What does artistic technique mean? Extracurricular lesson - literary and poetic techniques

Literary techniques have been widely used at all times, not only by classics or authors but also by marketers, poets and even ordinary people for a more vivid recreation of the story being told. Without them, it will not be possible to add liveliness to prose, poetry or an ordinary sentence; they decorate and allow us to feel as accurately as possible what the narrator wanted to convey to us.

Any work, regardless of its size or artistic direction, is based not only on the features of the language, but also directly on the poetic sound. This does not mean that certain information should be conveyed in rhyme. It is necessary that it be soft and beautiful, flow like poetry.

Of course, literary ones are quite different from those that people use in everyday life. A common person, as a rule, will not select words; he will give out a comparison, metaphor or, for example, an epithet that will help him explain something faster. As for the authors, they do it more beautifully, sometimes even too pretentiously, but only when this is required by the work as a whole or by its individual character in particular.

Let's sum it up

Thus, literary techniques are so diverse that authors have a wide scope for using them. It should be noted that excessive enthusiasm for these elements will not make beautiful piece. It is necessary to be restrained in their use in order to make the reading smooth and soft.

It should be said about one more function that literary devices have. It lies in the fact that only with the help of them is it often possible to revive a character and create the necessary atmosphere, which is quite difficult without visual effects. However, in this case, you should not be zealous, because when the intrigue grows, but the denouement does not approach, the reader will certainly begin to run his eyes ahead in order to calm himself down. In order to learn how to skillfully use literary techniques, you need to familiarize yourself with the works of authors who already know how to do this.

1. Olympic tasks school stage All-Russian Olympiad schoolchildren in 2013-2014
   Literature 8th grade
   Tasks.

   
   1.1.I walk on my hind legs.
   
   
   
   

   
   
   
   She walks smoothly like a swan;
   Looks sweet like a darling;
   The nightingale sings a word;
   Her rosy cheeks are burning,
   Like the dawn in God's sky.

   
   

   2.5. Her eyes are like two fogs,
   Half smile, half cry,
   Her eyes are like two deceptions
   Failures covered in darkness.

   A combination of two mysteries
   Half-delight, half-fear,
   A fit of mad tenderness,
   Anticipation of mortal pain.

   7.5 points (0.5 points per correct name work, 0.5 for the correct name of the author of the work, 0.5 points for the correct name of the character)

   3. What places is life and creative path poets and writers? Find matches.

   1.V. A. Zhukovsky. 1. Tarkhany.
   2.A. S. Pushkin. 2. Spasskoye Lutovinovo.
   3.N. A. Nekrasov. 3. Yasnaya Polyana.
   4.A. A. Blok. 4. Taganrog.
   5.N. V. Gogol. 5. Konstantinovo.
   6.M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. 6. Belev.
   7.M. Yu. Lermontov. 7. Mikhailovskoe.
   8.I. S. Turgenev. 8. Greshnevo.
   9.L. N. Tolstoy. 9. Shakhmatovo.
   10.A. P. Chekhov. 10. Vasilyevka.
   11.S. A. Yesenin. 11. Spas Angle.

   5.5 points (0.5 points for each correct answer)

   4.1. Oh, memory of the heart! You are stronger
   The mind's memory is sad
   And often with its sweetness
   You captivate me in a distant country.
   4.2. And the crows?..
   Come on, to God!
   I’m in my own forest, not in someone else’s forest.
   Let them shout, raise the alarm
   I won't die from croaking.
   4.3.I hear the lark's songs,
   I hear the nightingale trill
   This is the Russian side,
   This is my homeland!
   4.4. Hello, Russia is my homeland!
   How joyful I am under your foliage!
   And there is no foam

2. 
   
   ALLEGORY
   

   3. ANALOGY
   

   4. ANOMASIA
   Replacing a person's name with an object.

   5. ANTITHESIS
   

   6. APPLICATION
   

   7. HYPERBOLE
   Exaggeration.

   8. LITOTA
   

   9. METAPHOR
   

   10. METONYMY
   

   11. OVERDUCTION
   

   12. OXYMORON
   Matching by contrast

   13. DENIAL OF DENIAL
   Proof of the opposite.

   14. REFRAIN
   

   15. SYNEGDOHA
   

   16. CHIASM
   

   17. ELIPSIS
   

   18. EPHEMISM
   Replacing the rough with the graceful.

   ALL artistic techniques work equally in any genre and do not depend on the material. Their selection and appropriateness of use are determined by the author’s style, taste and the specific way of developing each specific item. Olympiad tasks of the school stage of the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in 2013-2014.
   Literature 8th grade
   Tasks.

   1. Many fables contain expressions that have become proverbs and sayings. Indicate the name of I. A. Krylov’s fables according to the lines given.
   1.1.I walk on my hind legs.
   1.2. The Cuckoo praises the Rooster because he praises the Cuckoo.
   1.3. When there is no agreement among the comrades, their business will not go well.
   1.4. God, deliver us from such judges.
   1.5. A great man is only loud in his deeds.

   5 points (1 point for each correct answer)

   2. Identify the works and their authors based on the given portrait characteristics. Indicate whose portrait this is.
   2.1.In holy Rus', our mother,
   You can’t find, you can’t find such a beauty:
   She walks smoothly like a swan;
   Looks sweet like a darling;
   The nightingale sings a word;
   Her rosy cheeks are burning,
   Like the dawn in God's sky.

   2.2. the official cannot be said to be very remarkable, short in stature, somewhat pockmarked, somewhat reddish, even somewhat blind in appearance, with a small bald spot on his forehead, with wrinkles on both sides of the cheeks and a complexion that is called hemorrhoidal

   2.3. (He) was a man of the most cheerful, most gentle disposition, constantly sang in a low voice, looked carefree in all directions, spoke a little through his nose, smiling, squinting his light blue eyes and often took his thin, wedge-shaped beard with his hand.

   2.4. He was all overgrown with hair, from head to toe, like the ancient Esau, and his nails became like iron. He stopped blowing his nose a long time ago,
   he walked more and more on all fours and was even surprised how he had not noticed before that this way of walking was the most decent and most convenient.

   2.5. Her eyes are like two fogs,
   Half smile, half cry,
   Her eyes are like two deceptions
   Failures covered in darkness.

   A combination of two mysteries
   Half-delight, half-fear,
   A fit of mad tenderness,
   Anticipation of mortal pain.

3. Literary device includes all the means and moves that the poet uses in the “arrangement” (composition) of his work.
   To unfold the material and create an image, humanity has developed over the centuries certain generalized methods and techniques based on psychological laws. They were discovered by ancient Greek rhetoricians and have since been successfully used in all arts. These techniques are called TRAILS (from the Greek Tropos - turn, direction).
   Paths are not recipes, but assistants, developed and tested over centuries. Here they are:
   ALLEGORY
   Allegory, expression of an abstract, abstract concept through specifics.

   3. ANALOGY
   Matching by similarity, establishing correspondences.

   4. ANOMASIA
   Replacing a person's name with an object.

   5. ANTITHESIS
   Contrasting comparison of opposites.

   6. APPLICATION
   Enumeration and piling up (of homogeneous details, definitions, etc.).

   7. HYPERBOLE
   Exaggeration.

   8. LITOTA
   Understatement (reverse of hyperbole)

   9. METAPHOR
   Revealing one phenomenon through another.

   10. METONYMY
   Establishing connections by contiguity, i.e. association based on similar characteristics.

   11. OVERDUCTION
   Direct and figurative meanings in one phenomenon.

   12. OXYMORON
   Matching by contrast

   13. DENIAL OF DENIAL
   Proof of the opposite.

   14. REFRAIN
   Repetition that enhances emphasis or impact.

   15. SYNEGDOHA
   More instead of less and less instead of more.

   16. CHIASM
   Normal order in one and reverse order in the other (gag).

   17. ELIPSIS
   An artistically expressive omission (of some part or phase of an event, movement, etc.).

   18. EPHEMISM
   Replacing the rough with the graceful.

   ALL artistic techniques work equally in any genre and do not depend on the material. Their selection and appropriateness of use are determined by the author’s style, taste and the specific way of developing each specific item.

4. personification
5. Literary primos are phenomena of very different scales: they relate to various volumes of literature - from a line in a poem to an entire literary direction.
   Literary primos listed on Wikipedia:
   Allegory#8206; Metaphors#8206; Rhetorical figures#8206; Quote#8206; Euphemisms#8206; Autoepigraph Alliteration Allusion Anagram Anachronism Antiphrase Graphics of verse Disposition
   Sound recording Gaping Allegory Contamination Lyrical digression Literary mask Logogryph Macaronism Minus-prime Paronymy Stream of consciousness Reminiscence
   Figurative poems Dark humor Aesopian language Epigraph.

Antithesis is a means of expression that is often used in the Russian language and in Russian literature because of its powerful expressive capabilities. So, antithesis definition is a technique in artistic language when one phenomenon is contrasted with another. Those who want to read about the antithesis of Wikipedia will certainly find there different examples from poems.

I would like to define the concept of “antithesis” and its meaning. She has great importance in language, because it is a technique that allows compare two opposites, for example, “black” and “white”, “good” and “evil”. Concept this technique defines it as a means of expressiveness that allows you to very vividly describe an object or phenomenon in poetry.

What is antithesis in literature

Antithesis is an artistic figurative and expressive means that allows you to compare one object with another based on oppositions. Usually, as an artistic medium, it is very popular among many modern writers and poets. But you can also find a huge number of examples in the classics. Within the antithesis can be opposed in meaning or in their properties:

• Two characters. This most often happens in cases where positive character opposed to negative;
• Two phenomena or objects;
• Different qualities of the same object (looking at the object from several aspects);
• The qualities of one object are contrasted with the qualities of another object.

Lexical meaning of trope

The technique is very popular in literature because it allows you to most clearly express the essence of a particular subject through opposition. Typically, such oppositions always look lively and imaginative, so poetry and prose that use antithesis are quite interesting to read. She happens to be one of the most popular and known means of artistic expression of a literary text, be it poetry or prose.

The technique was actively used by the classics of Russian literature, and modern poets and prose writers use it no less actively. Most often, the antithesis underlies contrast between two characters in a work of art, When positive hero is opposed to negative. At the same time, their qualities are deliberately demonstrated in an exaggerated, sometimes grotesque form.

Skillful use of this artistic technique allows you to create a lively, imaginative description of characters, objects or phenomena found in a particular work of art (novel, story, story, poem or fairy tale). It is often used in folklore works(fairy tales, epics, songs and other genres of oral folk art). During runtime literary analysis text, you must definitely pay attention to the presence or absence of this technique in the work.

Where can you find examples of antithesis?

Antithesis examples from literature can be found almost everywhere, in the most different genres fiction, ranging from folk art (fairy tales, epics, tales, legends, etc. oral folklore) and ending with works modern poets and writers of the twenty-first century. Due to its characteristics of artistic expression, the technique is most often found in the following genres of fiction:

• Poems;
• Stories:
• Fairy tales and legends (folk and author's);
• Novels and stories. In which there are lengthy descriptions of objects, phenomena or characters.

Antithesis as an artistic device

As a means of artistic expression, it is built on the opposition of one phenomenon to another. A writer who uses antithesis in his work chooses the most character traits two characters (objects, phenomena) and tries to reveal them as fully as possible by contrasting each other. The word itself, translated from ancient Greek, also means nothing more than “opposition.”

Active and appropriate use makes the literary text more expressive, lively, interesting, helps to most fully reveal the characters of the characters, the essence of specific phenomena or objects. This is what determines the popularity of the antithesis in the Russian language and in Russian literature. However, in other European languages ​​this means artistic imagery is also used very actively, especially in classical literature.

In order to find examples of antithesis during the analysis of a literary text, you must first examine those fragments of the text where two characters (phenomena, objects) are not considered in isolation, but are opposed to each other with different points vision. And then finding a reception will be quite easy. Sometimes the whole meaning of a work is built on this artistic device. It should also be borne in mind that the antithesis can be explicit, but maybe hidden, veiled.

Find the hidden antithesis in art literary text It’s quite simple if you read and analyze the text thoughtfully and carefully. In order to teach how to correctly use a technique in your own literary text, you need to familiarize yourself with the most striking examples from Russian classical literature. However, it is not recommended to overuse it so that it does not lose its expressiveness.

Antithesis is one of the main means of artistic expression, widely used in the Russian language and in Russian literature. The technique can easily be found in many works of Russian classics. They actively use it and modern writers. Antithesis enjoys well-deserved popularity because it helps to most clearly express the essence of individual heroes, objects or phenomena by contrasting one hero (object, phenomenon) with another. Russian literature without this artistic device is practically unthinkable.

What can you wish for a person who wants to engage in literary work? Firstly, inspiration and dreams. Without this, any creativity is unthinkable. This is the only way craft becomes art! However, in order for a person to start writing, he should a priori read a lot. Initial techniques literary reading are still being studied in high school. It is important to understand the actual content of the work, its main ideas, motives and feelings that drive the characters. Based on this, it is made holistic analysis. Besides, significant role plays his own life experience.

The role of literary devices

To the Adept literary activity You should carefully and moderately use standard techniques (epithets, comparisons, metaphors, irony, allusions, puns, etc.). The secret that is somehow rarely shared is that they are secondary. Indeed, mastering the ability to write works of art Criticism is often interpreted as the ability to use certain literary techniques.

What will give awareness and understanding of their essence to the writer and to the person writing? Let us answer figuratively: approximately the same as what fins will give to someone who is trying to swim. If a person does not know how to swim, fins are useless to him. That is, stylistic linguistic tricks cannot serve as an end in themselves for the author. It is not enough to know what literary devices are called. You must be able to captivate people with your thoughts and imagination.

Metaphors

Let's define the main literary techniques. Metaphors represent appropriate creative replacement of the properties of one subject or object with the properties of another. This trope achieves an unusual and fresh look at the details and episodes of the work. An example is the well-known metaphors of Pushkin (“fountain of love”, “along the mirror of rivers”) and Lermontov (“the sea of ​​life”, “splashing tears”).

Indeed, poetry is the most creative path for lyrical natures. Perhaps this is why the literary devices in the poem are most noticeable. It is no coincidence that some artistic prose works called prose in verse. This is what Turgenev and Gogol wrote.

Epithets and comparisons

What are literary devices such as epithets? The writer V. Soloukhin called them “clothing of words.” If we talk about the essence of the epithet very briefly, it is the very word that characterizes the essence of an object or phenomenon. Let us give examples: “stately birch”, “golden hands”, “quick thoughts”.

Comparison as artistic technique allows you to compare social action with natural phenomena. It can be easily noticed in the text by the characteristic words “as”, “as if”, “as if”. Often comparison acts as a deep creative reflection. Let's remember the quote famous poet and the 19th century publicist Pyotr Vyazemsky: “Our life in old age is like a worn-out robe: it’s both ashamed to wear it and a pity to leave it.”

Pun

What is the name of literary device with a play on words? We are talking about the use of homonyms and polysemantic words in works of art. This is how jokes that are well known to everyone and loved by all people are created. Such words are often used by classics: A.P. Chekhov, Omar Khayyam, V. Mayakovsky. As an example, here is a quote from Andrei Knyshev: “Everything in the house was stolen, and even the air was somehow stale.” Isn't that a witty saying?

However, those who are interested in the name of the literary device with a play on words should not think that a pun is always comical. Let us illustrate this with the well-known thought of N. Glazkov: “Criminals are also attracted to good, but, unfortunately, to someone else’s.”

However, we admit that there are still more anecdotal situations. Another pun immediately comes to mind - the comparison of a criminal with a flower (the first is first grown and then planted, and the second - vice versa).

Be that as it may, the literary device of word play came from common speech. It is no coincidence that the Odessa humor of Mikhail Zhvanetsky is rich in puns. Isn’t it a wonderful phrase from the maestro of humor: “The car was collected... in a bag.”

Able to make puns. Go for it!

If you really have a strong sense of humor, then the literary device of wordplay is your know-how. Work on quality and originality! A master of creating unique puns is always in demand.

In this article we limited ourselves to the interpretation of only some of the tools of writers. In fact, there are many more of them. For example, a technique such as metaphor contains personification, metonymy (“he ate three plates”).

Literary device parabola

Writers and poets often use tools that sometimes have simply paradoxical names. For example, one of the literary devices is called “parabola”. But literature is not Euclidean geometry. The ancient Greek mathematician, the creator of two-dimensional geometry, would probably have been surprised to learn that the name of one of the curves also found literary application! Why does this phenomenon occur? The reason is probably the properties of the parabolic function. The array of its meanings, coming from infinity to the starting point and going to infinity, is similar to the figure of speech of the same name. That's why one of the literary devices is called "parabola".

This genre form is used for the specific organization of the entire narrative. Let's remember Hemingway's famous story. It is written according to laws similar to the one of the same name geometric figure. The narrative begins as if from afar - with a description of the difficult life of fishermen, then the author tells us the very essence - the greatness and invincibility of the spirit specific person- the Cuban fisherman Santiago, and then the story again goes into infinity, acquiring the pathos of a legend. In a similar way, Kobo Abe wrote the parable novel “The Woman in the Sand,” and Gabriel García Márquez wrote “One Hundred Years of Solitude.”

It is obvious that the literary device of the parabola is more global than those previously described by us. To notice its use by a writer, it is not enough to read a certain paragraph or chapter. To do this, you should not only read the entire work, but also evaluate it from the point of view of the development of the plot, the images revealed by the author, general issues. It is these methods of analysis literary work will allow, in particular, to determine the fact that the writer used a parabola.

Creativity and artistic techniques

When is it useless for a person to undertake literary work? The answer is extremely specific: when he does not know how to express a thought in an interesting way. You shouldn’t start writing armed with knowledge if others don’t listen to your stories, if you don’t have inspiration. Even if you use spectacular literary devices, they will not help you.

Let's say it's found interesting topic, there are characters, there is an exciting (in the subjective opinion of the author) plot... Even in such a situation, we recommend taking a simple test. You must arrange it for yourself. See if you can interest the idea of ​​your work in a well-known person whose interests you perfectly represent. After all, types of people repeat themselves. Once you get one person interested, you can get tens of thousands interested...

About creativity and composition

The author, of course, should stop and not continue writing if he, in relation to the readers, subconsciously associates himself with either a shepherd, or a manipulator, or a political strategist. You cannot humiliate your audience with subconscious superiority. Readers will notice this, and the author will not be forgiven for such “creativity.”

Talk to the audience simply and evenly, as equals to equals. You must interest the reader with every sentence, every paragraph. It is important that the text is exciting, carrying ideas that interest people.

But this is not enough for a person who wants to study literature. It's one thing to tell, another to write. Literary techniques require the author’s ability to build a composition. To do this, he should seriously practice composing a literary text and combining its three main elements: description, dialogue and action. The dynamics of the plot depend on their relationship. And this is very important.

Description

The description carries the function of linking the plot to a specific place, time, season, or set of characters. It is functionally similar to a theater set. Of course, the author initially, even at the conception stage, presents the circumstances of the story in sufficient detail, but they should be presented to the reader gradually, artistically, optimizing the literary techniques used. For example, the artistic characterization of a character in a work by the author is usually given in separate strokes, strokes, presented in various episodes. In this case, epithets, metaphors, and comparisons are used in doses.

After all, in life, too, attention is first paid to striking features (height, build), and only then are eye color, nose shape, etc. considered.

Dialogue

Dialogue is a good way to display the psychotype of the characters in a work. The reader often sees in them a secondary description of personality, character, social status, an assessment of the actions of one character, reflected by the consciousness of another hero of the same work. Thus, the reader gets the opportunity to both in-depth perception of the character (in the narrow sense) and understanding the peculiarities of society in the work created by the writer (in the broad sense). The author's literary techniques in dialogues are top notch. It is in them (an example of this is the work of Viktor Pelevin) that the most striking artistic discoveries and generalizations are obtained.

However, dialogue should be used with double caution. After all, if you overdo it, the work becomes unnatural and the plot becomes rough. Do not forget that the main function of dialogues is communication between the characters in the work.

Action

Action is an essential element for literary narratives. It acts as a powerful authorial element of the plot. In this case, action is not only the physical movement of objects and characters, but also any dynamics of the conflict, for example, when describing a trial.

A warning for beginners: without a clear idea of ​​how to present the action to the reader, you should not start creating a work.

What literary devices are used to describe action? It's best when there are none at all. The action scene in a work, even a fantastic one, is the most consistent, logical, and tangible. It is thanks to this that the reader gets the impression of the documentary nature of the artistically described events. Only real masters of the pen can allow the use of literary techniques when describing an action (remember from Sholokhov’s “ Quiet Don"scene of the appearance of a dazzling black sun before the eyes of Grigory Melekhov, shocked by the death of his beloved).

Literary reception of the classics

As the author’s skill increases, his own image appears behind the lines more and more voluminously and prominently, and literary artistic techniques become more and more refined. Even if the author does not write about himself directly, the reader feels him and unmistakably says: “This is Pasternak!” or “This is Dostoevsky!” What's the secret here?

When starting to create, the writer places his image into the work gradually, carefully, in the background. Over time, his pen becomes more skillful. And the author inevitably goes through a creative path in his works from his imagined self to his real self. They are beginning to recognize him by his style. It is this metamorphosis that is the main literary device in the work of every writer and poet.

As you know, the word is the basic unit of any language, as well as the most important constituent element his artistic means. Proper Use vocabulary largely determines the expressiveness of speech.

In context, the word is a special world, a mirror author's perception and relationship to reality. It has its own metaphorical precision, its own special truths, called artistic revelations; the functions of vocabulary depend on the context.

Individual perception of the world around us is reflected in such a text with the help of metaphorical statements. After all, art is, first of all, the self-expression of an individual. The literary fabric is woven from metaphors that create an exciting and emotionally affecting image of a particular work of art. Additional meanings appear in words, a special stylistic coloring, creating a unique world that we discover for ourselves while reading the text.

Not only in literary, but also in oral, we use, without thinking, various techniques of artistic expression to give it emotionality, persuasiveness, and imagery. Let's figure out what artistic techniques there are in the Russian language.

The use of metaphors especially contributes to the creation of expressiveness, so let's start with them.

Metaphor

It is impossible to imagine artistic techniques in literature without mentioning the most important of them - the way of creating a linguistic picture of the world based on meanings already existing in the language itself.

The types of metaphors can be distinguished as follows:

1. Fossilized, worn out, dry or historical (bow of a boat, eye of a needle).
2. Phraseologisms are stable figurative combinations of words that are emotional, metaphorical, reproducible in the memory of many native speakers, expressive (death grip, vicious circle etc.).
3. Single metaphor (eg homeless heart).
4. Unfolded (heart - “porcelain bell in yellow China” - Nikolay Gumilyov).
5. Traditionally poetic (morning of life, fire of love).
6. Individually-authored (sidewalk hump).

In addition, a metaphor can simultaneously be an allegory, personification, hyperbole, periphrasis, meiosis, litotes and other tropes.

The word “metaphor” itself means “transfer” in translation from Greek. In this case, we are dealing with the transfer of a name from one item to another. For it to become possible, they must certainly have some similarity, they must be adjacent in some way. A metaphor is a word or expression used in a figurative meaning due to the similarity of two phenomena or objects in some way.

As a result of this transfer, an image is created. Therefore, metaphor is one of the most striking means of expressiveness of artistic, poetic speech. However, the absence of this trope does not mean the lack of expressiveness of the work.

A metaphor can be either simple or extensive. In the twentieth century, the use of expanded ones in poetry is revived, and the nature of simple ones changes significantly.

Metonymy

Metonymy is a type of metaphor. Translated from Greek, this word means “renaming,” that is, it is the transfer of the name of one object to another. Metonymy is the replacement of a certain word with another based on the existing contiguity of two concepts, objects, etc. This is the imposition of a figurative word on the direct meaning. For example: “I ate two plates.” Mixing of meanings and their transfer are possible because objects are adjacent, and the contiguity can be in time, space, etc.

Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a type of metonymy. Translated from Greek, this word means “correlation.” This transfer of meaning occurs when the smaller is called instead of the larger, or vice versa; instead of a part - a whole, and vice versa. For example: “According to Moscow reports.”

Epithet

It is impossible to imagine the artistic techniques in literature, the list of which we are now compiling, without an epithet. This is a figure, trope, figurative definition, phrase or word denoting a person, phenomenon, object or action with a subjective

Translated from Greek, this term means “attached, application,” that is, in our case, one word is attached to some other.

Epithet from simple definition distinguished by its artistic expressiveness.

Constant epithets are used in folklore as a means of typification, and also as one of the most important means of artistic expression. In the strict sense of the term, only those whose function is words in a figurative meaning, in contrast to the so-called exact epithets, which are expressed in words in a literal meaning (red berries, beautiful flowers), belong to tropes. Figurative ones are created when words are used in a figurative meaning. Such epithets are usually called metaphorical. Metonymic transfer of the name may also underlie this trope.

An oxymoron is a type of epithet, the so-called contrasting epithets, forming combinations with defined nouns of words that are opposite in meaning (hateful love, joyful sadness).

Comparison

Simile is a trope in which one object is characterized through comparison with another. That is, this comparison various items by similarity, which can be both obvious and unexpected, distant. It is usually expressed using certain words: “exactly”, “as if”, “similar”, “as if”. Comparisons can also take the form of the instrumental case.

Personification

When describing artistic techniques in literature, it is necessary to mention personification. This is a type of metaphor that represents the assignment of properties of living beings to objects of inanimate nature. It is often created by referring to such natural phenomena as conscious living beings. Personification is also the transference of human properties to animals.

Hyperbole and litotes

Let us note such techniques of artistic expression in literature as hyperbole and litotes.

Hyperbole (translated as “exaggeration”) is one of the expressive means of speech, which is a figure with the meaning of exaggeration of what is being said. we're talking about.

Litota (translated as “simplicity”) is the opposite of hyperbole - an excessive understatement of what is being discussed (a boy the size of a finger, a man the size of a fingernail).

Sarcasm, irony and humor

We continue to describe artistic techniques in literature. Our list will be complemented by sarcasm, irony and humor.

• Sarcasm means "tearing meat" in Greek. This is evil irony, caustic mockery, caustic remark. When using sarcasm, a comic effect is created, but at the same time there is a clear ideological and emotional assessment.
• Irony in translation means “pretense”, “mockery”. It occurs when one thing is said in words, but something completely different, the opposite, is meant.
• Humor is one of the lexical means of expressiveness, translated meaning “mood”, “disposition”. Sometimes entire works can be written in a comic, allegorical vein, in which one can sense a mocking, good-natured attitude towards something. For example, the story “Chameleon” by A.P. Chekhov, as well as many fables by I.A. Krylov.

The types of artistic techniques in literature do not end there. We present to your attention the following.

Grotesque

The most important artistic techniques in literature include the grotesque. The word "grotesque" means "intricate", "bizarre". This artistic technique represents a violation of the proportions of phenomena, objects, events depicted in the work. It is widely used in the works of, for example, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (“The Golovlevs,” “The History of a City,” fairy tales). This is an artistic technique based on exaggeration. However, its degree is much greater than that of a hyperbole.

Sarcasm, irony, humor and grotesque are popular artistic techniques in literature. Examples of the first three are the stories of A.P. Chekhov and N.N. Gogol. The work of J. Swift is grotesque (for example, Gulliver's Travels).

What artistic technique does the author (Saltykov-Shchedrin) use to create the image of Judas in the novel “Lord Golovlevs”? Of course it's grotesque. Irony and sarcasm are present in the poems of V. Mayakovsky. The works of Zoshchenko, Shukshin, and Kozma Prutkov are filled with humor. These artistic techniques in literature, examples of which we have just given, as you can see, are very often used by Russian writers.

Pun

A pun is a figure of speech that represents an involuntary or deliberate ambiguity that arises when used in the context of two or more meanings of a word or when their sound is similar. Its varieties are paronomasia, false etymologization, zeugma and concretization.

In puns, the play on words is based on homonymy and polysemy. Anecdotes arise from them. These artistic techniques in literature can be found in the works of V. Mayakovsky, Omar Khayyam, Kozma Prutkov, A. P. Chekhov.

Figure of speech - what is it?

The word "figure" itself is translated from Latin as " appearance, outline, image." This word has many meanings. What does it mean? this term applied to artistic speech? Syntactic means of expression related to figures: questions, appeals.

What is a "trope"?

“What is the name of an artistic technique that uses a word in a figurative sense?” - you ask. The term “trope” combines various techniques: epithet, metaphor, metonymy, comparison, synecdoche, litotes, hyperbole, personification and others. Translated, the word "trope" means "turnover". Literary speech differs from ordinary speech in that it uses special turns of phrase that embellish the speech and make it more expressive. IN different styles different ones are used means of expression. The most important thing in the concept of “expressiveness” for artistic speech is the ability of a text or a work of art to have an aesthetic, emotional impact on the reader, to create poetic pictures and vivid images.

We all live in a world of sounds. Some of them evoke positive emotions in us, others, on the contrary, excite, alarm, cause anxiety, calm or induce sleep. Various sounds cause various images. Using their combination, you can emotionally influence a person. Reading works of literature and Russian folk art, we perceive their sound especially keenly.

Basic techniques for creating sound expressiveness

• Alliteration is the repetition of similar or identical consonants.
• Assonance is the deliberate harmonious repetition of vowels.

Alliteration and assonance are often used simultaneously in works. These techniques are aimed at evoking various associations in the reader.

Technique of sound recording in fiction

Sound recording is an artistic technique that is the use of certain sounds in a specific order to create a certain image, that is, the selection of words that imitate sounds real world. This reception in fiction used in both poetry and prose.

Types of sound recording:

1. Assonance means “consonance” in French. Assonance is the repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds in a text to create a specific sound image. It promotes the expressiveness of speech, it is used by poets in the rhythm and rhyme of poems.
2. Alliteration - from This technique is the repetition of consonants in literary text to create some sound image, in order to make poetic speech more expressive.
3. Onomatopoeia - transmission in special words, reminiscent of the sounds of phenomena in the surrounding world, auditory impressions.

These artistic techniques in poetry are very common; without them, poetic speech would not be so melodic.