“The life and work of M. Lomonosov (what contribution did M. Lomonosov make to the Russian language and literature). Abstract: Lomonosov M.V. Trediakovsky's principles of versification

The question of where Lomonosov studied will most likely cause confusion among the current generation. Meanwhile, he is far from idle. Now that young people are showing increased interest in the past of their country, it would not be a shame to recall its great sons. After all, history, as we know, is made by people.

Mikhailo Vasilyevich was born in the Arkhangelsk North. Lomonosov did not leave behind an autobiography or memoirs, and therefore it is not known exactly how his childhood and teenage years passed. It is only known that he was left without a mother at an early age. The father (a kind man, but, according to the recollections of Lomonosov himself, “raised in extreme ignorance”) married a couple more times, and his third chosen one became an evil stepmother for 9-year-old Misha.

The boy received his primary education from the local sexton S.N. Sabelnikov. The child’s passion for books embittered his already unkind stepmother even more, and as a result, life in his father’s house became unbearable. Wanting to study, secretly from his father in 1730, he went to Moscow with a convoy. It’s unlikely that any of his fellow travelers could have imagined that the boy walking next to him would one day be called a luminary of Russian science. Let's talk about where Lomonosov, the first Russian natural scientist of world significance, encyclopedist, astronomer, chemist and physicist, poet, philologist, geologist, metallurgist, artist, historian and genealogist, studied.

Granite Science

There were many obstacles on his way to entering school; he even had to pretend to be the son of a Kholmogory nobleman. Be that as it may, the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy nevertheless accepted the young Pomor. Mikhailo Vasilyevich was older than all the students at school, and therefore constantly endured ridicule from his younger comrades. However, neither the plight nor the attacks of others discouraged the desire to learn. Lomonosov immediately showed his extraordinary abilities. He was distinguished by perseverance and perseverance; in a year he completed the program of three classes. He voraciously read chronicles, patristics and other theological books taken from the library of the Zaikonospassky Monastery.

In 1734, Mikhail went to Kyiv and spent several months within the walls of the Kiev-Mohyla Academy.

In 1736, the school authorities received an order to select the best student to study at the university at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Considering Mikhail Vasilyevich’s abilities, the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy chooses him. What then? What was his future fate? Where did Lomonosov study next?

According to one version, the theological career of the future great scientist was cut short before it even began, as a story of forgery of documents was revealed. As a result, the ordination did not take place, but the capable seminarian was sent to the field of natural science.

Under the guidance of V. E. Adodurov, he began to study mathematics, with Professor G. V. Kraft he became acquainted with experimental physics, and independently studied poetry. According to early biographers, during this rather short period of study at the St. Petersburg Academy, Lomonosov “listened to the elementary foundations of philosophy and mathematics and applied himself to it with extreme eagerness, meanwhile practicing in poetry, but nothing came out of these last of his works in print. He had an excellent inclination towards experimental physics, chemistry and mineralogy.”

According to biographical data, in the same 1736 he was sent from St. Petersburg to master mining in Germany. In addition to the stated training, Lomonosov strengthened his knowledge of the German language, studied French and Italian, dancing, drawing and fencing. I became acquainted with the works of philosophers. There is no detailed information about how and where Lomonosov studied during this period. There are records that he spent three years in Marburg. There he met his beloved teacher Christian Wolf, and there he met his future wife. Russian students quickly made friends with their German classmates. Together they organized youth feasts and parties. However, the purposeful Lomonosov spent his scholarship on books and an apartment. For him, study and science always came first.

First scientific steps at home

In 1741 Lomonosov returned to Russia and began work at the Academy of Sciences. In 1745 he already became a professor of chemistry and academician. M. V. Lomonosov conducts scientific and literary activities. In an effort to develop domestic science, Mikhailo Vasilyevich is seeking to open the country's first university. And currently this Moscow university bears his name.

Lomonosov himself was a unique scientist who made outstanding discoveries in completely different fields of knowledge: astronomy, physics, chemistry, linguistics and literature.

Literary activity of Lomonosov

While working on works in the field of exact sciences, Mikhailo Vasilyevich did not forget about Russian speech. He created a new Russian grammar and brought the spoken and literary languages ​​closer together. His contribution to the development of linguistics can hardly be overestimated. In order to streamline the literary language, he proposed limiting the influence of Church Slavonic, as well as many foreign words, replacing them with expressions of native speech.

Lomonosov proposed using three styles - low, mediocre and high. The high should have been used when writing odes, festive speeches, and heroic poems. The average style is acceptable for friendly correspondence. But the low one was suitable for creating comedy, writing epigrams and songs. The use of colloquial vocabulary was easily allowed here. So Lomonosov harmoniously combined the old and the new. His literary and poetic works had a huge influence on the further development of the Russian language and literature.

Scientific activities

This man had deep knowledge in the field of exact sciences and spoke several European languages. Natural genius allowed Lomonosov to lay the foundation of Russian technical terminology. The rules he formulated in this area are still widely used today. Often people, especially today's youth, do not even realize that many scientific terms proposed by scientists are still used today. Take, for example, the words that are now on everyone’s lips: specific gravity, motion, experiments, the Earth’s axis...

Unfortunately, very little is known about Lomonosov’s personal life, his wife and children. Almost all sources talk more about his scientific activities. Lomonosov's life was entirely devoted to science. Even in his odes, he called for work and development of science for the benefit of the Fatherland.

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Menu Path to knowledge Academy Abroad Sources Photo gallery Authors

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First steps to knowledge. Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov began his path to big science by studying literacy. At that time it was not an easy matter. First, we learned letters that had their own not simple names - “az”, “buki” (hence “alphabet”), “vedi”, “verb”, “dobro”, etc. Then we moved on to composing syllables and, finally, to the words. Many of his relatives were literate. Local clerk Semyon Nikitich Sabelnikov taught the boy to read and write. From him, Lomonosov learned that “to acquire great knowledge and scholarship, you need to know the Latin language,” and this can only be learned in Moscow, Kyiv or St. Petersburg. Path to knowledge

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Possessing an inquisitive mind and an excellent memory, the boy quickly mastered reading and writing and was soon able to copy church books, and in the parish church read “The Lives of the Saints,” psalms and canons, being considered the best reader in the village. Although church books served as the beginning of his general education, they did not captivate him. At the age of fourteen, Lomonosov wrote competently and clearly.

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One of Lomonosov’s early autographs has been preserved - a contract record - an agreement for the construction of a church in the Kurostrovskaya volost, where, instead of illiterate fellow villagers, he signed on February 4, 1726. In his hand it was written: “... instead of contractors Alexei Averkiev, the son of the Staropopovs, and Grigory Ivanov, the son Ikonnikov, at their behest, Mikhailo Lomonosov had a hand in it.”

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Lomonosov first became acquainted with secular literature from his fellow villager X. Dudin. “Grammar” by Meletius Smotritsky, “Arithmetic” by Leonty Magnitsky and “Psalter” by Simeon of Polotsk were of great interest to the teenager, and he repeatedly asked the owner to take them for a few days and read them at home. But books at that time were too expensive, and Dudin did not agree to part with them. Only after Dudin's death in the summer of 1724 did Lomonosov become the owner of these treasures. Since then, he did not part with them for many years, learned them by heart, calling them “the gates of his learning.” At that time, these works were the best tools for studying Russian grammar, versification and mathematics.

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M. V. Lomonosov arrived at the St. Petersburg Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences at a time when it entered the second decade of its activity. It was an already established scientific institution with a significant staff of employees for that time. All leading scientific disciplines of that time were represented at the Academy. St. Petersburg Academy

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Despite the difficult living conditions, the inquisitive student Lomonosov showed interest in science from the first days of his arrival at the Academy. Under the guidance of V. E. Adodurov, he began to study mathematics, with Professor G. V. Kraft he became acquainted with experimental physics, and independently studied poetry. According to early biographers, during this rather short period of study at the St. Petersburg Academy, Lomonosov “listened to the elementary foundations of philosophy and mathematics and applied himself to it with extreme eagerness, meanwhile practicing poetry, but nothing came out of his last works in print. He had an excellent inclination towards experimental physics, chemistry and mineralogy.”

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Lomonosov's serious attitude to scientific studies distinguished him from the general mass of students of Spassky schools who arrived in St. Petersburg. At the Academy of Sciences, the inquisitive and hardworking Pomor, becoming familiar with the new science, became familiar with the modern approach to research, which was very different from the disciplines of the medieval scholastic model, which were taught at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. In the offices and workshops of the Academy of Sciences, Lomonosov could see the latest instruments and tools for conducting research, and in the academic shop he could get acquainted with newly published books and magazines. Even then, Lomonosov began to study European languages, and made notes in the margins of books in French and German. In 1735, the Russian Assembly was created at the Academy to develop the foundations of the Russian language. Lomonosov, having received fairly good training in the field of grammar and versification at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, was probably interested in the activities of the Russian Assembly.

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The background to how Lomonosov got to Germany is as follows: An expedition from the Academy of Sciences worked in Siberia, but it lacked a chemist who knew mining. Western European chemists refused the offer to travel a long distance of about 10 thousand miles. Then it was decided to send Russian students to study in Germany. In March 1736, the Academy of Sciences decided to send 12 of the most capable young people, students of the Spassky Schools, to study in Europe. Lomonosov abroad

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Documentedly, this was expressed as follows: 1736 March 7 Imperial Academy of N. to the then Emperor. She presented a report to the cabinet that if several young people were sent to Freiberg to the mining physicist Henkel to study metallurgy; then Gustav Ulrich Reiser, Dmitry Vinogradov and Mikhail Lomonosov can go there. It takes 1,200 rubles to maintain them each year, and then 400 rubles for each, namely 250 for food, clothing, books and tools, and 150 for travel to different places and for rewarding teachers. Although Dmitry Vinogradov and Mikhail Lomonosov do not know the German language, they can still learn as much as they need while they are here in three months...” Korff reported that the following could be sent to Germany: Gustav Ulrich Reiser, the son of an adviser to the Berg College, is seventeen years old. Dmitry Vinogradov, popovich from Suzdal, sixteen years old. Mikhailo Lomonosov, a peasant son from the Arkhangelsk province of the Dvina district of the Kurostrovskaya volost, twenty-five years old.

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This shows that Lomonosov's abilities were so obvious that the government and the leadership of the Academy were not embarrassed by his peasant origin. Lomonosov spent five years abroad: about 3 years in Marburg, under the leadership of the famous Christian Wolf, and about a year in Freiberg, under Henkel; He spent about a year traveling and was in Holland. From Germany, Lomonosov brought not only extensive knowledge in the fields of mathematics, physics, chemistry, and mining, but to a large extent also a general formulation of his entire worldview. At Wolf's lectures, Lomonosov could develop his views in the field of the then so-called natural law, in matters relating to the state.

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Photo gallery

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Photo gallery

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http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=Lomonosov%20photo&stype=image http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomonosov,_Mikhail_Vasilievich Material: Photo: Sources

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I, Yulia Shilova, am in 9th grade. In my free time I like to listen to rap, hang out with friends, play different games, ride a bike and roller skate. I go to theater and puppet clubs. I, Mkhitaryan Kristina, am in 9th grade. In my free time I like to listen to rap, hang out with friends, roller skate, and also go to volleyball and basketball clubs. Authors site

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A man of exceptional intelligence, enormous willpower, ebullient creative energy, and an indefatigable thirst for activity, Lomonosov believed that everyone’s duty is to work tirelessly for the benefit of society, for the good of the people, and if necessary, heroically give their life in the name of the Motherland, the triumph of their favorite ideas . He wrote:

What is the use of the fact that in deep old age
And in the darkness of ignominy they end a long century!
With kindnesses rise to the heights of high praise
And a man was born to die gloriously.

These exciting lines written by Lomonosov can be used as an epigraph to his own extraordinary fate and unparalleled creative activity.

The son of a Pomor fisherman, Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov spent the first nineteen years of his life in the far North, in the village of Denisovka, near the shores of the White Sea. His childhood years forever imprinted majestic pictures of harsh polar nature in Lomonosov’s consciousness and gave him an excellent knowledge of fairy tales, epics, and proverbs with their living folk language. Fishing trips with his father developed physical strength and endurance in the boy. The feelings of independence and personal dignity characteristic of the inhabitants of Pomerania, not suppressed by serfdom, constituted the most precious trait of his character.

Fourteen-year-old Lomonosov managed to get textbooks on grammar and arithmetic from one of his fellow villagers. He literally memorized these books, which he later called “the gates of his learning,” and passionately wanted to continue his studies. And so, secretly from his father, he joined one of the convoys, he gets to Moscow and, having overcome numerous obstacles, enters the then school - the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. The ridicule of his schoolmates - the “little kids” - at the “twenty-year-old idiot” who “came to study Latin” and his meager existence on three kopecks a day do not stop Lomonosov. Discovering brilliant abilities, incredible perseverance and hard work, he passes three classes at once in one year.

It is not surprising that when in 1736 the school authorities received a decree to send to the university at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences “good youths who would have sufficient knowledge of sciences suitable for decorating the mind,” the choice fell on Lomonosov. In the same year he was sent from St. Petersburg to Germany to master mining. Abroad, Lomonosov studied exact sciences, philosophy, foreign languages ​​and mastered all the achievements of contemporary scientific thought. In 1741, Lomonosov returned to his homeland and began working at the Academy of Sciences.

In 1745, he became a professor of chemistry, an academician and, despite the opposition of the German administrators entrenched in the academy - “enemies of Russian sciences”, he carried out tireless scientific and literary activities, brilliant in their results. To promote the development of domestic science, Lomonosov achieved the creation of the country's first Moscow University, which now bears his name.

Lomonosov himself was a scientist of encyclopedic scope. Pushkin, saying that Lomonosov “experienced everything and penetrated everything,” had the right to call it “our first university.” Lomonosov made a number of outstanding scientific discoveries in various fields of knowledge - chemistry, physics, astronomy.

Along with work in the field of exact sciences, with persistent studies of Russian history, Lomonosov’s fundamental work in the field of the Russian language, literary theory and practice took place. During Lomonosov’s school years, syllabic versification (from the Greek word meaning “syllable”), alien to the nature of the Russian language and folk poetry, was dominant. The poet was only required to maintain the same number of syllables in all lines and to put a rhyme at the end of the line. Such poems were almost devoid of rhythm and musicality. This was already felt by Lomonosov’s senior contemporary, the poet and philologist (philology is the science of language and literature) Trediakovsky. He drew attention to the rhythm-forming role of stress in Russian folk poetry and began to construct poems with a strictly consistent alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables.

So the syllabic system began to be replaced by the syllabic-tonic (from the Greek word tone, meaning "emphasis"). However, Trediakovsky’s transformation affected only long (eleven and thirteen-syllable) poems. Of the poetic meters, he recognized only two-syllable ones: trochee, consisting of a sequential alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables, and iambic, formed, on the contrary, by alternating first unstressed and then stressed syllables.

However, Trediakovsky believed that iambic was of little use for Russian versification.

Lomonosov basically accepted Trediakovsky's principle, but, being a bold innovator and following the nature of the Russian language, he extended it to all types of verse. In the same way, he considered it possible to use, along with two-syllables, three-syllable poetic meters: dactyl, amphibrachium, anapest.

Lomonosov especially appreciated the iambic, considering this measure to be the most cheerful and energetic. It was in iambic that Lomonosov’s laudatory ode was written in 1739, glorifying the valor of the Russian troops who took the Turkish fortress of Khotyn. This work, filled with ardent patriotic feeling, written in verse of unprecedented sonority, swiftness and strength, opened a new era in the history of Russian poetry. Odes, which were, as it were, solemn, oratorical speeches in verse, henceforth became Lomonosov’s favorite poetic genre. In them he sang the eternal glory of the heroes, the greatness, power and inexhaustible riches of his native country, and glorified the heroic character of the Russian people.

Lomonosov personifies his “beloved mother” - his homeland in the guise of a sovereign mistress, her head touching the clouds, her elbow resting on the Caucasus Mountains, and her legs stretching to the borders of China. Glorifying the military triumphs of Russia, Lomonosov at the same time persistently emphasizes the peacefulness of the Russian people, who draw the “truthful sword” only in order to establish peace everywhere – “beloved silence.” The poet passionately calls for the development of the natural resources of his native country, for the inculcation of education, and the development of the arts and sciences.

One of the most common words in Lomonosov’s poetic dictionary is the word science. Enthusiastic praise of science is one of the main themes of Lomonosov's poetry. From generation to generation, Russian schoolchildren have memorized Lomonosov's famous lines about the sciences that “nourish the young” and “give joy to the old.” In one of the odes, the poet lists those areas of scientific knowledge that he especially values ​​for their importance for the development of the country, increasing its strength and wealth:

Into the bowels of the earth you, Chemistry,
Penetrate your gaze with sharpness
And what Russia contains in it,
Dredges reveal the treasures...

The Science of Light Meteors,
Foretell changes in the sky
And the stormy noise of air disputes
Show through the right signs:

So that ratai can choose time,
When to trust the earth with seed
And when I give rest to the reins,
And so that, without fear of the weather,

Peoples walked far with wealth
To Elizabeth's shores.

Lomonosov's poetic calls for the development of domestic sciences were supported by his own scientific activities, which in turn found inspired support and protection in his poems. This is, for example, Lomonosov’s poetic message “On the Benefits of Glass.”

With enormous poetic power, a new scientific perception of the world and the cosmos, opposing naive church-medieval ideas about nature, is revealed in two “Reflections” by Lomonosov. In “Morning Meditation,” the poet describes the sun as it should appear to the human gaze approaching it:

Then all countries would open up
The eternally burning ocean.
There are fiery shafts rushing
And they don’t find the shores

Fiery whirlwinds swirl there,
Fighting for many centuries;
There the stones, like water, boil,
The burning rains there are noisy.

The poet sees the “countless suns” of the immeasurable spaces of the infinite universe, peering into the star-strewn sky:

An abyss full of stars opened;
The stars have no number, the abyss has no bottom...

Lomonosov, like no one before him, felt the enormous possibilities hidden in the Russian language, its “natural abundance, beauty and strength.” However, these possibilities have not been widely used. The literary language still remained the medieval, Church Slavonic language, divorced from living, colloquial speech. Both the literary language and colloquial speech were clogged with an excessively large number of foreign words.

To bring literary and colloquial speech closer together to ensure the integrity and independence of the national Russian language - this is what Lomonosov’s efforts were aimed at. And he managed to do a lot in this regard.

In order to bring a certain order to the literary language, it is reasonable to limit the use of Church Slavonic and foreign words and phrases, Lomonosov distributed the entire vocabulary of the Slavic-Russian language into three groups - “calms”, attaching to each of them certain literary types (genres).

He completely excluded Church Slavonic words, which were outdated and became incomprehensible, from literary speech. Those of them that were “intelligible to Russians” were allowed to be used mainly in the so-called high genres - ode, heroic poem, etc., which, due to their special solemnity and elation, were separated from simple, everyday speech. On the contrary, literary works whose content is closer to life - dramatic works, satires - had to be written in a “middle style” - a language less bookish, closer to colloquial. Finally, for “describing ordinary affairs,” composing comedies, epigrams, songs, and friendly messages, one should use “low calm,” in which common words could also be used. Unnecessary foreign words – barbarisms – were also expelled from the language.

The division of the literary language into “three calms,” sharply demarcated from each other, was associated with the theory of classicism and subsequently began to constrain writers. Karamzin took the next step in improving the literary language. The work of Pushkin opened up full scope for the free development of the language of fiction, who basically continued and developed the work begun by Lomonosov on the creation of the Russian national language.

The literary activity of the brilliant poet-scientist - his poetic creativity, his work in the field of language and verse - was of exceptionally great importance for the development of Russian literature. It is not for nothing that V. G. Belinsky called Lomonosov “Peter the Great of Russian literature.”

Project on the topic: “The life and work of M.V. Lomonosov.”

Nomination: "Junior."

Prepared by: Ivanishcheva Yulia Mikhailovna, Hayu Kristina Lilianovna, students

municipal budgetary educational institution of secondary school No. 39 village. named after V.V. Vorovsky (10 years old, 4th grade).

Project Manager: primary school teacher MBOU secondary school No. 39

Markovtseva Marina Pavlovna.

Purpose: to introduce the biography, scientific discoveries and literary works of M.V. Lomonosov.

Tasks:

1) collect and study material on the topic under study “The Life and Work of M.V. Lomonosov”;

2) introduce the genre of the work - ode;

3) present all collected material in the form of a presentation.

CHILDHOOD

M.V. Lomonosov was born on November 19, 1711. in the village of Denisovka, Arkhangelsk province, Kholmogory district. Father, Vasily Dorofeevich Lomonosov, was a wealthy peasant; he was engaged in fishing. He often took the boy on sea voyages, where he began to think about questions that were reflected in his future research. The boy was very observant and inquisitive. Since childhood, I have been interested in the nature of the northern lights, the composition of ice, the cause of weather changes and other natural phenomena.

Having mastered literacy, Lomonosov became interested in reading. The thirst for knowledge grew every day, the young boy passionately wanted to do science.

At the age of 19 he left home for Moscow. Lomonosov had a long and difficult journey ahead of him. He and the convoy must travel many hundreds of kilometers, covering the distance from Arkhangelsk to Moscow.

In 1731 Lomonosov was accepted into the Moscow Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. In order to enter there, he had to hide his true origin. Lomonosov suffered a lot of grief and need here: his father’s reproaches, poverty, the ridicule of schoolchildren. During 5 years of study, Lomonosov learned the basics of all sciences and firmly decided to devote his life to research and experiments.

In 1736 Among the best students, he was sent for further studies to Germany.

In 1762, the great scientist improved the telescope, which he called “night vision,” a device “for condensing light.” He discovered the atmosphere on Venus.

Odes of Lomonosov

Lomonosov entered the history of Russian literature primarily as a poet-writer. The ode was attractive to Lomonosov because it combined high lyricism and journalism. The author of the ode could not only express his feelings, but also develop important social ideas.

Ode is a poetic work characterized by solemnity and sublimity. .

Lomonosov gravitated towards the genre of laudatory odes, since most of them were dedicated to monarchs, Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, Peter III, Catherine II.

Usually the ode was timed to coincide with a court holiday, the accession to the throne. The ode was always read as part of a solemn ceremony and this made it possible to address a large audience. This ode was published in large quantities.

As part of the laudatory ode, Lomonosov solved educational problems.

He created:

• 33 odes of praise;
• 12 spiritual odes;
• heroic poem about Peter the Great;
• many inscriptions - poems for the occasion;
• parodies and satirical poems.

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov died on April 15, 1765. He was buried at the Lazarevsky cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.

Lomonosov's personality, his scientific and literary activities played a primary role in the development of the creation of Russian society, and left a deep mark on the history of Russian culture and science

AWARDS

Large gold medal named after M.V. Lomonosov -

the highest award of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Every year two Grand Gold Medals named after M.V. Lomonosov are awarded - one to Russian and one to foreign scientists for outstanding achievements in the field of natural sciences and humanities.

We would like to finish our project with a poem by M.V. Lomonosov :

“ O you who await

Fatherland from its depths

And he wants to see them,

Which ones are calling from foreign countries,

Oh, your days are blessed!

Be of good cheer now

It’s your kindness to show

What can Platonov's own

And the quick-witted Newtons

Russian land to give birth ”.

sources

1 . Russika. School encyclopedia. History of Russia 18th -19th centuries. Moscow. "OLMA-PRESS education" 2003

2. History of Russia for children and adults.

Vladimir Solovyov. White City. Moscow, 2003.

3. Mikhailo Lomonosov. Sergey Perevezentsev.

White City. Moscow, 2004.

4. History of Russia. The end of the 16th – 18th centuries.

A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina. Moscow "Enlightenment" 2008

Internet resources

5. http://www.hpono.info/biograf/lomonjs.html

6. http//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki

7. http//slovari/yandex.ru/dict/krugosvet/alticbe/h/47

Department of Humanities

ABSTRACT

in cultural studies

Topic: “M.V. Lomonosov - life and work

great Russian genius"

Introduction. p.3

Chapter I Life of M.V. Lomonosov. page 4

Chapter II The work of the great scientist p. 6

Conclusion. page 9

Introduction

At the time when M.V. Lomonosov was born, there were only two higher educational institutions in the Russian state - the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow and the Kiev Theological Academy. Peter's reforms led to wider contacts with Western countries. In 1725, the Academy of Sciences was opened in St. Petersburg, and even earlier - artillery, mathematics, navigation, and technical schools. As well as linguistic schools, medical school, mining school, “digital” schools, “garrison” schools. However, the demands of the upper circles of society did not allow people from the lower classes to learn anything more significant than how to read and write, and even then not everyone, since according to tradition, the peasant to engage in science was considered an empty and unnecessary activity. Therefore, the case of M.V. Lomonosov can be considered unique. What would have happened if the local clerk had not taught Mikhail Lomonosov to read and write, and one peasant from a neighboring village had not found “Grammar” by Meletiy Smotritsky, “Arithmetic” by Leon Magnitsky, “Psalter” by Simeon of Polotsk. Surely Russian science would never have known the name of the great Russian scientist - M.V. Lomonosov.

Chapter I. Life of M.V. Lomonosov.

M. V. Lomonosov was born on November 8 (19), 1711 in a village on one of the islands of the Northern Dvina delta opposite Kholmogory, Arkhangelsk province. At the age of nine, he lost his mother, and his stepmother was “evil and envious” and opposed his aspirations. The fact that the boy was born into the family of a Chernososh (state) free peasant who was engaged in fishing and had arable land and a ship should have affected his future fate: he, too, had to take up fishing. Local clerk Semyon Nikitich Sabelnikov taught Mikhail to read and write, and fate led him along a different path. However, the “gates of learning” for him were “Grammar” by Meletiy Smotritsky, “Arithmetic” by Leon Magnitsky, “Psalter” by Simeon of Polotsk, which he took from Christopher Dudin, a peasant of a neighboring village. His father and stepmother opposed Mikhail's aspirations for science in every possible way, but he still achieves his goal. Secretly from his father, he received a passport in his hands, gave away money, clothes and went to Moscow with a fish train (December 1730). His fellow countrymen helped him with housing in Moscow, and in 1731 M.V. Lomonosov submitted a petition to enroll him in the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, where children of priests studied. Due to the fact that this year there was a shortage, the rector of this institution allowed to take commoners, but not peasants. Therefore, Lomonosov was forced to hide his origin, calling himself the son of a Kholmogory nobleman. Thus, he was accepted. The big age difference brought him a lot of bitterness and resentment from his classmates. As he himself later recalled: “Schoolchildren, small children shout and point with their fingers: look, what a fool at twenty years old came to study Latin!” For a short period he studied at the Kyiv Theological Academy, but then returned to Moscow, to the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.

In 1736, among the best students of the academy, he was sent for further studies to the university at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. It should be noted that in addition to program subjects, Mikhail Lomonosov studied a lot on his own. In 1736, he was among the best sent to study chemistry and mining abroad, to Germany.

His years of study at the University of Marburg were not in vain: while living in an apartment, he met Elisabeth-Christina Zilch, the daughter of the landlady, and married her. In 1739, M.V. Lomonosov successfully graduated from the University of Marburg. Then the training in chemistry and mining continued in Freiberg (1739-1740). A quarrel between M.V. Lomonosov and a German scientist led to his leaving Freiberg. For many months he wandered around Germany under the guise of a German student, was recruited into the Prussian army, but was able to escape. Generally speaking, M.V. Lomonosov was in Germany from 1736 to 1741 (the German period of his life). After returning to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1741, he continued to engage in science, but his quarrel with another German scientist led to the fact that from 1741 to 1743 M.V. Lomonosov was under house arrest. Throughout his entire St. Petersburg period of life (1741-1765), he worked tirelessly at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, despite the intrigues of other scientists and the machinations of ill-wishers. April 4(5), 1765 M.V. Lomonosov died at the age of 54, after a serious illness.

Chapter II. Creativity of M. V. Lomonosov.

The handwritten heritage of M. V. Lomonosov represents a whole series of works on various branches of knowledge, and the variety of topics is not only surprising, but also arouses admiration. The contribution of M.V. Lomonosov to the development of Russian science is truly invaluable. On August 19, 1739, after a battle, the Russian army stormed the powerful Turkish fortress of Khotyn. M.V. Lomonosov could not help but respond to this event, which marked the end of a four-year war:

“Isn’t copper neighing in the belly of Etna?

And bubbling with sulfur?

Isn't it hell that breaks the heavy bonds?

And he wants to open his jaws?

That is the kind of rejected slave,

Filling the ditches in the mountains with fire

Throws metal and flame into the valley,

Where are our chosen people to work?

Among enemies, among swamps

Through a fast current, he dares to fire.”

Thus, M.V. Lomonosov laid the foundation for truly artistic tonic poetry. Throughout the 40s-60s of the 18th century, from literary works he wrote an ode of 1747, “Evening reflection on God’s Majesty on the occasion of the great northern lights”, “Morning reflection on God’s Majesty”, an ode of 1750, tragedy “ Tamira and Selim”, “Letter about the benefits of glass”, poems “Hymn to the Beard”, odes dedicated to Russia’s participation in the Seven Years’ War, poem “Peter the Great”, “Poems composed on the road to Peterhof”. His works of this period concerning the Russian language stand apart - “Russian Grammar”, “Preface on the Use of Church Books in the Russian Language” - they became a continuation of the development of the Russian language in the 18th century.

M.V. Lomonosov studied a variety of sciences and branches of knowledge: mining metallurgy, physics and chemistry, history and geography, rhetoric and geology, demography, arts and crafts and astronomy. In the 40s-60s of the 18th century, M.V. Lomonosov wrote works on mining metallurgy - “The first foundations of metallurgy or ore mining”, “On the free movement of air in mines noted”, on physics and chemistry - “Elements of mathematical chemistry "", "Reflections on the philosophical principles of the physico-chemical correspondence of silver and mercury", "Discourse on the catoprine-dioltric incendiary instrument", "276 notes on physics and corpuscular philosophy", "Experience in the theory of insensitive particles of bodies and in general about the causes of particular qualities" , “Notes on the gravity of bodies”, “On the cohesion and arrangement of physical monads”, “On the action of chemical solvents in general”, “Reflections on the cause of heat and cold”, “On metallic luster”, “On the relation of the amount of matter and weight”, “ On the gravity of bodies and the knowledge of primary motion”, “On the insensitive physical particles that make up natural bodies”, “Dissertation on saltpeter”, “Experience in the theory of elasticity of a body”, “Discussions on the solidity and liquidity of bodies”, “Introduction to true physical chemistry”, “A Word on the Origin of Light”, “A Word on Aerial Phenomena”, “On the Relationship of Mass and Weight”, “The Theory of Electricity Explained Mathematical”, on history and geography - “Ancient Russian history from the beginning of the Russian people to the death of Grand Duke Yaroslav the First, before 1054”, “Discussions about the greater accuracy of the sea route”, “A brief description of various travels in the northern seas and a possible passage from the Siberian Ocean to East India”, “On the frost that occurred after warm weather”, “Discourse on the origin of the ice mountains in northern seas”, on rhetoric and geology – “Rhetoric”, “A Brief Guide to Eloquence”, “A Discourse on the Birth of Metals from the Earth’s Shaking”, “On the Layers of the Earth”, on demography – “On the Reproduction and Preservation of the Russian People”, on decorative - applied arts and astronomy – mosaic portrait “Peter the Great”, mosaic “Battle of Poltava”, “Appearance of Venus in the Sun”. In addition, M.V. Lomonosov translated books from foreign languages, gave lectures, and conducted countless experiments.

Over 46 works - this is the creative result of his activity. Thanks to this great scientist, Russian science received a truly thermonuclear impulse.

Conclusion

M. V. Lomonosov, having lived a bright life full of creative searches, left a deep mark in science and fiction, in art and education. More than 40 works of creative activity known to us are the result of his painstaking work.

Even during his lifetime, the name of the great scientist was widely known not only in Russia, but also abroad. He was the only Russian scientist of the 18th century whose Collected Works were published twice during his lifetime, although this was only a small part of his works.

Despite the fact that more than two centuries have passed since the great Russian scientist lived and worked, his name lives on in the memory of peoples. Many books and articles are devoted to his life and work, his image is captured in works of painting, graphics, sculpture, cities and villages, streets and squares, educational institutions and schools bear his name. The name of M. V. Lomonosov was given to an underwater mountain range in the Arctic Ocean basin; one of the craters on the far side of the Moon; equatorial countercurrent in the Atlantic Ocean. One of the minor planets and one of the minerals is named after the Russian scientist, and in 1956 the Gold Medal was established. M. V. Lomonosov for outstanding work in the field of natural sciences. As S. I. Vavilov later wrote, “the frequent comparison of M. V. Lomonosov with Leonardo da Vinci and Goethe is correct and justified not by the variety of types of cultural work of M. V. Lomonosov, but by the deep merging of artistic, historical and scientific in one person interests and inclinations. Among M. V. Lomonosov's contemporaries who lived and worked in Russia, there were many “political histors” who combined, for example, mathematical research with work on the publication of chronicles. However, the encyclopedicism of these people stemmed from external demands and pressure, and not from internal needs, as was the case with M.V. Lomonosov.” And in conclusion, I would like to quote a statement - the call of Mikhail Vasilyevich himself: “Use your own mind. Don’t take me for Aristotle, Cartesius, Newton. If you give me their name, then know that you are slaves; and my glory will fall with yours.”

Literature used.

1. Anderson M. Peter the Great. Rostov-on-Don 1997

2. Vavilov S.I. Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov M. 1961

3. Shilinsky A. Yu., Pavlova G. E. M. V. Lomonosov is a great Russian scientist. M. 1986

4. Kuznetsov B. R. Lomonosov’s creative path. M. 1961