How to distinguish the accusative case from the genitive case? Accusative. How to distinguish the accusative from the genitive case
At school, several classes are always devoted to the accusative case, as it causes the most serious difficulties for students. It’s no wonder that adults often make mistakes when using the accusative case. So it’s worth looking into this topic.
The accusative case is one of the 6 main ones and, as a rule, is used in the “transitive verb + noun” pair. What does this mean? This means that a noun in the accusative case experiences some kind of action directed at it by the noun or pronoun that performs the function of the subject. A simple and understandable example is “I love mom (dad, cat, sausages, porridge, music, flowers, etc.).” The subject, that is, the active person, in this case is the pronoun “I”. The direct object, expressed by a noun following a verb, experiences the action of the subject - love. And it will always be used in the accusative case.
This is quite easy to check: firstly, you can remember the case questions,
the accusative answers to “who? what?”, secondly, follow the endings, substituting nouns of the 1st declension instead of the complement in ambiguous cases - mom, dad, fox, etc. They will all end in "y".
The accusative case in the Russian language is often a source of errors, especially when it is replaced by the genitive, dative, nominative, and even Very often verbs require the use of a nominal direct object, but errors still slip through, so studying a topic devoted to how to correctly use the accusative case , must be combined with the topic of constructing phrases and the features of the “verb + noun” pair.
There is also a possibility of encountering the accusative case in sentences that denote temporary concepts, for example, “work all week,” “get up every hour,” “rewrite notes all night.” In the latter case, both nouns are used in the accusative case, so care and caution should be exercised when parsing such sentences.
If the form of a noun is very similar to but the noun is not the subject, you can do a grammatical to make sure that the noun is used in the accusative case.
If doubts arise about the correctness after
some verb, you should look in the dictionary and check which case you need to use. For example, verbs such as “slow down”, “inspire”, “report”, “send”, “put on” and so on.
There are also some differences in the declension of animate and inanimate nouns. For example, “wait for a letter” and “wait for father.” In the first case the case will be genitive, and in the second case it will be accusative. This can be easily verified by asking questions from the verb to the object. So the substitution of nouns belonging to the first declension is still not a panacea. There are several ways to check yourself.
And the best way to become a literate person and practically avoid making mistakes is to read a lot of good literature.
Noun is a part of speech that names objects and answers questions “ What? » / « Who? " In Russian, a noun acts as an object, adverbial, subject or predicate. This is one of the main lexical categories denoting the names of things, organisms and living beings, persons, events, facts, geographical location, phenomena, as well as properties, states, qualities and actions. The noun is modified according to special cases, between which there is a certain system of differences. To avoid grammatical and lexical errors, you need to be able to distinguish between them.
Necessary:
To learn how to distinguish the accusative case from the genitive case, you need to remember the Russian language school curriculum for grades 4-5. In this case, you will need not only a school textbook, but also a table of cases.
Instructions:
- The school textbook tells us that there are only six cases in the Russian language. They are called as follows: nominative , dative , prepositional , instrumental , accusative And genitive . We're interested in the last two, so let's focus on them.
- To determine this characteristic for any noun, it is necessary to use special auxiliary questions and words. It should be noted that both schoolchildren and highly educated people constantly confuse the accusative and genitive cases. This happens because the auxiliary questions for determining them are almost identical: for the genitive " no one? what? ", for accusative " see who? What? " That is, the same question is asked to animate objects: “ whom? ».
- If you cannot determine the required form, ask a clarifying question to the noun: “ see what? " or « no what? " to define it. The accusative case is used if the word takes on the nominative form after a clarifying question.
- The genitive case can also be determined using a test word "cat". When you substitute the indicated word for any noun, pay attention to the ending. Example: instead of a word "teacher" in a phrase "pride in the teacher" Substituting the test word, we get the phrase "pride of the cat". Ending « And » indicates genitive case, ending "y" to accusative.
- Remember that the genitive always indicates the relationship between the whole and the part ( glass of water), comparison with something or someone ( more beautiful than Vasilisa) and belonging ( brother's motorcycle). The accusative describes and denotes temporal-spatial relations ( wait a minute), and also indicates a transition from an action to an object ( stroking a cat).
In the Russian language, the forms of inanimate nouns of the second and third declension in the nominative and accusative cases are the same. In order not to be mistaken in their definition, we must remember that nouns in the nominative case always act as the main member of the sentence, more often as the subject, and the accusative case always indicates the dependence of the noun on the main word, that is, the noun in the accusative case is a secondary member of the sentence.
For example:
The ax chops - chips fly. (Axe, wood chips - I.p.)
If you pick up an ax, remember that you will have to collect wood chips. (axe, wood chips - V.P.)
According to the terminology accepted in Russian linguistics, the accusative case is a “morphologically weakly independent case.” The difficulty of its definition arises only when compared with the nominative and genitive. If in doubt, you should use the proven school method: ask a case question to the noun:
(see) who? – teacher, mother, elephant, mouse (V.p.);
(see) what? – tree, bench, reeds, balcony (V.p.).
The nominative and accusative cases are also distinguished by the presence of prepositions, the use of which is possible only in indirect cases.
For example:
The bridge was built using modern engineering design. (What? - bridge, I. p.)
It was not easy to cross the bridge. (Through what? – through the bridge – V.p.)
Conclusions website
- Nouns in these case forms perform different syntactic functions: in the nominative case - the role of the subject, in the accusative - the complement.
- Nominative case questions - who? What?
accusative case questions - whom? What? - Nouns in the nominative case are used without prepositions. In the accusative case there are prepositions in, on, for, through.
How to distinguish the accusative case from the genitive case.
Genitive.
According to definitions, the genitive case means:
Belonging to someone or something, for example “an arctic fox skin”, “teacher’s journal”;
If there is a relationship between the whole and its part, for example, “magazine page (RP)”;
Displaying an attribute of an object in relation to another object, for example, “survey results (RP)”;
The object of influence in the presence of a verb with a negative particle “not”, for example, “does not eat meat (R.p.)”;
The object of influence in the presence of a verb denoting desire, intention or removal, for example,
“to wish happiness (R.p.)”, “to avoid responsibility (R.p.)”;
If there is a comparison of objects, for example, “stronger than oak (R.p.)”;
If the noun is the object of measurement, counting, or date genitive, such as "spoon
sour cream" or "Paris Commune Day".
Accusative.
The accusative case means:
Transition of action to the subject completely, for example, “leafing through a magazine,” “driving a car”;
Transfer of spatial and temporal relations “walk a mile”, “rest for a month”;
In rare cases, it is formed as a dependence on an adverb, for example, “it’s a shame for a friend.”
In order to never confuse the cases of a noun, it is important to remember that each case in Russian
corresponds to a universal question, asking which to a given noun, we ultimately get
corresponding case.
The genitive case corresponds to the question “there is no one?” for the animate and “no what?” For
inanimate
nouns
The accusative case corresponds to the question “I see who?” for the animate and “I see what?” For
inanimate nouns.
Determining the cases of nouns by their definitions or endings is extremely difficult.
Let's say
remembering all the definitions of the genitive and accusative cases is quite difficult. And the endings
nouns coincide quite often.
Here's an example using an animate plural noun:
I noticed people nearby. (I see who? - V.p.)
There were no people around. (there was no one? - R.p.)
As you can see, in both cases the word is declined the same way.
But, in order to finally make sure that the case is determined correctly, mentally substitute
instead of an animate noun, an inanimate one.
For example:
I noticed a pillar nearby. (I see who? - V.p.)
There were no pillars around. (there was no one? - R.p.)
The example shows: an inanimate noun in the accusative case does not change, unlike
the same noun having the genitive case.
From this we can draw conclusions:
1. To distinguish the genitive from the accusative, ask the noun a defining question.
2. If it is difficult for you to determine the case of an animate noun, because the question “who?” refers to
both cases, then substitute an inanimate noun instead and ask it
defining question. For the genitive it will be “no what?”, and for the accusative “I see what?”. If
the word will look like in the nominative case, then the case of your noun is accusative.
Helpful advice.
In the Russian language there are indeclinable nouns, for example, “coat”, “coffee”, when in any
case the word looks the same. In this case, case can only be determined by the key question.
The genitive case can also be determined using the test word "cat". Putting it in place
any noun specified word, pay attention to the ending. Example: instead of a word
“teacher” in the phrase “pride in the teacher”, substituting the test word, we get
the phrase “pride in the cat.” The ending “i” indicates the genitive case, the ending “u” indicates
accusative.
Remember that the genitive case always indicates the relationship between the whole and the part (a glass of water),
comparison with something or someone (prettier than Vasilisa) and belonging (brother’s motorcycle).
The accusative case describes and denotes time-spatial relations (wait a minute), and
also indicates a transition from an action to an object (petting a cat).
Source
E. I. Litnevskaya. Russian language: short theoretical course for schoolchildren.
Interesting article!!!
13 cases of the Russian language.
How to distinguish the accusative case from the genitive and nominative?
Perhaps the most interesting of all cases in the Russian language is the accusative. Because everyone else answers their questions calmly and does not cause difficulties. With the accusative case everything is different. It can very easily be confused with a nominative or genitive. After all the accusative case answers the questions “Whom?” What?" The accusative case denotes the object of the action. A noun, being in the accusative case, experiences the action of another noun, which in this sentence is a predicate. Everything becomes clear with the example: “I love my brother.” The noun "brother" will be in the accusative case. And he will experience a feeling of love from the pronoun “I”. What you should pay attention to when determining the case, so as not to confuse it with the nominative, is the ending. Below is the table:
To distinguish the accusative case from the genitive case, we will use auxiliary words and questions. For the genitive - no (who, what), for the accusative - I see (who, what). As you can see, the questions are different for animate and inanimate objects. Let's play on this.
Let's look at an example:
“Grandma is not at home.” Let's substitute an inanimate object - “there are no keys in the house.” No one, what? Grandmothers, keys. Genitive.
“I don’t see a plate on the table.” Let's substitute an animate object - “I don’t see my brother on the table.” I don’t see who – my brother, I don’t see what – a plate. Whom, what – accusative case.
Features of the accusative case.
The accusative case is used with prepositions such as “In, for, about, on, through.” Difficulties may still arise with the accusative case when tense concepts are indicated in sentences. Let's give an example: “Rewrite an essay all night.” The nouns “night” and “abstract” are in the accusative case in this sentence. You need to be extremely careful with such offers. Along with the confusion between the accusative and the nominative, it can also be confused with the genitive. Let's give an example: “Wait for mother” and “Wait for message.” In the first case the case will be genitive, and in the second case it will be accusative. The difference here is due to the declination of animate and inanimate objects, as we already wrote above.
