Celebrate the day of Slavic literature and culture. Slavic writing and culture. Day of Slavic Writing
This holiday is associated with the names of the holy Equal-to-the-Apostles brothers Cyril and Methodius - Slavic enlighteners, creators of the Slavic alphabet, the first translators of liturgical books from Greek into Slavic.
To the 1152nd anniversary of its creation Slavic writing
It was they, the Bulgarian enlighteners Cyril and Methodius, who created the first Slavic alphabet, which we use to this day. The alphabet got its name from the name of the youngest of the brothers - the Cyrillic alphabet.
The history of the Cyrillic alphabet is inseparably linked with Orthodoxy. Using the alphabet they had created, the brothers translated from Greek language Holy Scripture and a number of liturgical books.
The first words written in Slavic alphabet were the opening lines of the Easter Gospel of John:
In the beginning was the Word
And the Word was with God,
And the Word was God.
It is no coincidence that the life feat of Cyril and Methodius is equated with the apostolic one, calling them the “first teachers” of the Slavs. Equal-to-the-Apostles Cyril and Methodius were canonized in ancient times. In the Russian Orthodox Church, the memory of the Equal-to-the-Apostles enlighteners of the Slavs has been honored since the 11th century.
The solemn celebration of the memory of Saints Cyril and Methodius was established in the Russian Church in 1863.
The day of remembrance of Cyril and Methodius established by the church is May 24, new style.- is now celebrated in Russia as a public holiday.
The Day of Slavic Literature and Culture is the only church and state holiday in our country.
During the Days of Slavic Literature and Culture, scientific conferences, readings, exhibitions and concerts are held in many cities. Festive services and solemn religious processions are held in the churches of the Russian Orthodox Church.
The holiday of Slavic writing reminds us of the origins of our spirituality, that Russian culture inherits the ancient and great traditions of Slavic culture, and the role of writing in its formation and development.
2015 marks 1152 years since the emergence of Slavic writing - on May 24, 863, in the city of Pliska, the then capital of Bulgaria, the Solun brothers Cyril and Methodius announced the invention of the Slavic alphabet.
Enlighteners of the Slavs - Saints Equal-to-the-Apostles Cyril and Methodius
The holy Equal-to-the-Apostles first teachers and Slavic educators Methodius (about 815-885) and Cyril (about 827-869; before accepting monasticism in early 869 - Constantine) - brothers, originally from the city of Thessaloniki (Thessaloniki).
Coming from a noble and wealthy Christian family, they received an excellent education. Methodius, the elder brother, being on military service, ruled by one of his subordinates Byzantine Empire Slavic principalities (possibly Bulgarian), where he learned the Slavic language. Ten years later, he left his reign and became a monk on Mount Olympus (in Asia Minor). Constantine, who surprised everyone with his abilities as a child, received his education together with the young son of the Byzantine emperor Michael III from the best teachers in Constantinople. He perfectly comprehended the sciences of his time and many languages, for which he was nicknamed the Philosopher. Having been ordained a priest, he became the keeper of the patriarchal library at the Church of St. Sophia, then taught philosophy at the highest school in Constantinople. At the age of 24, he was sent on a dangerous and difficult mission to the Muslim Saracens to conduct a philosophical and theological debate. Constantine coped with the task brilliantly, refuting all the arguments of Muslim philosophers, for which they even tried to kill (poison) the young Christian, but he remained unharmed. Returning to his homeland, Constantine retired to Olympus to his brother Methodius. However, in 858, Emperor Michael summoned both brothers to preach the Gospel among the Khazars. On the way, the brothers stopped in Korsun (the ancient Russian name for the city of Chersonesos), where Constantine learned the Hebrew and Samaritan languages.
After some time, the emperor again summoned the brothers, responding to the request of the Moravian prince Rostislav to send teachers who could preach Christianity in the Slavic language.
Cyril and Methodius - miniature from the Radziwill Chronicle (XIII century)
In 863, Constantine, with the help of Methodius and several disciples, compiled the Slavic alphabet and translated several books, without which it is impossible to perform divine services: the Gospel, the Apostle, the Psalter and selected services. Created by Konstantin (Kirill) Slavic alphabet It is not by chance that it is called the Cyrillic alphabet. In fact, we still use it today.
In 1708, at the direction of Peter I, the alphabet was reformed for publications in the civil press; it was this version that formed the basis of the modern Russian font.
In Rome, Saint Constantine fell ill and shortly before his death (February 14, 869) he accepted the schema with the name Cyril. By decision of Pope Adrian II, the relics of St. Cyril were placed in the Basilica of St. Clement in Rome, where miracles began to be performed from them.
The Pope ordained Saint Methodius as Archbishop of Moravia and Pannonia. While in this post, Saint Methodius continued to establish divine services in the Slavic language; he did a lot to educate the Slavs with the help of book writing.
The first teacher of Slovenia, Methodius, ended his high earthly ministry on April 6, 885. He was buried in the cathedral church of Velehrad, the capital of Great Moravia.
The spiritual feat of Saints Cyril and Methodius, equal to the apostles, is attested in extensive hagiographic literature, in words of praise and religious hymns, in ancient church services and chants, on icons and in church paintings, in artistic prose, in poetry and in numerous scientific works.
CYRILLIC AND GLAGOLITIC
The question of the conditions for the appearance of two alphabets in Old Church Slavonic writing, their comparative antiquity, their sources and their compilers was for a long time one of the most controversial and discussed.
In Bulgaria
In Bulgaria, the Day of Education, Culture and Slavic Literature is an official national holiday.
The tradition of celebrating the Day of Slavic Literature arose in mid-19th centuries, but its roots go back to the mother-throne of Pliska - ancient capital Bulgaria. It was here in 886, after the death of both enlighteners, that their disciples arrived - Clement, Naum, Gorazd, Angelarius, whom the Bulgarian ruler Prince Boris received with triumphal honors.
In Pliska, a comprehensive program for distributing the alphabet within the then Bulgarian state was soon developed.
It turned out that just two decades after the adoption of Christianity in Bulgaria, thanks to the alphabet of Cyril and Methodius, liturgical and theological literature began to be translated into Slavic. A fact that is significant because for the first time in the history of Christianity the monopoly of the three “ancient sacred languages” - Latin, Greek and Hebrew - in the spiritual life of Europe was broken (in France the Gospel was translated into National language only three, in England - five, and in Germany - seven centuries after Bulgaria).
In 1892, a music teacher from Ruse, Stoyan Mihailovsky (1856-1927), wrote the text of a school anthem called “The Hymn of Saints Cyril and Methodius.” The anthem consisted of 14 stanzas, of which the first six are usually sung. Bulgarians know him by the first line: “Varvi, people vzrodeni!” (“Forward, reborn people!”). In 1900, the composer Panayot Pipkov (1871-1942), then a teacher in Lovech, wrote music for the anthem.
With the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in Bulgaria in 1916, the church and secular holiday were combined into one - May 24. In 1969 church calendar was artificially separated from the secular, and the holiday fell on May 11 and 24, respectively. In 1990, by decision of the 9th People's Assembly In Bulgaria, May 24 was declared an official holiday - the Day of Bulgarian Education, Culture and Slavic Literature.
In Russia
And the native Rus' of the Holy Apostles of the Slavs will glorify...
From the hymn in honor of Cyril and Methodius
In Russia, the first traditions of honoring the memory of Cyril and Methodius were established in the 11th century. One evidence of this is the Archangel Gospel of 1092, which mentions Cyril on February 14, and Methodius on April 6. It was Russia that introduced the general date of celebration into the church calendar - May 11 (May 24, new style).
Bishop Anthony of Smolensk (Amphitheaters) attracted wide attention to the fate of the holiday of Slavic enlighteners. The first celebrations of the Slavic word took place in Moscow in 1862. The monument “Millennium of Russia” was unveiled in Novgorod, on which the images of Cyril and Methodius, whose activities coincided with the formation of Russian statehood, were immortalized.
Since 1863, holiday celebrations took place in other cities, and in each city the program had its own characteristics. In Kyiv, for example, students founded the Slavic library of Saints Cyril and Methodius.
IN pre-revolutionary Russia Day of Remembrance of the Thessaloniki Brothers different time noted differently. Widely - in 1869 and 1885, when it was a thousand years since the death of the Slavic enlighteners, more modestly - in other years.
For some time, celebrations in honor of the creators of the first Slavic alphabet were not held at all.
The first scientific celebrations took place only in May 1963. Scientists then organized a conference dedicated to the 1100th anniversary of the creation of the Slavic alphabet.
The initiative to revive the celebration of the Days of Slavic Literature in Russia belongs to the Murmansk Writers' Organization and in particular to the writer Vitaly Maslov. In 1986, the first holiday called the “Festival of Writing” was held in Murmansk. As a token of gratitude to Murmansk residents for renewing ancient traditions, the Bulgarians presented the city with a monument to the creators of the Slavic alphabet.
In 1988, the holiday was especially lucky - it coincided with the 1000th anniversary of the baptism of Rus' and was held in ancient Novgorod. The Baptism of Rus' marked the beginning of writing, but writing also contributed to the spread of the new faith. Here, in the ancient center of Russia, writing began to spread after Kiev.
In 1989, the main celebrations took place in Kyiv. For the first time, the holiday was held with the active participation of the Foundation of Slavic Literature and Culture, created in 1989.
Since 1991, the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture has become a public holiday, the center of the celebrations was in Smolensk. Then, in order to unite the Slavic peoples on the basis of common roots, the Slavic Movement was carried out.
In 1992, Moscow became the center of the holiday. The First International Congress of Slavic Cultures took place in the capital. A monument to Cyril and Methodius was unveiled on Slavyanskaya Square.
Since 2010, Moscow has become the annual capital of the Days of Slavic Literature. This decision was made in March 2009 by participants in a visiting meeting of the festival’s organizing committee in Saratov. Metropolitan Juvenaly of Krutitsky and Kolomna made such a proposal on behalf of Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Rus'. The proposal to designate Moscow as the capital of the holiday was supported by the Minister of Culture of the Russian Federation, Alexander Avdeev.
“The capital of the holiday should be Moscow, since this is a state, church holiday, and it should be celebrated as actively as possible throughout the country. In this sense, the centers of the federal subjects should become its regional capitals,” the minister said.
In Pskov
In Pskov, festivities dedicated to Saints Cyril and Methodius took place for the first time on April 6, 1885. During the celebrations, the Trinity Cathedral was presented with an icon of Saints Cyril and Methodius, purchased with funds from the Pskov City Duma.
In the same year, a brotherhood was created in Pskov in the name of the holy first teachers. Its goal is to raise charitable funds to support parochial schools, create parish libraries and maintain existing ones.
After the Days of Slavic Literature were declared a state holiday in Russia in 1991, celebrations in Pskov began to be celebrated more widely and variedly.
In 1993, an organizational meeting of the Pskov Religious and Philosophical Society named after Cyril and Methodius took place, which continued the educational traditions of the pre-revolutionary Cyril and Methodius Society.
In 1999, Pskov became the center of celebration of the Days of Slavic Literature and Culture.
On the Days of Celebrations, May 24, 1999, a memorial plaque dedicated to Saints Equal-to-the-Apostles Cyril and Methodius was unveiled on the wall of the Holy Trinity Cathedral. The board was made and donated to Pskov by sculptor V. M. Klykov.
For more than 10 years, on May 24, the Day of Slavic Literature, a holiday for school graduates of the city has been held in the Pskov Kremlin on Vechevaya Square near the Trinity Cathedral.
According to tradition, paying tribute to the memory of Saints Equal-to-the-Apostles Cyril and Methodius, best graduates laying flowers at the memorial plaque to Saints Cyril and Methodius Equal to the Apostles at the walls of the Trinity Cathedral.
The film tells the story of the emergence of the Slavic alphabet - the Cyrillic alphabet - and how Russia took its place as the leader of the Eastern Christian Cyrillic civilization.
The great saints Cyril and Methodius created a universal principle - every people deserves to learn the Word of God in their native language. And now this principle continues to be implemented. The film tells how alphabets are created on the basis of the Cyrillic alphabet for the previously unwritten languages of the peoples of Russia. And russian Orthodox priest- the modern successor of Cyril and Methodius - comes with dogs to the yurts and teaches the Kamchatka Koryaks to read the Gospel, printed in Cyrillic in Koryak.
But there were times when the fate of the Russian alphabet seemed to hang by a thread. In the 20s of the last century, the Bolsheviks hatched plans to replace the Cyrillic alphabet with the Latin alphabet. Lunacharsky actively supported this project. The Cyrillic alphabet was then considered a reactionary tsarist alphabet that interfered with the world revolution. But main goal The Bolsheviks were, of course, to format the spiritual memory of the people in their own way, to deprive future generations of the opportunity to read everything that had been accumulated over the course of centuries of Russian history.
Day of Slavic Literature and Culture - a kind of recognition Soviet power merits of two outstanding Orthodox saints: Cyril and Methodius.
Cyril and Methodius were born in the 9th century in the city of Thessaloniki, and by origin they were Slavs from a noble family. Both became Orthodox monks(Cyril and Methodius are their names after tonsure). In 857, the Byzantine emperor sent brothers to the Khazar Khaganate to preach there Orthodox faith. As the story goes, they successfully convinced the Khazar prince and his entourage to accept Christianity, and even took 200 Greek captives from captivity. In 862, preachers came to Moravia (at the request of the Moravian prince) - here they created the Slavic alphabet, translated the Gospel, Psalter and other liturgical books into Slavic.
Cyril and Methodius were recognized by the church as saints back in the 9th century, but in Russia the memory of the enlightenment brothers began to be celebrated in 1863 - this was the decision of the Russian Holy Synod, which set the date for this as May 11 according to the old style (May 24 according to the new style).
On January 30, 1991, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR adopted a resolution to annually celebrate the days of Russian culture and writing. Each year a different city became the capital of this holiday.
We remember familiar sounds from childhood:
This is Az, and this is Buki.
Glory and honor to Cyril and Methodius
Because Slavic writing exists!
And the whole world appreciates our culture,
He reads our literature avidly.
Let the years pass, let the centuries pass,
Slavic culture will always exist!
Brothers Slavs, happy holiday to you.
Keep and appreciate the cultural reserve!
Cyril and Methodius once upon a time
They created an alphabet for us,
We saved these letters
And we use them now,
On the day of writing we wish everyone
Don't forget traditions
Protect your language and culture
Preserve for generations!
Today is a significant day - the Day of Slavic Culture and Literature. This holiday brings everything together Slavic peoples, because for all of us Slavic culture is native. Thanks to the emergence of writing, we can touch the origins of our cultural heritage. Let's cherish and honor what our ancestors passed on to us, support and revive forgotten traditions, and be proud that we are Slavs!
Today we celebrate the Day of Slavic Literature.
The bright day of culture has come to us today.
We congratulate you on this bright holiday.
May everything in your life be good.
Let the bright Slavic spirit help you,
Sincerity always gives you hope.
May literacy and knowledge flourish forever,
Your life is illuminated like a star in the darkness.
Happiness, light, joy, eternal luck
On this wonderful day we wish you.
Don't lose hope, faith, inspiration.
So that a bright angel protects you.
Cyril and Methodius tried their best,
Now we have the alphabet,
Today we will glorify their feat,
Happy writing day to you.
Let culture flourish
Long live the Slavic people,
I wish you this holiday
I never know adversity.
On the day of Saints Cyril and Methodius,
We congratulate you with all our hearts,
After all, for us they sound like a native melody
Languages dear to the heart.
Slavic languages and writing,
Our speech, culture and words
And the soul is wide, and sincerity,
We will be united for centuries.
I sincerely congratulate you on Culture Day,
And Slavic writing you,
We congratulate everyone mentally
And, of course, in writing now.
Creation of the Slavic alphabet
We are celebrating today, friends.
And this moment is a reminder
That you can’t forget your language!
Happy Culture Day to you! Just remember
How amazingly big
Filled with goodness and warmth of hearts
Our amazing language!
Slavic writing
They brought it to us
Saints Cyril and Methodius,
We will dedicate the day to Slavic culture,
Let him be honored among the people.
Know and protect your native culture
On this day I wish everyone
Centuries-tested writings
They call for unity of the Slavs.
Cyril and Methodius - two holy brothers,
What an alphabet they created for the Slavs!
We need to celebrate a wonderful date,
After all, how would we all live without the alphabet?
Without the alphabet there would be no literature,
And no one would know about the letter!
Let's appreciate all the origins of culture,
So that everyone hears about the great brothers!
Let's say thank you to two saints -
Cyril and Methodius!
Our culture was laid
Glorifying our homeland!
For Slavic writing
We will give them honor.
Their feats are more beautiful
We won't trace it anywhere.
Let the Slavic languages
And writing lives on,
Since the last ones in heaven
The luminaries will not die!
Slavic speech sounds
Just like a melody.
Let us remember today the saints
Cyril and Methodius.
Native speech and culture
Let it be held in high esteem
Never her basics
We will never forget in life.
Congratulations: 52 in verse, 8 in prose.
Monument to Cyril and Methodius in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra in Kyiv (Photo: Sergey Kamshylin, Shutterstock)
Every year in all Slavic countries they celebrate Day of Slavic Literature and Culture and solemnly glorify the creators of Slavic writing Saints Cyril and Methodius - Slovenian teachers. As is known, the holy Equal-to-the-Apostles brothers Cyril and Methodius came from a noble and pious family and lived in greek city Thessaloniki.
On May 24, the Church commemorates the holy Equal-to-the-Apostles brothers Cyril and Methodius. The brothers were Orthodox monks and created the Slavic alphabet in a Greek monastery.
Scientists believe that Slavic writing was created in the 9th century, around 863. The new alphabet was called “Cyrillic” after one of the brothers, Constantine, who, having become a monk, became Cyril. And his elder brother Methodius helped him in the godly task of educating the Slavic peoples.
Cyril, who from an early age showed great abilities and perfectly comprehended all the sciences of his time, and also studied many languages, created the Slavic alphabet based on Greek. He significantly modified the Greek alphabet to more accurately represent the Slavic sound system.
Two alphabets were created - Glagolitic and Cyrillic. In addition, the Greek brothers translated the Gospel, the Apostle and the Psalter into Slavic.
For the contribution of Saints Cyril and Methodius to the culture of Europe, in 1980 he declared them patrons of the Old Continent.
The Day of Remembrance of these saints as the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture began to be celebrated in Bulgaria back in the 19th century, and then this tradition spread to other countries: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova.
Currently, scientific forums are dedicated to this holiday, festivals, exhibitions, book fairs, poetry readings, and shows are held. amateur performances, concerts and other various cultural events.
Also traditionally, in honor of the holiday, the International Scientific Conference “Slavic World: Community and Diversity” is held and an award ceremony is held International Prize Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Cyril and Methodius, established by the Moscow Patriarchate and the Slavic Foundation of Russia. It is awarded to state and public figures, literary and artistic figures for the preservation and development of the Cyril and Methodius heritage. Prize winners are awarded bronze sculpture Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Brothers Cyril and Methodius, diploma and commemorative medal.
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The holy Equal-to-the-Apostles first teachers and Slavic educators, the brothers Cyril and Methodius, came from a noble and pious family that lived in the Greek city of Thessaloniki. Saint Methodius was the eldest of seven brothers, Saint Constantine (Cyril in monasticism) was the youngest. Saint Methodius was at first in a military rank and ruled one of the Slavic principalities subordinate to the Byzantine Empire, apparently...
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On May 24, Russia celebrates the “Day of Slavic Literature and Culture.” The history of the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture. It should be said that this holiday of Christian enlightenment, the holiday of the native word, native book, native literature, native culture. By learning various sciences in our native language, we, in the words of the ancient Russian chronicler, are reaping what was sown by the most ancient enlighteners of Rus', who adopted writing from the first teachers of the Slavic peoples - Saints Cyril and Methodius.
For the first time, the day of Slavic writing began to be celebrated in Bulgaria in 1857. In Russia - in 1863. In our country, the holiday of Slavic writing and culture was revived in 1986 in Murmansk under the leadership of the writer Vitaly Semenovich Maslov. Since 1991, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the holiday was given state status.
All Slavs who preserve Orthodoxy and Orthodox culture, sacredly honor the saints Equal-to-the-Apostles Cyril and Methodius. For more than a thousand years in all Orthodox churches Russia at every holiday church service Saints Cyril and Methodius are remembered and glorified as the first “Slovenian teachers”. The veneration of the enlighteners of the Slavic peoples especially intensified in Russia in the 19th century. This was facilitated by a number of significant anniversary dates, as well as the participation of the Russian people in the liberation movement of the Balkan peoples.
For the first time, the Bulgarians came up with the initiative to hold a holiday of Slavic writing in 1857. On the initiative of the same Bulgaria, this holiday is celebrated in other “Cyrillic” countries: Serbia, Montenegro, even in the Catholic Czech Republic and Slovakia.
Now in Russia, as well as in many former Soviet republics, cultural events and celebrations are held on this occasion. But only in Bulgaria is this a national holiday: this day is a non-working day, everyone goes out holiday services, demonstrations, religious processions, concerts.
In Russia, the Day of Slavic Literature was first celebrated in 1863. Unfortunately, this tradition lasted only a few decades.
In 1869, it was 1000 years since the death of St. Constantine-Cyril. In all Slavic countries, solemn services were held for the Slavic first teachers, poets dedicated poems to them, and composers composed songs of praise in their honor and memory.
In 1877, the war between Russia and Turkey for liberation began Balkan countries. Russia took an active part in liberating the Bulgarian people of the same faith from Turkish rule, and the Russian army sacrificed the lives of many of its best warriors to the altar of victory. The unity of the two Orthodox peoples was sealed by Slavic blood shed at the Danube, on Shipka and near Plevna. On February 19 (March 3, Gregorian style), 1878, a peace treaty was signed under the walls of Constantinople, in San Stefano, which proclaimed “truth and freedom where previously lies and slavery reigned.”
The liberation of the Bulgarian people from the Ottoman yoke gave rise to the celebration of the “Day of Cyril and Methodius” (or, as this day is called in Bulgaria, the “Feast of Letters”) precisely because the national revival of the Bulgarians in the 19th century is directly related to the revival of the national written language, school education and Bulgarian culture in general. On May 24, on the day of remembrance of Saints Cyril and Methodius, it has become a tradition to hold demonstrations throughout Bulgaria every year, literary evenings, concerts.
1885 marked the 1000th anniversary of the death of Saint Methodius. On this date, the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church sent out a special holiday Message throughout Russia, which spoke of the great feat of the first teachers of the Slavic peoples. P.I. Tchaikovsky wrote a hymn in honor of Saints Cyril and Methodius.
Since 1901, by order of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church, May 11 (24) has become for many educational institutions Russian holiday. By this day, many schools had finished training sessions, solemn prayers were served and holiday concerts and evenings.
After the revolution of 1917, the memory of Cyril and Methodius was preserved only by the Church and Russian Slavists who studied the scientific heritage of Cyril and Methodius.
Two significant anniversaries of the 20th century passed almost unnoticed by the general public: in 1969 - the 1100th anniversary of the death of St. Cyril, and in 1985 - the 1100th anniversary of the death of St. Methodius.
Only since 1963 in the Soviet Union (the year of the 1100th anniversary of the creation of the Slavic alphabet) scientific conferences dedicated to this holiday began to be held, and even then irregularly.
Murmansk writer Vitaly Semenovich Maslov (1935-2001) was one of the first who advocated for the revival of the tradition of holding holidays of Slavic writing already in 1980, but he managed to implement this only in 1986 in Murmansk. At the first holiday, it was decided to choose the center of the celebrations every year new town- a kind of capital of the holiday, in which this day is celebrated especially solemnly. In 1987 it was already Vologda, in 1988 - Novgorod, 1989 - Kyiv, 1990 - Minsk.
The significant year 1991 also became the year in the history of the holiday when, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of January 30, May 24 was declared a public holiday - the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture. This year the holiday took place in Smolensk. In 1992, Moscow became the center of celebrations, in 1993 - Chersonese, 1994 - Thessaloniki, 1995 - Belgorod, 1996 - Orel, 1997 - Kostroma, 1998 - Pskov, 1999 - Yaroslavl, 2000 - Ryazan, 2001 - Kaluga, 2002 - Novosibirsk, 2003 – Voronezh, 2004 – Samara, in 2005 – Rostov-on-Don.
Day of Slavic Literature and Culture celebrated everywhere. In terms of its content, the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture has long been the only state-church holiday in Russia. By decision Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church and with the blessing of His Holiness Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Alexy II, Metropolitan Juvenaly of Krutitsky and Kolomna has been co-chairman of the Organizing Committee of the holiday for several years.
With good reason we can talk about the uniqueness of this holiday of spirituality, held with the Russian Orthodox Church. Without a doubt, he represents a significant phenomenon in cultural and political life Total Slavic world. Going back to the roots national cultures Slavic peoples, their close relationship emphasizes the organic unity and at the same time the diversity of Slavic cultural traditions.
IN last years the structure was formed and the main events of the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture were determined. Every year, regardless of the day of the week, the administration of the region hosting the holiday declares May 24 a day off. In the morning, in the main church of the city, the Divine Liturgy is served in honor of Saints Equal-to-the-Apostles Cyril and Methodius, followed by a procession of the festival participants. On one of the central squares, festively decorated and equipped for this occasion, addresses to an audience of thousands were heard from the main organizers of the holiday: the Minister of Culture of the Russian Federation, as well as the co-chairs of the Organizing Committee - a representative of the Russian Orthodox Church and the head of the regional administration. As part of the holiday there is public lesson for students of schools, secondary and higher educational institutions.
The International Scientific Conference “Slavic World: Community and Diversity” is traditionally held. On this day there are grandiose folk holidays on the streets and squares of cities in museums wooden architecture, in protected areas architectural ensembles. As a rule, almost all nationalities take part in them. artistic groups cities and regions.
A unique artistic dominant feature of the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture is the original evening ceremonial event, held under open air in the most significant historical part of the city. The Day of Slavic Literature and Culture is a holiday of Christian enlightenment, a holiday of native words, native books, native literature, native culture. By learning various sciences in our native language, we, in the words of the ancient Russian chronicler, are reaping what was sown by the most ancient enlighteners of Rus', who adopted writing from the first teachers of the Slavic peoples - Saints Cyril and Methodius.
Day of Slavic Literature and Culture
The purpose of the lesson:
Reveal the meaning of the holiday: Day of Slavic Literature and Culture
Lesson objectives:
1. Instill in children a love of native word, native language, national history.
2.Introduce students to the origins of the creation of the Slavic alphabet.
3. To foster respect for the creators of the Cyrillic alphabet and national pride in the language.
Equipment:
Computer, presentation.
During the classes
Teacher's word:
Today we will talk about our history, about the emergence of Slavic writing. Every year on May 24, Russia celebrates the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture. A nation, people, and state cannot live without culture, literacy, and writing.
On May 24, the Slavic peoples - Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Bulgarians, Serbs, Czechs, Slovaks, Poles - celebrate a special holiday - “Day of Slavic Writing”.
Across broad Rus' - our mother -
Bell ringing spills.
Now the brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius
They are glorified for their labors
Remember Cyril and Methodius -
Glorious brothers, equal to the apostles
In Belarus, Macedonia,
In Poland, Czech Republic and Slovakia.
The wise brothers are praised in Bulgaria,
In Ukraine, Croatia, Serbia.
All the peoples who write in Cyrillic,
What have been called Slavic since ancient times,
They glorify the feat of the first teachers,
Christian enlighteners.
Fair-haired and gray-eyed,
Everyone is bright in face and glorious in heart,
Drevlyans, Rusichi, glades,
Tell me, who are you?
WE ARE SLAVS!
Your article is all nice,
All different and all similar,
Now you are called Russians,
Since ancient times, who are you?
WE ARE SLAVS!
Writing is a real treasure that man has mastered.
So in ancient times, people exchanged information by sending each other various objects. It turned out cumbersome and not particularly clear. When people realized that exchanging message objects was a troublesome task, they began to draw these objects.
(3, 4, 5, 6 slide. Cave drawings)
Such images were found on the walls of caves where ancient people once lived. These are the first steps of man towards the creation of writing. Gradually, people began to replace drawings with symbols.
(Slide 7. Rock symbols-letters)
Inscriptions were made on stones, rocks, and on boards. Of course, it was inconvenient to carry such “letters” over distances and these signs could be understood in different ways.
Time passed. Gradually, people moved from drawings to signs, which they began to call letters. This is how writing was born.
(slide 8. The emergence of writing)
(9, 10, 11, 12, 13 slide. Cyril and Methodius)
On the screen you see an image of two brothers in monastic robes. These are Cyril (in the world Constantine) and Methodius (in the world Michael). Who are Cyril and Methodius? (Report)
They were originally from the Macedonian city of Thessaloniki. Kirill studied theology and taught philosophy. He was called a philosopher, or in Russian a sage. Since childhood, he dreamed of writing books that were understandable to the Slavs, and for this he had to come up with Slavic letters. This turned out to be a very difficult task and Kirill alone could not cope with it. His elder brother Methodius began to help him. They worked hard and the result was the alphabet. It had 38 letters. Some of them were taken from the Greek alphabet, and some were specially invented to convey the sounds of Slavic speech. This is how the Slavic peoples received their written language - the alphabet, which was called the Cyrillic alphabet in memory of its creator. This was in the 9th century.
More than 1110 years ago, the brothers Cyril and Methodius brought the light of writing and knowledge to the lands of the Slavs. This happened in 863.
The brothers were born into a large family of a military commander who served in Thessaloniki, a town on the border of Bulgaria and Greece. Methodius was 6 years older than his brother. Since childhood, the boys knew two languages: their native Greek and Slavic, since the population of the town consisted of half Greeks and half Slavs.
Constantine, thanks to his lively and quick mind, passion for learning and diligence, received an excellent education at the imperial court. Both brothers lived a spiritual life and did not attach much importance to wealth, fame, or career. The younger brother translated and wrote, creating the alphabet, in Slavic. The eldest published books, ran a school, wrote hymns and poetic sermons.
First, Constantine depicted sounds common to the Slavs and Greeks. He tried to record each unknown sound in a different way. If the signs seemed awkward to him, he replaced them. Each letter should be simple and clear—easy to write. After all, the Slavs will need a lot of books. And the simpler the letters are, the sooner you can rewrite the book. After all, people who will write will be inept, with hands unaccustomed to writing. The letters must also be beautiful, so that a person, as soon as he sees them, immediately wants to master writing.
In connection with the advent of Slavic writing, the churches where German priests preached began to empty, and the churches where Slavic speech was heard were full. The Germans could not put up with this and outlawed the brothers and their books. That’s when the brothers and their disciples had to go to Rome. In Rome, the pope himself came out to the brothers, accepted the Slavic books, and consecrated them.
Konstantin was not destined to return to his homeland. Having become seriously ill, he took monastic vows, received the name Kirill, and died a few hours later. He remained to live with this name in the blessed memory of his descendants. Dying, Kirill said to his brother: “Here, brother, you and I were a couple in the same harness and plowed the same furrow. And I fall on the field, finishing my day. Don’t you dare leave your teaching…”
Methodius, having buried his brother, returned to the Slavs, but due to a false denunciation he was imprisoned. For two and a half years the light dimmed for the one who himself brought light to people. With great difficulty, the disciples managed to achieve the release of Methodius. His educational and teaching activities continued until his very last days.
(14, 15, 16 slides. ABC. Glagolitic and Cyrillic)
Glagolitic and Cyrillic are the first Slavic alphabet. The name of the alphabet “Glagolitic” comes from the word VERB, which means “speech”. And “Cyrillic” is named after its creator. IN Ancient Rus' the Glagolitic alphabet was used to transmit church texts and existed for 3 centuries, and the Cyrillic alphabet was used in everyday writing. There are 43 letters in the Cyrillic alphabet, which later became the basis of the Russian alphabet.
(17, 18, 19, 20, 21 slides. First books)
In 988, a palace school of “book learning” was opened in Kyiv. A new center of book culture emerged, the school united Kievan Rus with European civilization.
Books in Rus' were very expensive. They were made on parchment: the skin of the sheep was soaked in lime, dried, then honey was rubbed in.
From the well, such blue depths
My Kitezh is growing, four walls,
Gilded ridge, lace shutters - apart...
The east is turning pink. Ros is illuminated.
Wooden fairy tale, lake peace,
Why do I need your shore, so lacy?
In the whimsical curves of patterned roofs?
Yes, a shepherd's horn? Yes, pipe reed?
Apparently, the archival memory began to hurt,
If there is nothing to regret in the concrete wilds -
So at least lure you from the depths,
From Cyrillic woven epic songs.
Wooden fairy tale, forgotten Ros,
You pierce my soul right through with an arrow.
And I don’t know why this is necessary,
Like water from a well, your old man...
(22, 23, 24 slide. Birch bark letters)
In Rus', another material for writing was used for a long time - birch bark. Marks were applied to birch bark using a bone rod.
Since the 10th century, literature based on the Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabet has been spreading in the Old Russian language. Most often these were church books, teachings, and scientific works.
(25, 26, 27, 28, 29 slide. First books and chroniclers)
(Slide 30. The first printing presses in Rus')
Over time, more convenient machines appeared, and with them the modern alphabet.
Good book, my companion, my friend,
Leisure time with you can be interesting.
You teach to be truthful and valiant,
To understand and love nature, people.
I treasure you, I take care of you.
I can't live without a good book.
(31, 32, 33 slide. ABC)
Appearance letters of the Slavic alphabet helps us see the world through the eyes of our ancestors. Each letter is individual, unique and has its own name: lead, people, beeches, az, earth.
The names of the letters were supposed to remind people of words that should not be forgotten: “good”, “live”, “earth”, “people”, “peace”.
"Az" and "Buki". The result is the word "ALC."
(Slide 34. Proverbs)
This is what people say: “First “az” and “beeches”, then science.” It is with the basics that the path of each of us into the world of knowledge begins.
Guys, listen to proverbs about the benefits of learning.
He who wants to know a lot needs little sleep.
Going into science means suffering.
The light stands by God's will, people live by science.
Without flour there is no science.
To think nothing means to become sour.
(Slide 35. Continue the proverb)
A total of 43 sister letters look at us from an ancient scroll. These names became the basis of the modern Russian language.
Russian language.
I love my native language!
It is clear to everyone
He is melodious
He, like the Russian people, has many faces,
As our power, mighty.
He is the language of the moon and planets,
Our satellites and rockets,
At the round table meeting
Speak it:
Unambiguous and direct
He is like truth itself.
(36, 37 slide. Monuments to Cyril and Methodius)
In honor of the enlighteners Cyril and Methodius, a holiday was established - the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture. This holiday came to us from Bulgaria, where this tradition is already more than 100 years old. To this day, on the eve of the holiday, Bulgarians lay flowers at the monuments to Cyril and Methodius.
In our country, the holiday began to be celebrated in 1986. In 1992, sculptor V. Klykov created a monument to the Slavic enlighteners, Cyril and Methodius, which was installed in Moscow.
On May 24, all our people will celebrate the Holiday of Slavic Literature and Culture. On this day, a monument to Cyril and Methodius was unveiled on Slavyanskaya Square in Moscow. At the foot of this monument there is an Unquenchable Lamp - a sign of eternal memory. Since then, every year on May 24 we honor Cyril and Methodius.
It is a pity that we began to celebrate the Holiday of Slavic Literature very late, because in other Slavic countries this day has been celebrated a long time ago, publicly, very colorfully and truly festive.
(38, 39 slides. Saints Cyril and Methodius)
The Solun brothers Cyril and Methodius are the pride of the entire Slavic world. They said: doesn’t the sun shine for everyone, doesn’t it rain for everyone, doesn’t the earth feed everyone? All people are equal, all people are brothers, everyone is equal before the Lord, and everyone needs literacy. The Orthodox Church canonized the brothers Cyril and Methodius as saints.
In a narrow monastery cell,
In four blank walls,
About the land about ancient Russian
The story was written down by a monk.
He wrote in winter and summer,
Illuminated by dim light.
He wrote year after year
About our great people.
(N. Konchalovskaya)
And to write down and convey to us “things that have been done for a long time” days gone by“The Slavic alphabet, which was invented about two thousand years ago by the brothers Cyril and Methodius from the distant Greek town of Thessaloniki, helped.
(40 slide)
Two brothers, Cyril and Methodius,
We want to say thank you!
For the letters that we really need,
To teach us to read.
In the history of writing there are many interesting facts. Here are some of them.
The most big Book in the world– “Super Book”, measures 2.74 x 3.07 m, weighs 252.6 kg and contains 300 pages. It was published in Denver, Colorado, USA in 1976.
Smallest book ever sold, was printed on 1x1 meter paper. This is a children's fairy tale "Old King Cole", published in 1985 in Scotland. Its pages can be carefully turned with a needle.
The smallest book in the world– until recently it was “Kobzar” by T.G. Shevchenko is a miracle of the hands of a Ukrainian engineer, created using microtechnology. It is made in a single copy and consists of twelve pages of text and two illustrations. The pages are sewn together with dyed web, and you can turn them over with the pointed end of a hair. The cover is made of immortelle petal and decorated on both sides with gold stripes. Seven such publications easily fit on the end of a match, and the book can only be read with the help of a magnifying glass. It can easily be threaded through the eye of a needle or hidden in eyelashes. Later it turned out that this little book was not the limit for miniaturists. The Zhmerinsky craftsman created a volume of poems by A.S. Pushkin with a volume of only 0.0064 cubic meters. mm! A portrait of the poet is engraved on the cover of the book. If you look at the book with the naked eye, it looks like a speck of dust, because it is 15 times smaller than a poppy seed. If you look into the microscope, you can see a rather plump volume.
The most original autograph The writer belongs to Maxim Gorky. In the spring of 1937 Italian fishermen near Palermo caught a huge turtle weighing 100 kg. Their attention was attracted by the inscription written on the shell: “Released the turtle Torto on April 1, 1922. The turtle weighs 52 kg and is 90 cm long. Toto loves sardines very much. Maksim Gorky. Capri."
The first handwritten book in Rus'- “Chimes”. Started publishing in 1621. by order of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. The contents of the newspaper were considered a state secret, since it contained excerpts from foreign newspapers about various events in Europe. The Chimes were read only by the Tsar and his immediate circle. The newspaper was published in a single copy.
The first printed newspaper in Rus'– “Vedomosti” began to be published by decree of Peter 1 and was intended for the mass reader.
The oldest library in the world is a collection of clay books from King Ashurbanipal of Nineveh (7th century BC).
The very first library in Rus' was created by Yaroslav the Wise in Kyiv in the St. Sophia Cathedral in 1037.
The largest library in the world– Library of Congress in Washington.
The largest library in Russia– Russian State Library in Moscow.
