Based on the composition of the base, sentences can be two-part, where both main members are present or one is implied (incomplete) (night has fallen; where is he("is located" omitted) ?) , and one-piece. The latter are:

• definitely personal, in which it is clear from the face of the verb who we are talking about (I'm doing my best(I); let's go for a walk(We));
• indefinite personal, expressed by a past tense verb in the plural (there was a noise on the floor below; they were singing somewhere in the distance);
• generalized-personal, which attribute action to everyone (often found in proverbs and sayings) (if you want to eat a fish, you have to get into the water; you go and admire the view);
• impersonal, not implying any object (it got dark; he was very sorry; it was cold in the room).

Secondary, but no less important

To provide detailed information, the object and action are supported by third-party words and constructions. They are:

When performing grammatical analysis of a sentence, they should also be taken into account. If there are minor members, the proposal is considered widespread; accordingly, without them, it is considered unextended.

Complex sentences are not difficult at all

Various plug-ins complement the offer, increasing the volume of information. They are embedded between the main and secondary members, but are defined as a separate part, which is a separate point in the grammatical analysis of the sentence. These components can be removed or replaced without losing the meaning of the text. Among them:

• isolated definitions applicable to an object member (describe a property, stand out as a definition) are participial phrases (the kettle, heating up on the stove, whistled sharply; the road led to a house located in the forest);
• isolated circumstances (identified as a circumstance) are adverbial phrases (he ran, stumbling over stones; looking apprehensively, the dog extended his paw);
• homogeneous members of a sentence - perform the same function and always ask the same question (there were scattered on the floor(What?) books, notebooks, notes(homogeneous subject); on weekends we only(what they were doing?) slept and walked(homogeneous predicate); he looked at(whom?) mom and sister(homogeneous addition));
• an address to someone, which is always separated by a comma and is an independent member of the sentence (my son, you did the right thing; You, Andrey, misunderstood me);
• introductory words (probably, perhaps, finally, etc.) (I probably got excited; tomorrow will most likely be hot).

How to make a grammatical analysis of a sentence, taking into account all the components?

For analysis, a clear algorithm has been created that does not cause difficulties if you know all of the above structures and components of the sentence. Among them, simple and complex ones stand out - the order of analysis is slightly different. The following is a grammatical analysis of sentences with examples for individual cases.

Simple sentence

At the beginning of autumn, the city alleys, covered with a golden carpet, shimmer whimsically.

1. Identify the main members. There should be one basis, as in this example: alleys- subject, shimmer- predicate.

2. Select minor members: (when?) early autumn- circumstance, (what?) covered with a golden carpet- separate definition, (how?) whimsical- circumstance, (what?) urban- definition.

3. Identify parts of speech:

In the previous beginning of noun. autumn n. , covered with pribl. golden adj. carpet noun , whimsically adv. ch. shimmer urban adj. alleys noun

4. Describe the signs:

• purpose of the statement (narrative, motivating, interrogative);
• intonation (exclamatory, non-exclamatory);
• by basis (two-part, one-part - indicate which);
• completeness (complete, incomplete)
• by the presence of minor ones (common, uncommon);
• complicated (if yes, then by what) or not complicated;

The characteristics of this are non-exclamatory, two-part, complete, widespread, complicated by a separate definition.

This is what a complete grammatical analysis of a sentence looks like.

Difficult sentence

Since a complex sentence includes two or more simple ones, it is quite logical to parse them separately, but the parsing algorithm is still different. The grammatical analysis of sentences in Russian is ambiguous. Complex sentences connecting simple ones are:

An example of parsing a complex sentence

In the family, regardless of age, everyone was very busy, but on weekends everyone gathered together at one big table.

1. All the basics are covered. There are several of them in a complex sentence: every- subject, was busy- compound nominal predicate; All- subject, were going to- predicate.
2. Identify parts of speech.

In other family noun. , regardless adv. from ave. age n. , every pronoun. was ch. very nar. busy adj. , nose. on the other weekend adj. pronoun everything. were going to for example big adj. table su sch.

1. Identify the presence of an alliance. There is a “but” here. This means that the proposal is a union one.
2. Simple ones can be characterized by their position if there is a union (point 2). This example is a complex sentence, the simple ones in it are equivalent (i.e., if desired, you can divide it into two independent ones). In the case of a non-union union, this item is not indicated.
3. Make a general description: narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, conjunction, compound.
4. Disassemble the simple ones inside separately:

• in the family, regardless of age, everyone was very busy (narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, complete, widespread, complicated by the separate definition “regardless of age”)a
• on weekends, everyone gathered around a large table (narrative, non-vocal, simple, two-part, complete, dist., unspoken)

Complex sentence

The algorithm will be similar, only with the indication of a subordinating conjunction. It is included in the composition. You also need to highlight the main thing and find out how the subordinate clauses (parentheses) are “attached” to it.

This is a type of subordination, not a mandatory point, but also often taken into account.

The main thing is to remember that grammatical and syntactic analysis are synonyms. Seeing one of the words in a task should not be scary, since the topic is quite general and quickly learned. For foreigners it is difficult because of the great variability, but that is why the Russian language is beautiful.

In the Russian language, the process of syntactic analysis is considered to be an alternating comparison of words with the selection of a certain subset from the set of all words. The result is syntactic sequencing, which is used in conjunction with lexical analysis. Syntactic analysis makes it possible to analyze the structure of a sentence, which increases the level of punctuation literacy.

Using the sequence and rules of syntactic analysis, it will not be difficult to correctly parse a sentence, although in terms of parsing speed you will most likely be surpassed by a good sixth-grader.

Parsing is one of the most difficult topics in the Russian language program. Many people do not even understand what parsing is and why it is needed. It is this analysis that allows you to see the structure of the sentence, and this, in turn, increases the level of punctuation literacy. You can conduct syntactic analysis of phrases, simple sentences and different types of complex sentences.

Syntactic analysis of phrases

Firstly, from the sentence it is necessary to isolate the phrase we are interested in from the context. Secondly, it is necessary to determine which word is the main word and which is the dependent word. Determine what parts of speech each of them is. Name the type of syntactic connection inherent in this phrase (coordination, adjacency or control).

Phrase parsing is a relatively simple analysis in the syntax section. Let's give an example of parsing the phrase “speaks well.” In this phrase the main word is “says”. He says how? Foldable. “Folding” is a dependent word. The main word “says” is a present tense verb in the indicative mood, third person, singular. "Folding" is an adverb. The type of connection in the phrase is adjacency.

Sentence parsing

In this part of the article we will try to explain clearly what syntactic parsing of a sentence is and what stages it consists of. Sentence parsing is an analysis aimed at studying the structure of a sentence and the relationships between its components. Parsing consists of several sequential operations.

Scheme for analyzing a simple sentence

1. It is necessary to determine what the sentence is based on the purpose of the statement. All sentences in this regard are divided into narrative, interrogative and incentive. If there is an exclamation point at the end of a sentence, you need to note this and indicate that the sentence is also an exclamation point.
2. Find the grammatical basis of the sentence.
3. Describe the structure of the sentence. One-component - only a predicate or only a subject in the grammatical basis. In this case, indicate what kind of sentence it is: definitely-personal, indefinitely-personal, impersonal or nominative. A sentence can also be two-part - there is both a subject and a predicate. Indicate whether the sentence is uncommon or widespread, that is, whether the sentence contains additions, definitions, circumstances. If they exist (minor members), then the proposal is widespread; if not - not widespread. You must also indicate whether the proposal is complete or incomplete. If incomplete, then you need to indicate which member of the sentence is missing in it.
4. Determine whether the sentence is complicated or uncomplicated. A complex sentence is one in which there are homogeneous members, applications, appeals, and introductory words.
5. Determine which part of the sentence each word is and which part of speech they are expressed in.
6. If the sentence contains punctuation marks, explain their placement.

Now we will explain what parsing a simple sentence is, using the example of the sentence: “The girl was sunbathing on the beach and listening to music.”

1. Narrative, non-exclamatory.
2. Grammatical basis: girl - subject, sunbathed - predicate, listened - predicate.
3. Two-part, widespread, complete.
4. The sentence is complicated by homogeneous predicates.
5. Girl is the subject expressed by the noun wives. kind in units h. and im. case; sunbathed - a predicate expressed by a past tense verb in singular. h. and women. kind; na - preposition; beach - a circumstance expressed by the noun husband. kind in units number and sentence case; and - connecting union; listened - a predicate expressed by a past tense verb in singular. h. and women. kind; music is a direct object expressed by a feminine noun in the singular. number and blames. case.

Using the example of parsing a phrase and a simple sentence, we explained to you what syntactic parsing is. There are also syntactic analyzes of complex sentences.