Classification of sailing ships (sailing weapons). Warships of Russia and the world

According to historical data, the first documented use of sails for navigation dates back to the 4th millennium BC. It was then, in ancient Egypt, that the first : Barges used to navigate the Nile and coastal areas were first equipped with mat sails. Initially, the sail played the role of an auxiliary propulsion device in favorable wind directions. But over time it became the main thing, almost completely replacing the oars. Gradually the sails became more complex and more diverse.

Classification of sailing ships

The main impetus for the development of sailing ships was the era of great geographical discoveries of the 15th-16th centuries. At this time, navigation areas and the tasks assigned to ships change dramatically. And, consequently, new requirements for the design and performance of ships appear. From now on, continuous improvement and complication begins, more and more highly specialized types appear sailing ships.

Starting from the 17th-18th centuries, with the development of a unified maritime terminology, there was an urgent need to classify all ships by type. The main classifying feature for ships is the type of equipment installed on them. Secondary signs type of sailing ship were the number of masts and its purpose, and for warships also the caliber and number of cannon weapons. Let's consider types of sailing ships with various weapons.

All diversity can be divided into three large groups according to the type of prevailing sails:

• Mixed type.

In addition, all ships are usually divided into:

• Big ones.
• Small ones.

Large ones include those that carry at least two masts. Small sailing ships are conventionally considered to be small ones that have 1 or one and a half masts (an option when one of the masts is much lower).

Straight rigged sailboats

They are the most ancient invention, used since antiquity. They were installed on Egyptian, Phoenician, Greek, Polynesian and Roman ships and boats long before our era. They have not lost their relevance in our time. Their distinctive feature is their quadrangular shape - in the form of a regular rectangle or trapezoid. They are attached with the upper luff to the yard or gaff, and the lower luff to the boom, lower yard, or directly to the deck.

The advantage of straight sails is that they are easy to work with; they are easy to set up and remove. They have good driving force in tailwinds, however, in cross and head winds it is extremely difficult or even impossible to use them. To move, the minimum angle between the wind direction and the plane of the sail must exceed 65-67 o, and this makes tacking almost impossible. The name of the sails depends on the name of the masts on which they are installed and the order of the tiers.

Types of sailing ships, with predominant square sails:

• Ship. In this case, we mean “ship” not as a vessel in general, but as a name denoting a large sailing ship with three or more masts. At the same time, they should have exclusively straight sails.
• Barque. It can also have over 3 masts, but it differs from a ship in that it has oblique sails on the mizzen mast, while all the others have only straight sails.
• A brig is a smaller vessel. However, it always has only two masts.

Sailboats with oblique rigs

They were invented much later than direct ones, only in the Middle Ages. The first to use them were presumably Arab sailors. From them, the oblique sail was adopted by the Europeans, where it spread quite widely, both as an independent sail and as a supplement to straight sails. The undoubted advantage of an oblique sail over a straight sail is the ability to move in side and even counter wind directions. Large ships that have oblique sails as their main ones are called schooners. Depending on the design features, they, in turn, are divided into several types:

• Gaffle. It is equipped with a gaff sail, stretched between the gaff at the top and the boom at the bottom, and the luff is attached directly to the mast.
• Bermuda. Sails of this type have the shape of a triangle. Its base is fixed to the boom, and the leading edge is attached to the mast.
• Staysail - this type includes schooners on which the main sails are staysails (oblique sails mounted on the forestay in front of the masts).
• Marseille - with an oblique foresail, but in addition to it it is equipped with a straight topsail sail.

The last two types, judging by their , would be more correctly classified as mixed-type vessels. But, in the maritime historical tradition, the name “schooner” was assigned to them, which defines them as ships with a predominant oblique rig.

Sailboats with mixed weapons

Vessels with a mixed rig include those in which both types of sails are represented in approximately equal proportions. This includes two types of ships:

• A brigantine is a 2-masted ship, with slant sails on the mainmast, and only straight sails on the foremast.
• Barquentine - carries at least 3 masts. The foremast has straight sails, while all subsequent ones have exclusively oblique sails.

Small sailboats

Today the vast majority of modern sailing ships belongs to the small class - yachts and boats. Small sailing ships, like their large-tonnage “brothers,” can be divided into groups according to the type of sails.

Small sailing ships and their types:

A small sailboat can carry either 1 or 2 (one and a half) . 2-masted vessels include ketches and yolas. Both types carry mizzen and mainmasts, and differ in the location of the rudder stock. In a ketch it is located behind the mizzen mast, while in an iola it is in front. In addition, these two types of small sailing ships also have different mizzen areas. In a ketch, its area exceeds 15% and can reach up to ¼ of the total sail area. In Iola, the size of the mizzen is somewhat more modest, and rarely exceeds 10% of the total sail area. Both ketch and yol can carry either gaff or Bermuda sails - in this situation they are called "Bermuda ketch", or, for example, "gaff yol".

Single-masted small sailboats are divided into the following types:

• Tender. It has a single mast, shifted towards the amidships. Standard set of sails: mainsail (either), topsail, and jibs. Like other small sailboats, depending on the type of mainsail, they can be gaff or Bermuda.
• The sloop has a slanting sail on the mainmast, and is the only one. In some cases, an additional topsail is installed above the gaff mainsail.
• Kat, a small sailboat with the simplest rig, consisting of a single oblique sail.

In addition, modern yachts and boats can be classified according to the type of material from which their hull is made:

• Steel.
• Fiberglass.
• Wooden.
• Reinforced cement.

Depending on the number of hulls, sailing boats can be single-hulled, double-hulled (catamarans) and even triple-hulled (trimarans). By presence of keel small sailing ships there are:

• Keel boats – have a massive keel that acts as a balancer, preventing the yacht from capsizing during rough seas. Increases stability by shifting the center of gravity below the waterline.
• Dinghy boats. It has a centerboard - a lifting keel, which can be removed if necessary, thereby reducing the draft of the boat.
• The so-called “compromise” yachts, combining in their design the advantages of both of the above types.

In anticipation of the day, the Navy “Defend Russia” is trying to figure out how a corvette differs from a frigate, a large anti-submarine ship from a large landing ship, and a ship from a ship.

“We went on a boat ride!” - a little girl may shout, for example, getting off the Meteor airship and sailing on it from the Admiralty Embankment of St. Petersburg to Peterhof. If by chance a real sea wolf in a vest, with a pipe, a wooden prosthetic instead of a leg and a parrot on his shoulder, shouting about piastres, passes nearby, then he will think that the girl and her parents have just gotten off, say, from the Guards, which is the flagship of the Russian Black Sea fleet.

Because the ship can only belong to military sailors. And for civilians - courts.

From the point of view of philology, the sailor will not be entirely right, because a ship is a generic concept that also denotes a species. Vessels are either military or civilian. Military ones are called ships, civilians are called ships. But, of course, no one will correct the sea wolf. On the contrary, he will roar on the topic: “They don’t swim, they walk! Ships are sailing on the sea!”

Nobody remembers why ships sail on the sea, but if you still ask a sailor (whether civilian or military) this question, then with almost one hundred percent probability you will find out WHAT actually floats. “The fleece floats in the ice hole” (less poetic, but brutal moremans replace the word “fleece” with a consonant one).

Ships sail for the same reason that artists write and do not draw pictures, accountants measure the year in quarters and not in quarters, gas workers build exclusively gas pipelines instead of gas pipelines, and oil workers extract oil.

Professional discourse. In general, you need to remember that they walk both on the deck of the ship and on the sea on the ship itself. What will happen if a philologist asks a sailor “why then do you have sea captains, and not long-distance captains?”, no one knows. Such a risky experiment has not been conducted.

The ships have their own classification (taking into account the history of the development of the Imperial/Soviet/Russian fleet and the different traditions here and in the West, we can confidently say that there are several of them). The Russian Navy includes not only warships, but also support vessels.

Ships are classified primarily by ranks, which depend on displacement.

The ranks have their own classification, depending on their purpose. Like, for example, cars: cars can be police officers, or delivering pizza, or collecting mail, and trucks can transport bulk cargo, or liquid, or frozen.

A ship with a displacement of more than 5,000 tons is classified as a first-rank ship. Aircraft carriers have this displacement.

The Russian fleet currently has one - 61,000 tons.

Although, to be precise, Kuznetsov belongs to the class of heavy aircraft-carrying cruisers. Also, cruisers and some destroyers (destroyers), anti-submarine ships (BOD), training and landing ships (BDK) have a displacement of more than 5,000 tons. Within these classifications there are others. Cruisers can be: heavy nuclear (), missile ("Varyag"), heavy nuclear strategic submarines (submarines), strategic missile submarines (submarines). A ship of the first rank is commanded by a captain of the first rank (the equivalent in the ground forces is a colonel). According to the charter, a ship of the first rank is equivalent to a regiment.

With an aircraft carrier everything is more or less clear. Its task is to deliver air units to the theater of military operations, while being able to defend itself at the same time.

A cruiser is its own fleet.

As a multi-purpose ship, armed primarily with cruise missiles, it can operate outside the main forces of the fleet, or maybe with them, performing tasks to protect a detachment of ships. A cruiser is a ship that bristles with weapons: missiles, mine-torpedoes, artillery. In addition, the cruiser can carry helicopters. - philological heritage of the empire. Torpedoes - self-propelled mines, according to Russian shipbuilders of the 19th century - were placed on ships operating as part of a squadron. This is how destroyers appeared. From the point of view of Western naval classification, a destroyer is a ship with a displacement of more than 6,000 tons, that is, a ship of the first rank in our classification, similar in functionality to a BOD, but less armed than a cruiser.

Destroyers are universal ships, operating both to support landing and security forces, and against enemy forces.

They carry not only anti-aircraft artillery, missile, anti-submarine and mine-torpedo weapons, but can also be a platform for the Ka-27 helicopter (). Large anti-submarine ships (for example) are similar to cruisers because they are well armed. They are superior in displacement to large landing ships, whose task is, first of all, to deliver troops to a point (for example, being a second-rank ship).

Ships of the second rank push from 1500 to 5000 tons out of the water.

They are commanded by a captain of the second rank (land lieutenant colonel). These include patrol ships, missile ships, landing ships of rank 2 and some submarines (projects or). Patrol ships are also called corvettes (for example, the lead corvette “Steregushchy” of the newest Russian one). There is obvious confusion with frigates, since their displacement of up to 5,000 tons makes them classified as ships of the second rank; in terms of functionality, they can be considered patrol ships, but the “frigate” class did not exist in the Soviet fleet.

Ships of the third rank - this will not be a surprise - are commanded by a captain of the third rank (on land - major). Their displacement is from 500 to 1500 tons.

Missile, artillery, landing and anti-submarine ships of rank 3, plus minesweepers of rank 3.

Minesweepers are special ships whose task is not to attack the enemy (attack ships) or to protect a group of ships and land objects (sentry ships), but to search for and destroy mines and obstacles. Unlike ships of the first/second ranks (large landing and large anti-submarine), ships of the third rank are small: artillery (MAK "Astrakhan", also called a corvette), missile (MRK "Shtil"), anti-submarine (MPK "Muromets") and small air-cushion landing craft (MDKVP "Mordovia").

A ship of the fourth rank is under the command of a captain-lieutenant, senior lieutenant, lieutenant.

Here for the first time the word “ship” disappears, replaced by “boat”: landing, artillery, missile, anti-sabotage, as well as minesweepers of the 4th rank.

Displacement - from 100 to 500 tons.

Alexey Tokarev

Many people probably know that the ships that are part of the navy serve different purposes. That is, there are several classes or groups of such ships that currently exist around the world. Their name is classified precisely according to the purpose they serve. And so, what types of warships are there:

Naval attack ships
Aircraft carriers. They were created in order to carry many different aircraft. This is a kind of airfield with special hangars. There is also a special platform on the aircraft carrier so that planes and helicopters can take off into the air. They, in turn, can be divided into several divisions:

1. Heavy aircraft carriers, which weigh 85,000 tons and can be equipped with up to 120 combat vehicles;
2. Light aircraft carriers, up to 27,000 tons, which have the ability to accommodate up to 80 aircraft;
3. Convoys, which weigh 10,000 tons and can only accommodate 30 fighters.

Cruisers. They are designed to protect the territory in which they are located, as well as to directly inflict damage on enemy bases. To be more precise, while the landing troops are moving, they create cover for them.

Submarine ships. Compared to surface ships, they are practically invisible and can strike the enemy when they are not expecting it. They can also be divided into several subclasses:
1. Heavy submarines that weigh 8200 tons and reach speeds of up to 25 knots, diving depth of up to 450 meters;
2. Medium submarines, weight 1500 tons, speed up to 20 knots;
3. Small boats, they weigh 550 tons.

Destroyers can also be distinguished among the types of warships. They are among those ships that can deliver the most powerful blow, either with a missile, torpedo or artillery. They are designed to reconnoiter the situation that occurs on the high seas. The speed reaches up to 40 knots, the weight is 5000 tons.

Military patrol ships, or as they are also called - frigates. Their purpose is to guard ships that are taking part in battle, or if the ships are located in territory where there is practically no protection.

Basic watercraft. They are designed to provide ships with all the necessary materials or any other means.

Icebreakers or towing ships. The fleet needs them in order to make a path where no one can pass. Since water is often covered with a layer of ice, you simply cannot do without help.

Tankers. They are needed to ensure that the ships are refueled on time, as well as to provide the crew and, of course, the ship itself with water.

The navy also has military sea ships whose purpose is to heat watercraft. In winter, it often happens that the crew on a ship spends a long time on the open sea, and various malfunctions occur. It is then that such ships are simply not replaceable.

But still, not all warships can withstand the load in a storm, and, as often happens, they are damaged. But now technology is progressing so much that soon there will be no such delays. Warships in the future will be much more compact and more progressive, and created in such a way that there will be no problems not only with the hull or any other part, but also with the composition from which the ships will be created. Warships have existed for quite a long time, and with each generation, more and more reliable and powerful equipment is created. But for everything you need funds, which are always in short supply. Therefore, breakdowns often occur, which cost tens of times more than the ship itself.

TYPES OF OLD WAR SHIPS:

Galley - a rowing warship, not in use since the twentieth century

Galley "Dvina", 1721

A frigate is the most common class of sailing warship. This is a three-masted sailing ship, second in strength after the sailing ship of the line.

Frigate "Shlisselburg", 1704

A corvette is a military sailing ship primarily intended for reconnaissance. In the second half of the 19th century. have fallen out of use.

Corvette "Vityaz", 1883

A fireship is primarily a sailing ship of any type, filled with explosives and flammable substances, designed to come into contact with an enemy ship and set it on fire and explode.

Brander Ilyina

Ship of the line (sailing) - a three-masted wooden ship with gun ports on the sides on decks 2-4. In the 19th century have fallen out of use.

Battleship "St. Paul", 1794

NEW TYPES OF WARSHIP:

The battleship is a heavy artillery ship designed to destroy ships of all types and establish dominance at sea.

Battleship "Prince Potemkin Tauride", 1903

A squadron battleship is a heavy artillery ship, adapted to conduct artillery combat as part of squadrons.

Squadron battleship "Alexander II", 1886

Battleship - in the twentieth century, a new class of artillery ships appeared, designed for combat in the form of a duel, as well as allowing the fire of a number of ships to be concentrated on the enemy.

Battleship Kostenko

Battleship "Empress Maria", 1913.

A battlecruiser is a ship comparable in firepower to a battleship, but due to weakened armor, it is faster.

Battlecruiser "Kronstadt"

MODERN TYPES OF WARSHIP:

Cruiser - A ship operating independently of the rest of the fleet. One of the most common warships
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Armored cruiser "Russia", 1895

An anti-submarine ship is a ship designed to destroy submarines. Using radar, he tracks the submarine, then the helicopters on board take off and destroy the submarine with missiles. There are also torpedoes on board the ship.

"Admiral Vinogradov", 1987

A destroyer is a destroyer, characterized by its small (compared to cruisers and battleships) size and cost. The destroyer's main weapon is torpedoes.

Destroyer "Kashin"

An aircraft carrier is a warship that carries aircraft. The ship's deck provides the ability for aircraft to take off and land. The aircraft carrier is equipped with a radio station that allows you to maintain communication with taking off aircraft.

Aircraft carrier "Admiral Kuznetsov"

An arsenal ship is a vessel that is a mobile missile system.

An amphibious assault ship is a warship designed to transport and land amphibious assault forces.

Landing ship "Caesar Kunikov"

A submarine is a vessel capable of swimming underwater. It sinks and floats up thanks to the tanks. Mainly used as a weapon to hit targets. Modern submarines operate on a nuclear reactor and are equipped with nuclear weapons.

Submarine "Nerpa"

Sailing autonomy- the duration of a ship’s stay on a voyage without replenishment of fuel, provisions and fresh water necessary for the life and normal activities of the people on board the ship (crew and passengers).

The stern peak is the outermost aft compartment of the vessel, occupies the space from the leading edge of the sternpost to the first aft watertight bulkhead. Used as a ballast tank to trim the ship and store water reserves.

Ramp - (ramp) a composite platform designed for the entry of vehicles of various types independently or with the help of special tractors from the shore onto one of the decks of the ship and exit back.

The sternpost is the lower aft part of the vessel in the form of an open or closed frame, which serves as a continuation of the keel. The front branch of the sternpost, in which there is a hole for the stern tube (deadwood), is called the star post, the rear branch, which serves to attach the rudder, is called the rudder post. On modern single-screw ships, a sternpost without a rudder post has become widespread.

Tank - a superstructure at the bow end of the ship, starting from the stem. It serves to protect the upper deck from flooding in the oncoming wave, as well as to increase the reserve of buoyancy and accommodate service spaces (painting, skipper, carpentry, etc.). A tank partially recessed into the hull of the ship (usually half the height) is called a forecastle. Anchoring and mooring devices are usually located on the deck of the forecastle or inside it.

Ballast is a load taken onto a ship to ensure the required landing and stability when the payload and supplies are insufficient for this. There are variable and constant ballast. Water (liquid ballast) is usually used as variable ballast, and pig iron, a mixture of cement with cast iron shot, less often chains, stone, etc. are used as permanent ballast.

The rudder stock is a shaft fixedly connected to the rudder blade (attachment), which serves to rotate the rudder blade (attachment).

Beams - a beam of the transverse frame of a ship, predominantly of a T-profile, supporting the deck (platform) flooring. The beams of the solid sections of the deck rest with their ends on the frames, in the span - on the carlings and longitudinal bulkheads, in the area of ​​the hatches - on the side frames and longitudinal coamings of the hatches (such beams are often called half-beams).

The side is the side wall of the ship's hull, extending along the length from the stem to the stern, and in height from the bottom to the upper deck. The side plating consists of sheets oriented along the ship, forming belts, and the set consists of frames and longitudinal stiffeners or side stringers. The height of the impermeable freeboard determines the reserve of buoyancy.

Bracket is a rectangular or more complex shaped plate that serves to reinforce the beams of a ship's frame or connect them to each other. The bracket is made from the material of the body.

Breshtuk is a horizontal triangular or trapezoidal bracket that connects the side walls of the stem (sternpost) and gives it the necessary strength and rigidity.

Windlass is a winch-type deck mechanism with a horizontal shaft, designed to lift the anchor and tension the cables during mooring.

A buoy is a floating navigational sign designed to protect dangerous places (shoals, reefs, banks, etc.) in seas, straits, canals, ports.

A bridle is an anchor chain attached at the root end to a dead anchor on the ground, and at the running end to the road mooring barrel.

Bulb is a thickening of the underwater part of the bow of a vessel, usually round or drop-shaped, which serves to improve propulsion.

Shaft line - designed to transmit torque (power) from the main engine to the propulsion unit. The main elements of the shaft line are: propeller shaft, intermediate shafts, main thrust bearing, support bearings, stern tube device.

Waterways is a special channel along the edge of the deck that serves to drain water.

Waterline is a line marked on the side of a ship, which shows its draft with a full load at the point of contact of the water surface with the hull of a floating vessel.

A swivel is a device for connecting two parts of an anchor chain, allowing one of them to rotate around its axis. It is used to prevent the anchor chain from twisting when turning a vessel at anchor when the wind direction changes.

Lightweight displacement- the displacement of the vessel without cargo, fuel, lubricating oil, ballast, fresh, boiler water in tanks, provisions, consumables, as well as without passengers, crew and their belongings.

Hook is a steel hook used on ships to lift cargo with cranes, booms and other devices.

Helmport - a cutout in the lower part of the stern or in the sternpost of the vessel for the passage of the rudder stock. A helm port pipe is usually installed above the helm port, ensuring the tightness of the passage of the stock to the steering gear.

Cargo capacity- the total volume of all cargo spaces. Cargo capacity is measured in m3.

Gross tonnage, measured in registered tons (1 registered t = 2.83 m3), represents the total volume of the hull premises and closed superstructures, with the exception of the volumes of the double bottom compartments, water ballast tanks, as well as the volumes of some service spaces and posts located on the top deck and above (wheelhouse and charthouse, galley, crew bathrooms, skylights, shafts, auxiliary machinery rooms, etc.)..
Net tonnage is obtained by deducting from the gross tonnage the volumes of premises unsuitable for the carriage of commercial cargo, passengers and supplies, including living, public and sanitary premises of the crew, premises occupied by deck machinery and navigational instruments, engine room, etc. In other words, net capacity includes only premises that bring direct income to the shipowner.

Load capacity- the weight of various types of cargo that the ship can transport, provided that the design landing is maintained. There is net tonnage and deadweight.

Load capacity- net gross weight of the payload transported by the ship, i.e. the mass of cargo in the holds and the mass of passengers with luggage and fresh water and provisions intended for them, the mass of fish caught, etc., when loading the vessel according to the design draft.

Cruising range- the greatest distance that a ship can travel at a given speed without replenishing fuel, boiler feed water and lubricating oil.

Deadweight is the difference between the ship's displacement at the load waterline, corresponding to the assigned summer freeboard in water with a density of 1.025 t/m3, and the lightship displacement.

Stern tube- serves to support the propeller shaft and ensure watertightness in the place where it exits the hull.

Trim is the inclination of the vessel in the longitudinal plane. The trim characterizes the landing of the vessel and is measured by the difference in its draft (deepening) by the stern and bow. The trim is considered positive when the bow draft is greater than the stern draft, and negative when the stern draft is greater than the bow draft.

Kabeltov - a tenth of a mile. Therefore, the cable length is 185.2 meters.

Carlings are a longitudinal below-deck beam of a ship that supports beams and, together with the rest of the deck structure, ensures its strength under lateral loads and stability under general bending of the ship. The supports for the carlings are the transverse bulkheads of the hull, the transverse coamings of the hatches and the pillars.

Rolling is an oscillatory movement near an equilibrium position performed by a vessel freely floating on the surface of the water. There are roll, pitch and heave motions. The swing period is the duration of one complete oscillation.

Kingston - an outboard valve on the underwater part of the outer hull of a ship. Through the kingston, connected to the inlet or discharge pipes of ship systems (ballast, fire protection, etc.), the ship's compartments are filled with sea water and the water is discharged overboard.

The keel is the main longitudinal bottom beam in the centerline plane (DP) of the vessel, running from the stem to the sternpost.

Fairlead - an opening in the hull of a ship, bordered by a cast iron or steel cast frame for passing an anchor chain or mooring cables.

A bollard is a pair of pedestals with a common base on the deck of a ship, which serves to secure a mooring or towing cable laid in eights.

Coaming - a vertical waterproof fence around hatches and other openings in the deck of a ship, as well as the lower part of the bulkhead under the door opening (threshold). Protects the rooms under the hatch and behind the door from water ingress when not closed.

Knitsa - a triangular or trapezoidal plate connecting the beams of the ship's hull converging at an angle (frames with beams and floors, bulkhead posts with stringers and stiffeners, etc.)

A cofferdam is a narrow, impenetrable compartment separating adjacent rooms on a ship. The cofferdam prevents the penetration of gases emitted by petroleum products from one room to another. For example, on tankers, cargo tanks are separated by a cofferdam from the bow rooms and the engine room. Leer is a fencing of the open deck in the form of several stretched cables or metal rods.

Bilge is a recess along the length of the hold (compartment) of a ship between the bilge belt of the outer plating and the inclined double-bottom sheet (bilge stringer), designed to collect bilge water and subsequently remove it using a drainage system.

A nautical mile is a unit of length equal to one arc minute of the meridian. The length of a nautical mile is taken to be 1852 meters.

Payol - wooden flooring on the hold deck.

Gunwale - A strip of steel or wood attached to the top edge of the bulwark.

Podvolok - lining the ceiling of the residential and many service areas of the ship, i.e. the undersides of the deck slab. Made from thin metal sheets or non-flammable plastic.

Pillers - a single vertical post supporting the deck of a ship; can also serve as a support for heavy deck machinery and cargo. The ends of the pillars are connected to the beams of the set using brackets.

Spar - a set of above-deck structures and parts of ship equipment intended on ships with mechanical engines to accommodate ship lights, communications, surveillance and alarm equipment, fastening and supporting cargo devices (masts, booms, etc.), and on sailing ships - for setting, unfastening and carrying sails (masts, topmasts, yards, booms, gaffs, bowsprits, etc.)

Steering gear- a ship device that ensures the maneuverability and stability of the ship on course. Includes rudder, tiller, steering gear and control station. The force created by the steering machine is transmitted to the tiller, which causes the stock to rotate, and with it the rudder to shift.

Rybins are longitudinal wooden slats, 40-50 mm thick and 100-120 mm wide, installed in special brackets welded to the frames. Designed to protect cargo from getting wet and damaging the packaging by on-board kit. The cheekbone is the transition point from the bottom to the side of the ship.

Stringer is a longitudinal element of the ship's hull in the form of a sheet or T-beam, the wall of which is perpendicular to the hull plating. There are bottom, bilge, side and deck stringers.

Lanyard - a device for tensioning standing rigging and lashings.

Tweendeck is the space inside the hull of a ship between 2 decks or between a deck and a platform.

Bulwark is a fencing of the open deck in the form of a solid wall with a height of at least 1 m.

Door panel - a sheet of plywood or plastic that covers the hole in the ship's door, intended for emergency exit from the room.

Floor is a steel sheet, the lower edge of which is welded to the bottom plating, and a steel strip is welded to the upper edge. The floras go from side to side, where they are connected to the frames by the zygomatic brackets.

Forepeak - the outermost bow compartment of the ship, extending from the stem to the collision (forepeak) bulkhead, usually serves as a ballast tank. The stem is a beam along the contour of the bow of the vessel, connecting the plating and a set of starboard and port sides. At the bottom, the stem is connected to the keel. The stem is inclined towards the vertical to increase seaworthiness and prevent destruction of the underwater part of the hull upon impact.

Mooring line - a cable, usually with a fire at the end, designed to pull and hold a vessel at a pier or at the side of another vessel. Steel, as well as vegetable and synthetic cables made of strong, flexible and wear-resistant fibers are used as moorings.

Spacing is the distance between adjacent beams of a ship's hull frame. Transverse spacing is the distance between the main frames, longitudinal spacing is between the longitudinal beams.

Scupper - a hole in the deck for removing water.