The infinitive form of the verb carries. Infinitive form of the verb (initial form, infinitive)

Lesson topic: “Indefinite form of verbs.”

It is called indefinite because it cannot be used to determine either time, number, person, or gender of the verb.

Listen to the poem, find the verbs.

It’s so good, friends, to walk

Along the trail with a backpack.

It’s wonderful to jump across the field

On horseback.

It's also nice to take the express -

Will flash in the window there is a meadow and a forest.

Slide not bad on the waves

On a sea ship.

But it's better to rush in the skies

On a steel liner. (I. Kholin)

Walk, jump (what to do?),

sit down (what to do?),

slide (what to do), rush (what to do?).

Verbs in the indefinite form answer the question what to do? or what to do? This is the initial form of the verb. Its peculiarity is that neither time, nor number, nor person, nor gender are determined for it.

Verb will flash(what will he do?) is used in the form of the future tense, singular, 3rd person. You will learn to determine the faces of verbs in 4th grade.

Find out Pushkin's fairy tales, from which excerpts were taken, and find verbs in them that are in the indefinite form. How can you tell them apart?

Verbs in the indefinite form answer the question what to do? or what to do?

The mirror had the following properties:

It can speak well...

“You, queen, are the sweetest of all,

All blush and whiter.”

And the queen laughs

And shrug your shoulders

And wink your eyes,

And click your fingers...

"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights."

Verbs in the indefinite form:

what to do?

speak

laugh

shake

wink

snap

Tsar Dadon wanted in his old age

Take a break from military affairs

And give yourself some peace.

The neighbors are disturbing here

Steel the old king,

Doing terrible harm to him.

So that the ends of your possessions

Protect from attacks

He should have contained

Numerous army.

"The Tale of the Golden Cockerel."

what to do?

bother

guard

what to do?

relax

arrange

If you want, remember.

Verbs that answer the question what to do? are imperfective verbs. Verbs that answer the question what to do? are perfective verbs.

Verbs that answer the questions what to do? and what to do?, are considered in different words, even if they are the same root. They differ from each other in some parts of the base and therefore differ in meaning.

What to do?

laugh

shake

speak

What to do?

for laughing

shake

before talking

laugh - laugh out loud

The words are distinguished by the prefix za- (the prefix za- means “to begin an action”).

shake(root press -) - shake(root zha-)

The verb to shake names an action that is performed often (repeatedly), the verb to shake names an action that is performed once (one time).

talk - finish

The words are distinguished by the prefix do - (the prefix do- has the meaning “to complete the action”).

In order not to switch from one verb to another, you need to follow the prefix in the question.

1. Put a question to the form of the verb and find out whether the question contains the prefix C - or not.

2. Ask an indefinite question with or without the prefix C-.

3. Name the indefinite form of the desired verb.

The indefinite form of the verb most often ends in -т or -ти(go, go out, find, carry, crawl). Scientists have not yet agreed on what to call this part of the word. Some consider it an ending, while others consider it a suffix.

Sometimes the indefinite form of the verb ends in -ch, but these letters are part of the root:

guard - guard(root guard-, guard-), I'll lie down - lie down(root lie-, lie-).

In the infinitive form of verbs, if it does not end in -ti, it is always written ь. It is also written after the letter h (-ch) - this is a spelling for the rule: ь in the indefinite form of the verb.

Let's determine the tense of verbs and find the indefinite form.

leaked- what did you do?, last century, what to do?, leak(root flow-flow)

I cut my hair- what am I doing?, now, what to do?, cut(root shear-cut)

I'll save save(root shore - take care)

I'll carry you away- what will I do?, bud.v., what to do?, captivate(root attract-attract)

The vowel letters in the indefinite form of verbs before -т are most often suffixes. They can be different: -a, -e, -i, -i, -o.

If they are unstressed, then there is always an orthogram in their place. These suffix letters cannot be determined by rule, they can only be learned from the dictionary and remembered.

Suffix -a: hear, swim, jump, listen

Suffix -e: see, offend, depend

Suffix -i: build, iron, cook, glue, put, construct

Suffix -ya: bark, melt, winnow, sow

Let's find the verb in the indefinite form.

The wind sings barely audibly,

Linden sighs by the garden...

Sensitive music lives everywhere -

In the rustle of grass,

In the noise of the oak forests,

You just need to listen.(V. Semernin)

What is he doing?, sings, sighs, lives- verbs in the present tense.

What to do?, listen - verb in an infinitive form.

Verbs often contain a special suffix -sya or -sya. It is special because it is located after -ТН. To distinguish it from other suffixes, scientists gave it their own name - postfix (“attached after”).

Form infinitive verbs using these suffixes and prefixes.

Prefixes VZ-, PO-, PRI-, OT-.

Roots -DREAM-, -COUGH-, -DANCE-.

Suffixes -IVA-, -NU-, -YVA-, -A-, -I-, -SYA.

Vz doze - prefix vz-, suffix -nu-,

doze - prefix po-, suffix -a,

po cough - prefix po-, suffix -ya-,

for cough - prefix from-, suffix -я-,

to dance - prefix po-, suffix -a-,

when dancing - prefix pri-, suffix -yva-,

from dancing - prefix from-, suffix -yva-.

Who eats what?

A fly can only suck up liquid food with its proboscis. Some butterflies have incisor-like teeth at the end of their proboscis, which they can use to gnaw through the peel of fruits and drink their juice! Eight flexible tentacles with suction cups help the octopus to grab and hold any prey very tightly. With its long neck, the giraffe is able to reach tree shoots. A snail living in a shell is capable of cutting and grinding food with its tongue. The spider can produce sticky silk for its web to catch insects. There are webs with lids, then the prey cannot escape from it.

Can (what to do?) suck in,

can (what to do?) chew and drink,

help (what to do?) to grab and hold,

able (what to do?) to get,

capable of (what to do?) cut and grind,

can (what to do?) produce,

should (what to do?) get caught,

what to do? don't slip away.

During holidays.

It’s good early in the summer….and…to the lake. It’s nice...in the sun,...in clear water,...mushrooms, berries in the forest,...birds singing. Interesting...the behavior of insects,...playing football with friends. Useful ... in the garden and vegetable garden, ... for senior housekeepers.

During holidays.

It’s good in the summer to get up early (what to do?) and (what to do?) go to the lake. It’s nice (what to do?) sunbathe in the sun, (what to do?) swim in clear water, (what to do?) pick mushrooms and berries in the forest, (what to do?) listen to birdsong. It’s interesting (what to do?) to observe the behavior of insects, (what to do?) to play football with friends. It is useful (what to do?) to work in the garden and vegetable garden, (what to do?) to help elders with housework.

How to cook pancakes.

You (take) half a liter of kefir, (add) a little salt, sugar and soda, (beat) one egg and (pour) into this mass, (add) flour and (mix) everything. We can (bake).

Let's put the verbs in the indefinite form.

let's take - what will we do?, what to do?, take

let's add - what will we do?, what will we do?, add

let's beat - what will we do?, what to do?, beat

pour out - what will we do?, what to do?, pour out

add - what do we do?, what do we do?, add

mix - what do we do?, what do we do?, mix

baking - what are we doing?, what to do?, baking

How to cook pancakes.

You need to take half a liter of kefir, add a little salt, sugar and soda, beat one egg and pour it into this mass, add flour and mix everything. You can bake.

(What to do?) Dress or put on? These two words are often confused.

The verbs dress and put on are similar, but they have different meanings.

You can dress someone, but you can only put something on yourself.

Therefore it is correct to say this:

put on (something)

form

coat

shoes

dress

costume

dress (someone)

child

doll

girl

sick

baby

In the lesson, you learned that verbs in the indefinite form answer the question what to do? or what to do? This is the initial form of the verb. Its peculiarity is that neither time, nor number, nor person, nor gender are determined for it.

The indefinite form of the verb most often ends in -т or -ти, sometimes in -ч. In the infinitive form of verbs, if it does not end in -ti, it is always written ь.

1. M.S. Soloveychik, N.S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Russian language: Textbook. 3rd grade: in 2 parts. Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
2. M.S. Soloveychik, N.S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Russian language: Workbook. 3rd grade: in 3 parts. Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
3. T. V. Koreshkova Test tasks in the Russian language. 3rd grade: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
4. T.V. Koreshkova Practice! Notebook for independent work in the Russian language for 3rd grade: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
5. L.V. Mashevskaya, L.V. Danbitskaya Creative tasks in the Russian language. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2003
6. G.T. Dyachkova Olympiad tasks in Russian. 3-4 grades. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2008

1. School-collection.edu.ru ().
2. Cdo.omrc.ru ().
3. Oldskola1.narod.ru ().

• Read the poem. What part of speech is “main” in it? Indicate in what form the words of this part of speech are used? Emphasize the sign of this form.

Don't stop me from dreaming!

I wish I could get a bag of sweets,

Unwrap, chew, suck,

Slurp, smack, gobble up,

For a long, long time not to swallow,

Enjoy, savor.

• Put questions to these verbs. Form an indefinite form from them and emphasize the sign of the initial form.

Carrying, running, whistling, carrying, cutting, looking for, drawing.

• Write out the verbs in the indefinite form from the poem in two columns.

What to do? What to do?

There is no need to pester your mother...

No need to beg your sister...

No need to call

No need to wait

The ability to form an indefinite form, recognize it in a text, and distinguish it from other forms of a verb is necessary not only when studying a verb, but also when forming its forms. Various tasks, exercises, and work with tables will help you develop this skill.

In school practice, to identify an indefinite form, the teacher most often uses only questions (what to do?) (what to do?), paying little attention to a detailed acquaintance with this form. For example, mistakes are very common when defining verbs like carry, take care. However, these errors can be prevented if students are offered such a table when familiarizing themselves with the indefinite form.

This table will help you recognize the indefinite form by its external formal features (finite -t, -ch or -ti). The number of verbs in the indefinite form in -ti and –ch is small. Students should be introduced to the most common of them:

Verbs in -ti:

go, go, wander, carry, lead, row, sweep, carry, find, graze, weave, crawl, grow, scrape, shake, bloom.

These verbs can be included in the exercises.

1. From various forms of verbs in -ti, form an indefinite form: sweeps - revenge, carries - carry, etc.

2. Put these verbs in the 1st person singular form: row - row, find - find, etc.

3. From these verbs, using various prefixes, form new ones: weave - braid, intertwine, weave, etc.

4. Using the verbs to carry, rake, revenge, go, come, carry, compose a coherent text on the topic “At the subbotnik.”

Similar work is carried out with verbs ending in -ch.

Verbs starting with -ch:

protect, achieve, burn, lie down, clothe, doom, renounce, oven, help, neglect, cut, guard, flog, flow, pound, captivate, harness

Very often, children form non-literary forms from verbs ending in -ch: “burns,” “flows,” etc. To avoid this, you need to bring them to the conclusion that only in the 1st person singular and in the 3rd person plural the numbers of these verbs retain the sounds g and k (zhgu - burn, bake - bake), and in other forms there is an alternation of g - z and k - h (zhgu - burn, burn, burn, burn; flow - flow, flow, flow , flowing).

Accordingly, students are also hampered by the reverse operation, i.e., the formation of an indefinite form from personal forms of verbs, for example: shore, reach, lie down, flow, get carried away, cut, renounce, guard.

Students also experience difficulties in forming the indefinite form from impersonal verbs (by the way, the comparison of the 3rd person and the indefinite form is especially important from the point of view of spelling), so it is useful to practice tasks such as finding the indefinite form from impersonal verbs: it gets dark early (dusk) .

I want to sleep, it becomes cool, I feel the approach of spring, I feel completely grown up.

How well students have learned to find the indefinite form from which the verb is derived will be shown by the results of completing such a task.

Write down verbs from each sentence and choose an indefinite form for them.

1) The boy walked barefoot and carried his shoes in a bag.

2) I cleaned the kettle, filled it with water and went to the fire.

3) The old man smiles, winks, and squats down.

4) The short summer night was leaving, the dawn was already red in the east, the stars were slowly extinguishing.

5) It’s getting dark outside, but we don’t want to go back.

6) Styopka has his arms outstretched and is lying on his back, his hat is lying on the sand.

7) Evening shadows fall on the ground, merge, filling the streets with darkness.

Work on spelling when studying an indefinite form can be accompanied by work on speech development,

1. Find synonyms for these verbs (also verbs in the indefinite form).

Shy (fear), argue (prove), submit (obey), motivate (justify), send (send), restore (restore), export (export), import (import), debate (argue), stimulate (encourage), blame (reproach, reproach), hope (hope), study (study), groom (undead, cherish), zeal (try), oppose (object)

2. Find antonyms for these verbs (also verbs in the indefinite form).

Punish (forgive), hurry (slow down), chat (be silent), praise (scold), extinguish (ignite), chill (warm up), cry (laugh), start (finish), agree (object), appear (disappear), spoil (fix), love (hate), climb (descend), thaw (freeze), rest (work), dawn (dark), cool (heat), despair (hope), build (destroy), work (idle).

3. Replace these phrases with verbs that are similar in meaning.

To languish from idleness (to be bored), to fish (to fish), to win (to win), to experience fear (to be afraid), to send a telegram (to telegraph), to go back (to return), to improve in something (to qualify), to be examined (to be examined) ), to understand something (to get oriented), to come to consciousness (to wake up), to move to another country (to emigrate), to admit mistakes (to repent), to be released from accusations (to rehabilitate).

4. Explain the meaning of phraseological units using synonymous verbs. Make sentences using phraseological units.

To beat one's forehead (to ask), to beat one's head (to sit back), to bring oneself to light (to expose), to hack one's nose (to remember), to lift one's nose (to be proud), to nod one's nose (to doze), to pout one's lips (to be offended), to hang one's head (to be depressed) , come to your senses (come to your senses).

Exercises on various substitutions should be carried out throughout the study of the verb (2-3 minutes at the end of the lesson). Some attention should be paid to paronyms, i.e. words that are different in meaning, but similar in pronunciation, such as: gape - shine, import - export, put on - put on, reject - refute, present - provide, etc. These words you can pronounce them in class, write them down in a student’s dictionary, include them in dictations, and come up with sentences with them; It is useful to look up their meanings in an explanatory dictionary.

When reviewing morphology in high school, students should remember that verbs in the indefinite form can be various members of a sentence: subject (Learning is always useful), predicate (Our task is to study), definition (I got the opportunity to study), object (We agreed to study only good and excellent), circumstance (The guys came to the city to study).

The following suggestions will help consolidate this information.

1) I went out into the air to freshen up (L.).

2) Riding this horse was a pleasure for Rostov (L. T.).

3) I lay down on the camp bed to rest a little (T.).

4) I saw the need to change the conversation (P.).

5) I have an innate passion to contradict (L.).

6) The sun was just beginning to rise (L. T.).

When it comes to the form of the verb, we say: “Construct the verb in the form of the 2nd person plural of the future tense.” Based on this, we can say that the form of the verb is person + number + tense. By building your answer using this formula, you will never miss anything. Now let's move on to defining all three terms.

Person and number to determine verb form

The person is the one who performs the action. To determine it, we ask a question to the verb Who? or What? If the answer is:

• I/we – this is a 1st person verb, it refers directly to the speaker or the group of people in which he is a member. For example: I cook, we build;
• you/you – this is a 2nd person verb, it refers to the one/those with whom we are speaking. For example: you are lying, you are walking,
• he/she/it/they – then this is a 3rd person verb, it refers to someone else (not the speaker or the interlocutor). For example: he runs, she drinks, they are friends.

Time to determine the form of the verb

Determining the time is very simple: it is done almost intuitively:

• In present tense verbs, the action happens now, this minute. Even if the time is not specified in the sentence, it can be understood independently. For example: I sculpt (When?) now they are building (When?) Today,
• in past tense verbs the action takes place in the past: yesterday, a week ago, etc. For example: painted (When?) yesterday,
• in future tense verbs the action will only happen in an hour, tomorrow, etc. For example: I will learn (When?) Tomorrow.

Infinitive

Verbs in the indefinite form do not have gender, person or number, but they do have an aspect. Such verbs end in -t, -t or -ch. Their type is determined by asking:

• what to do?, then it is of an imperfect form. For example: (what to do?) read ;
• if a verb is followed by a question what to do?, then he looks perfect. For example: (what to do?) read.

Other verbs also have aspect, but this is not indicated when determining their form. It is worth noting that perfective verbs do not have a present tense, because it is implied that the action was either completed in the past or will be completed in the future.

Determining the form of a verb is easy, since everything is done almost intuitively, the main thing is to remember the algorithm: person + number + tense.

The morphology of the Russian language is multifaceted and interesting. She studies the features of parts of speech, their constant and variable features. The article discusses infinitive verbs in detail.

Infinitive

Not everyone knows what an infinitive is. in its initial form. It represents a verb in dictionaries. For example, there is no verb in the explanatory dictionary dating, since this is a personal form, the dictionary entry is devoted to the same verb, but in the initial form - meet. You can put a verb in this form by asking the question what to do? or what to do?: dating - what to do? dating, drawing - what to do? draw, call back - what to do? call back. The infinitive differs from other verb forms not only in the question. The suffixes of infinitives (verbs in the initial form) are special: -т, -ти, -ч. Therefore, the analyzed word is an infinitive if the verb contains such morphemes.

Verb and its indefinite form

Pupils and students who are especially keen on studying the Russian language are concerned with the question of why the infinitive is called the indefinite form of the verb. First, the word “infinitive” itself comes from a Latin word that translates as “indefinite.” Secondly, the infinitive does not determine the form of the verb, more precisely, its personal form, tense, mood, gender, number, and so on. The infinitive determines the constant features of the verb, such as aspect, conjugation, reflexivity and transitivity. They will be discussed below.

Invariable signs of a verb

When performing it, you need to identify its signs. Constant signs are indicated by the indefinite form of the verb.

View is a part-speech category that reflects the relationship of an action to its internal limit: completed/happening. Infinitive verbs that answer questions what to do? have a perfect form: say, cook, leave. Verbs in the initial form that answer the question what to do? have an imperfect appearance: talk, cook, go. There are species pairs, that is, words with the same meaning, but of different types: decide - decide, say - talk, sew up - sew up, bake - bake.

Traditionally determined by the initial form. The 2nd conjugation includes those that end in -it(exception shave, lay, rest), and verbs hold, drive, see, watch, hear, breathe, hate, endure, offend, twist, depend; to the first - all other verbs. The conjugation of not all verbs can be determined by the infinitive. A class is distinguished which, when changed, combines the endings of 1st and 2nd conjugations. These are the words give, eat, run, want.

Transitivity is the next constant feature. Infinitive verbs that can control a noun in the accusative case are called transitive, and those that cannot are called intransitive. For example, sew (what?) a button, record (what?) a movie, draw (who?) a child- transitional; surprise, call, shoot are not used with the accusative case, that is, intransitive.

Reflexive verbs are those that have the postfix -sya: to build, to wash, to make a reservation. Non-reflexive - those that do not have this affix.

Question about morpheme

The indicators of the initial form of the verb - the morphemes -ть, -ти, -ч - cause discussions among linguists. Many define them as endings, citing their ability to change: say - said, indicate - indicated. However, the infinitive is considered an unchangeable form, so it should not have endings. An increasingly common version is that morphemes denoting the infinitive are inflectional suffixes.

Impersonal form of the verb

Infinitives are non-finite verb forms. This is due to the fact that it is an unchangeable form in which the person, gender, and number are not determined. Infinitives do not carry nouns in the nominative case, unlike personal forms. They only name the action without its relation to the person. The infinitive is also not associated with the category of tense, which is determined by personal forms. Their inclination is also indeterminable. That is, the infinitive is unreal, it is timeless, it only names the action. Some students ask the question about the dependence of the infinitive on the verb. An infinitive is, in other words, a verb in its initial form.

In Russian grammar, other non-personal forms are distinguished - these are the participle and the gerund. They, like the infinitive, do not change according to persons. A gerund is an unchangeable form of a verb that combines the characteristics of an adverb and a verb and answers a question what did you do? doing what?: reading, publishing, pointing, chorusing. A participle is a form of a verb that denotes a characteristic by action, combines the characteristics of an adjective and a verb, and answers questions about adjectives: Which? surrounded, acting, watching, forgotten.

The role of the infinitive in a sentence

The peculiarity of the infinitive form of the verb is that it can play the role of any member in a sentence. Quite often the subject of an infinitive verb is in Russian. Examples: To seek the truth in everything was her goal in itself. Appreciating the work of others is worthy. There's no use talking to him. Denoting an action, the infinitive plays the role of a predicate: You won't see any rest! You can't understand him. She's unrecognizable. Often it comes in following an auxiliary verb: The family wanted to stay here for a month. Lena began working immediately after her appointment to the position. He stopped joking after the remark he received.

Secondary members of a sentence can also be expressed by the infinitive form of the verb. Thus, the infinitive acts as a complement in sentences: The captain ordered to advance. They agreed to meet. She quickly got used to working. The definition can be expressed by an infinitive: She had a desire to change the world for the better. He took the opportunity to leave. The hope of leaving by morning reassured them. Adverbial form represented by the initial form of the verb: Vera was going to go to the sea. Volunteers stopped by the lake to feed the birds. Children from all over the city come to study with her.

Infinitives in folklore and fiction

Infinitives have long been used by people in oral folk art, more precisely in proverbs. The indefinite form of the verb in them is necessary to create a generalization of the content: Promise less, sin less. Indulging a thief means stealing yourself. It's not hard to do, but it's hard to come up with. Infinitive verbs are widely used in fiction. Examples: “I can live on a dense stump,” “That’s why I called you - to find out,” “Let me come first,” “and no one cared about his worries, just to talk.”(Shukshin V.M. “Stoves and benches”); “No one wants to change... the balance,”"habit of smiling tIn this way... she slightly pulled the lower part of his... face to the side.""You could have asked not to sprinkle crushed peanuts on it"(Iskander F.A. “On a Summer Day”).

The infinitive is the initial meaning of a verb. The peculiarity of the infinitive is that it denotes only a pure action, not tied to the person who performs it, does not indicate whether one or more persons perform the action, and also does not give the concept of the time the action was performed. That is, the infinitive does not have a definite past, present or future tense.

This part of speech is also called the “indefinite form of the verb” because it does not characterize any details of the action being performed, revealing only its original meaning. Latin word infintus, from which this term is derived, can be translated as "uncertain".

Indefinite verb form: rules and examples

The infinitive can only answer questions:

• "What to do?";
• "What to do?".

It is impossible, for example, to ask "Doing what?""What is he doing?",“What are we doing?”"What are they doing?""What you are doing?",“What did you do?”"What will you do?", since the infinitive is the infinitive form of the verb. The time and person remain unclear, and no reference is given to the details of what happened.

Infinitive suffixes

The infinitive ends with word-forming suffixes:

• -t - give birth, grow up, die;
• -whose, - to protect, burn, whip;
• -ti - carry, grow, row.

It can also be supplemented with a postfix -sya (-sya), by which we can judge which indefinite form of the verb is non-reflexive and which is reflexive:

-sya (-sya) - to toil, to pray, to beware.

Signs of the infinitive

The infinitive is a form of the verb that always remains the same. It cannot be conjugated or represented in another tense or person. Infinitives can only have constant verbal features that are present in any verbs, regardless of their form. Such characteristics include transitivity/intransitivity, recurrence/irrevocability, and perfection/imperfection.

Transitive and intransitive infinitives

The transitivity of a verb is determined in accordance with the presence of an additional word of an indefinite form of the verb, denoting an object or phenomenon to which the action is partially transferred. Intransitive verbs consist of one single word that directly denotes an action. The transitive infinitive may include:

• nouns or pronouns put in the accusative case without a preposition: give an injection, thread;
• nouns placed in the genitive case, without a preposition, which express a share of something, or participation: wait for trouble, pour water;
• nouns or pronouns placed in the genitive case, if the verb has a negative expression: not be able to, not notice them.

Thus, these words are part of the verb, filling it with meaning, and without them the essence of the action is lost. Part of the action, in turn, transfers to an object or circumstance, giving it a specific meaning.

Reflexive and irreversible infinitives

The infinitive form of a verb can also be reflexive or non-reflexive. Irreflexive verbs express an action performed by someone or something in relation to someone or something. Reflexives express an action directed by someone or something towards itself, or mean another closed interaction or state of an object and have a postfix at the end -sya (sya). On -xia The reflexive indefinite form of the verb usually ends. The rule states that reflexive verbs cannot be transitive.

Examples of irreversible infinitives: put on, lower, peek. Examples of reflexive infinitives: to dress, to lower oneself, to sneak.

As we see from the above examples, some reflexive verbs can be obtained from non-reflexive ones by simply adding a postfix -xia(as in the case of a pair " lower-lower"). This only changes the direction of action, but the general meaning remains. In rare cases, according to the rules and norms for the use of verbs, it is impossible to use a verb in both of its word forms - perfect and imperfect, as, for example, the reflexive indefinite form of the verb is unacceptable for “put on” (example " put on - get dressed"). “Put on” denotes an action performed in relation to some object or person, while “dress” can be addressed exclusively to the object itself performing the action (it can be used in other word forms, but provided that this reflexive meaning is preserved) . Despite the fact that such a limited in use indefinite form of the verb is not often found, the rule remains the rule. Also, from some imperfect forms of verbs, we will not be able to create a perfect one, based on their key meaning, which we can see in the example of the verb “peep” - you cannot peek for yourself. By the same principle, in the Russian language there is no imperfect form of the verb “to sneak” - you cannot " sneak" anything.

Perfective and imperfective infinitives

Infinitives can also be perfective or imperfective. The indefinite form of the imperfective verb expresses actions that continue over time and do not have a specific connection - these are, as it were, eternal actions, and without additional instructions in the context it does not give us an idea of ​​​​the completion or incompleteness of the action. A question would be appropriate here "What to do?". Examples:

Perfective infinitives indicate that the action has already been completed, or will certainly be committed, that the result has already happened, or will still happen (of course, in cases of negation or question, it can have a relatively vague connotation). A question would be appropriate here "What to do?". Examples:

• After reading the note, it was to be burned.
• Thank me that you didn't have to burn that note.
• Were you instructed to burn the note?

Only a small number of dual infinitives are found in the Russian language. The indefinite form of the verb, which refers to both the perfective and the imperfect, can be used either way, depending on the environment, without changing its word form. That is, she also answers the question "What to do?", and to the question "What to do?". Examples:

• An order was received to execute all traitors from now on. - "What to do?";
• An order was received to execute the traitor. - "What to do?";
• In the village they are used to getting girls married quickly. - "What to do?";
• By autumn, Marfa managed to marry all her girls. - "What to do?";
• It's hard to tell your heart. - "What to do?"
• How to tell your heart not to love? - "What to do?"
• Exploring caves is very interesting, but at the same time dangerous. - "What to do?"
• Tomorrow we will have to explore these caves. - "What to do?"
• You can attack them from any direction, while I will defeat them head-on. - "What to do?"
• You will have to attack them from the right, and I will come in from the flank. - "What to do?"

Conjugation of verbs

The conjugation of verbs reflects their change according to person and number. Although infinitives themselves cannot have person, number or gender, and, therefore, cannot be conjugated, they nevertheless serve as a word-formation basis for other verbs, therefore they are classified into one of two verb groups according to the type of conjugation - either I , or to II. Indefinite verb endings belonging to the first group: -e, -yu(except exception verbs). The forms of these verbs have endings -u and -yu, -eat and -eat, -et and -et, -eat and -eat, -eat and -ete. Indefinite verb endings belonging to the second group: -And and on -I(except exception verbs). When conjugated, the forms of these verbs have endings -u and -yu, -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at and -yat.

Function of the infinitive in a sentence

Verbs, as usual, perform the function of a predicate in a sentence. Together with subjects, they form the grammatical basis of sentences. However, the infinitive, due to its peculiarities of use, can perform completely different functions in a sentence. Therefore, the role of any of the members of the sentence in this case can be played by the indefinite form of the verb. An example of using infinitives as different parts of a sentence:

Morphological analysis of the infinitive in a sentence

To carry out a morphological analysis of a verb in a sentence, you need to determine its part of speech, general grammatical meaning, ask it questions, determine the word form, indicate constant and inconstant morphological features, as well as its function in the sentence. Since the infinitive form of the verb does not change, the morphological analysis of the infinitive is carried out without indicating the inconstant verbal features.