Cyril and Methodius day of Slavic writing. Day of Slavic Literature and Culture: a truly national holiday
Day of Slavic Culture and Literature- a holiday dedicated to the day of remembrance of Saints Cyril and Methodius, Equal-to-the-Apostles, Slovenian enlighteners, May 24. Celebrated both in Russia and in some other Slavic countries. In Russia holiday events pass within a few days.
Memory of Saints Equal-to-the-Apostles Cyril and Methodius
Saints Cyril and Methodius
The holy brothers Cyril and Methodius are Christian preachers and missionaries, educators of the Slavic peoples. In 863, the Byzantine emperor sent the brothers to Moravia to preach to the Slavs. The brothers compiled the first Slavic alphabet and translated liturgical books into the Slavic language. Thus the foundations were laid Slavic writing and culture.
The memory of Saints Cyril and Methodius, equal to the apostles, was celebrated among the Slavic peoples in ancient times. Then the celebration was forgotten and restored in the Russian Church only in 1863, when a decree was adopted to remember the Slovenian educators on May 11 (24 BC).
Modern celebration
In 1985, the Slavic world celebrated the 1100th anniversary of the death of St. equal to Methodius. For the first time in the USSR, May 24 was declared a day Slavic culture and writing.
On January 30, 1991, the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR adopted a Resolution on the annual holding of Days of Slavic Literature and Culture. Since 1991, state and public organizations began to hold Days of Slavic Literature and Culture together with the Russian Orthodox Church.
During the celebration, various church events are held: services dedicated to Saints Cyril and Methodius in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin and other churches in Russia, religious processions, children's pilgrimage missions to Russian monasteries, scientific and practical conferences, exhibitions, concerts.
Since 1991, as part of the celebration of the days of Slavic culture and literature, the annual spiritual and cultural expedition “Slavic Movement” has been held in the cities of Russia.
This is interesting
In Bulgarian schools, on the eve of Saints Cyril and Methodius Day, “letter days” are held - quizzes and educational games.
In the Czech Republic, the day of remembrance of the brothers Cyril and Methodius and the holiday of Slavic writing is celebrated on July 5.
Centers for celebrating the days of Slavic culture and literature
Until 2010, every year the center of the celebration was moved to one of the Russian cities. In 1986 it was Murmansk, in 1987 - Vologda, in 1992 and 1993 - Moscow.
Monument to Saints Cyril and Methodius. Slavyanskaya Square, Moscow
Since 2010, Moscow has become the capital of the days of Slavic writing.
The development of this event is dedicated to the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture, which the entire Slavic world celebrates on May 24. The event was held at the Kuzmichevskaya Secondary School on May 24, 2013. For students in grades 6, 8 and 10, the holiday left only positive impressions and intensified their interest in the Russian language and its history.
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Municipal budgetary educational institution
"Kuzmichevskaya secondary school"
At the origins of Slavic writing
To the Day of Slavic Writing
and culture
Prepared
teacher of Russian language and literature
Kolobrodova L.I.
Date: 05/24/2013
2013
Goals : development of respect for one’s country, culture and history, native language through awareness of oneself as part of world culture
Introducing the younger generation to the culture and history of their country;
Forming in students an awareness of family ties with countries Slavic world;
Updating knowledge on the history of Slavic writing.
Tasks : 1) report on the feat of Cyril and Methodius;
2) introduce students to the first alphabet using the example of individual letters, as well as “ABC prayers”;
3) explain the meaning of the concept “Slavic world” and give an idea of how the holiday is celebrated in these countries;
Equipment : posters (statements about language, “ABC prayers”, “Map of the Slavic world”, exhibition “Monuments to the Saints” (Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Czech Republic)), portraits of Cyril and Methodius, drawings by students about feats, the alphabet, books (upon request, a competition is possible junior school for the best alphabet of the class, etc.), a presentation about the life and work of the saints, an excerpt from Patriarch Kirill’s 2011 congratulations on the holiday (connection with roots, history, parting words for youth), holiday emblems, projector, computer, musical accompaniment.
Progress of the event
Teacher: Hello, hello, guests of today's holiday! All christian world celebrates May 24 as the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture. The friendly atmosphere, the decoration of the hall and the bewitching music of the gusli will take us today to the Slavic ancestors, to the country where all Russian people came from. Today we will learn about the great role of two saints, Cyril and Methodius, who brought our world a ray of faith and the ability to transmit knowledge through writing. Let this holiday leave a place in our hearts for the history of the past, without which, as we know, there is no future.
Our holiday today opens with the hymn to Saints Cyril and Methodius. I ask everyone to stand up. (The anthem plays).
N: Every year on May 24, the Orthodox Church honors the holy apostles Cyril and Methodius, scientists and educators - after all, they were the first in the world to create the Slavic script.
AND: The Day of Slavic Literature and Culture has a lot in common with the culture and religion of the Slavs: Cyril and Methodius were Orthodox Christians and monks. This way of life allowed them to make such a significant contribution to the history of the formation of Slavic culture.
N: Cyril and Methodius, during their life and service to the Lord in a Greek monastery, developed and imprinted for centuries the Slavic alphabet, which allowed us to pass on knowledge and accumulated experience from generation to generation.
AND: Officially, today is not a day off, but events dedicated to this holiday are taking place in many cities of Russia and are not limited to one day.
The Day of Slavic Literature and Culture is the only church and state holiday in our country.
N: The holy Equal-to-the-Apostles brothers Cyril and Methodius, who brought writing to the Slavic land, thereby introduced multimillion-dollar Slavic peoples to world civilization, world culture.
Biography
AND: Brothers Cyril and Methodius grew up in a noble family living in greek city Thessaloniki. Methodius was the eldest of seven brothers, Constantine the youngest. Methodius had a military rank and was a ruler in one of his subordinates Byzantine Empire Slavic principalities, Bulgarian, which gave him the opportunity to learn the Slavic language.
N: The future Slavic educators received an excellent upbringing and education. From infancy, Konstantin discovered extraordinary mental gifts. While studying at the Thessaloniki school and not yet reaching the age of fifteen, he had already read the books of the most profound of the Church Fathers of the 4th century, Gregory the Theologian.
AND: Rumors about Constantine's talent reached Constantinople, and then he was taken to court, where he studied with the emperor's son from the best teachers in the capital of Byzantium. Constantine studied ancient literature with the famous scientist Photius, the future Patriarch of Constantinople.
Constantine perfectly comprehended all the sciences of his time and many languages, receiving the nickname Philosopher for his intelligence and outstanding knowledge. He also comprehended philosophy, rhetoric, mathematics, astronomy and music.
N: A brilliant career at the imperial court and wealth awaited Constantine, but he chose to retire to a monastery on Mount Olympus with Methodius, his brother, says his biography, in order to constantly pray and engage in pious meditation.
However, Konstantin was unable to spend long periods of time in solitude. As the best preacher of the faith, defender of Orthodoxy, he was often sent to neighboring countries to participate in debates. These trips were very successful for Konstantin.
AND: Konstantin's whole life was filled with frequent difficult, difficult trials and hard work. This undermined his strength: at the age of 42 he became very ill. Shortly before his death, he became a monk with the name Cyril and died quietly in 869.
This happened in Rome, when the brothers once again came to seek support from the Pope in their main task - the dissemination of Slavic writing. Before his death, Kirill told his brother: “You and I, like two oxen, drove the same furrow. I am exhausted, but don’t think about leaving the work of teaching and retiring to your mountain again.”
Student: “Great day...” F.I. Tyutchev
N : Methodius outlived his brother by 16 years. Enduring hardships and reproaches, he continued his great work - translating the Holy Books into Slavic, preaching Orthodox faith, baptism of the Slavic people. He left as his successor the best of his students, Archbishop Gorazd, and about two hundred Slavic priests trained by him.
Much is said about the beginning of Slavic writing in the main Russian chronicle, The Tale of Bygone Years.
AND: It talks about how one day the Slavic princes Rostislav, Svyatopolk and Kotsel sent ambassadors to the Byzantine Tsar Michael with the words: “Our land is baptized, but we do not have a teacher who would instruct, teach us, and explain the holy books. After all, we do not know either Greek or Latin; Some teach us this way, and others teach us differently, so we don’t know either the shape of the letters or their meaning. And send us teachers who could tell us about book words and their meaning.” Then Tsar Michael summoned two learned brothers - Constantine and Methodius, and “the king persuaded them and sent them to the Slavic land... When these brothers arrived, they began to compile the Slavic alphabet and translated the Apostle and the Gospel.”
“And the Slavs were glad that they heard about the greatness of God in their language.”
N: Then the brothers translated the Psalter and other church books.
With the adoption of Christianity came to Rus' Slavic alphabet. And in Kyiv, and in Novgorod, and in other cities, they began to create schools for teaching Slavic literacy. Teachers from Bulgaria appeared in the Russian land - continuers of the work of Cyril and Methodius.
Readers 1, 3-7 (6th grade)
1 reader:
Look back at our ancestors,
To the heroes of days past.
Remember them with kind words -
Glory to them, the stern fighters!
Glory to our side!
Glory to Russian antiquity!
And about this old thing
I'll start telling you
So that people can know
About the affairs of our native land.
3rd reader
Across broad Rus' - our mother
The bells ring out.
Now the brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius
They are glorified for their efforts.
4th reader.
Remember Cyril and Methodius,
Glorious brothers equal to the apostles,
In Belarus, in Macedonia,
In Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia,
The wise brothers are praised in Bulgaria,
In Ukraine, Croatia, Serbia.
5th reader.
All the peoples who write in Cyrillic,
What have been called Slavic since ancient times,
They glorify the feat of the first teachers,
Christian enlighteners.
6th reader.
Fair-haired and gray-eyed,
Everyone is bright in face and glorious in heart,
Drevlyans, Rusichi, glades,
Tell me, who are you?
All. We are Slavs!
7th reader.
Your article is all nice,
All different and all similar,
Now you are called Russians,
Since ancient times, who are you?
All . We are Slavs!
Cyrillic
AND: Slavic writing was created in the 9th century, around 862.
The new alphabet was called “Cyrillic” after the Byzantine Constantine, who, having become a monk, became Cyril. And his elder brother Methodius helped him in the godly task of educating the Slavic peoples. Kirill created the Slavic alphabet based on the Greek, significantly changing it to convey the Slavic sound system.
N: Originally there was firm belief, that only three languages are worthy for worship and writing church books (Hebrew, Greek and Latin). The Pope, after the brothers presented the new alphabet, approved worship in the Slavic language, and ordered the books translated by the brothers to be placed in Roman churches and the liturgy to be performed in the Slavic language.
AND: Look carefully at these Cyrillic letters. Don't they remind you of letters you already know? (children's answers). Each letter in the ancient Slavic alphabet was special. They had a name. Listen to how the ancient alphabet sounds. (Reading individual letters). The names of the letters were supposed to remind people of words that should not be forgotten: “good”, “live”, “earth”, “people”, “peace”. Let these ancient letters now come to life with the help of our magical ABC.
Includes letters Az and Buki
Az . Hello children! Guess which letter I am? That's right, my name is "Az". Name the words that begin with me. Children call.
Beeches . Now guess what my name is? That's right, my name is "Buki". Remember how many good words start with my letter. Name them. Now call us in order.
N: Let's name them in order. The result was the word... "ABC". You, dear letters, have the great honor of standing at the beginning of our alphabet. This is what people say: “First “az” and “buki”, and then science.” The path of each of you into the world of knowledge begins with the basics. Guys, remember the proverbs about the benefits of learning. Children name proverbs. And another letter is rushing towards us. Introduce youreself!
AND: Let's continue our acquaintance with the Slavic alphabet.
Verb: Hello children! I am the letter "Verb".
AND: What is your beautiful name! What does it mean? What do you guys think? To verb means to speak. But before you speak, you need to think carefully. People used to say: “If you say a word, you won’t get it back, and you’d give a lot for a word, but you won’t be able to redeem it.” So you, dear “Verb”, need to listen to the riddle, think and give the correct answer:
Patch on patch,
And not a single stitch. (cabbage.)
N: Look, another letter is rushing towards us!
Good . Good afternoon, children! My name is "Good".
AND: What a good name you have! Kindness is the best character trait of a person.
8-10 reader (6th grade)
8 reader.
It's not easy to be kind,
Kindness does not depend on height,
Kindness does not depend on color,
Kindness is not a carrot, not a candy.
9 reader.
You just have to be very kind
So that in times of trouble we don’t forget each other.
And the peoples will live more friendly,
If we are kinder to you.
10 reader.
Kindness brings people joy
And in return it does not require a reward.
Kindness does not age over the years,
Kindness will warm you from the cold.
If kindness is like the sun shining,
Adults and children rejoice.
N: Meet us, a new letter is coming to us!
Myslete . Hello children! My name is "Myslete"
AND: What a wise letter has come to us!
Thinking. I brought you riddles. Guess them.
I sat on the fence, sang and shouted,
And when everyone gathered, he just kept quiet. (rooster).
One hundred and one brothers, all in one row
Standing tied together. (fence)
I rolled around until I became a sock. (clew)
Three brothers went swimming
Two are swimming, the third is lying on the shore.
We swam, went out, and hung on the third one. (buckets, rocker)
Four brothers are running -
They won’t catch up with each other: (wheels)
She was white and gray
A green, young one came. (winter spring)
Well done boys! All the riddles were solved.
N: According to established popular beliefs, Cyril and Methodius are two diamonds, two falcons, two pure lives. In the lives and words of praise it is said that the Thessaloniki brothers are “an eternal root who is honest and popular.” 44 sister letters look at you from this ancient scroll and invite you to further acquaintance.
11 reader to 16 (6th grade)
11 reader.
Letter to letter - there will be a word,
Word by word - the speech is ready.
And melodious and harmonious,
It sounds like music.
12 reader.
So let us praise these letters!
Let them come to the children
And let him be famous
Our Slavic alphabet!
13 reader.
We serve our Fatherland faithfully,
You are one of the sons.
Grow so that you are needed
Dear to your Motherland!
14 reader.
A reward awaits you for your work -
A beautiful goal in the distance
But you have to look around
On the path that we have passed.
15 reader.
Nothing is better, more beautiful
Dear thy Motherland!
Look back at our ancestors,
To the heroes of days gone by!
16 reader.
Remember them with kind words -
Glory to them, the stern fighters,
Glory to our side!
Glory to the Russian
old times.
AND: The Slavic alphabet existed unchanged in Rus' for more than seven centuries. Its creators tried to make each letter of the first Russian alphabet simple and clear, easy to write. They remembered that the letters should also be beautiful, so that a person, as soon as he saw them, immediately wanted to master writing. The alphabet of Cyril and Methodius amazes us with its simplicity and convenience.
N: Only in Peter's time, it was necessary to make changes to the alphabet.
A military man in a cocked hat enters the stage
Military: Gentlemen! The royal decree ordered to simplify the spelling and abolish the letters “yus small”, “yus big”, “xi”, “psi”, “zelo”, “omega”, which had become a burden in the Russian alphabet.
He removes the named letters from the stand, goes backstage, and then returns.
AND: In the second half of the 18th century, the Russian alphabet was replenished with new letters that were not in the Slavic alphabet.
Military: These are the letters Y and E.
Attach cards with these letters to the stand and leave
N: At the beginning of the twentieth century in Russia there was a need to simplify the alphabet and spelling. Such a reform was carried out in 1918.
A girl appears on stage leather jacket and in a red scarf.
Young woman: Comrades! By decree of the People's Commissar of Education, the letters “and decimal”, “yat”, “fita”, “Izhitsa”, and the letter “er” at the end of words are abolished
Approaches the stand, removes the outdated letters of the alphabet.
history of the holiday
AND: Even in old times, the Slavic peoples celebrated the memory of the holy brothers, however, later, the celebration was forgotten, under the influence of various historical and political circumstances. At the beginning of the nineteenth century there was a revival Slavic peoples, and at the same time the memory of the Slavic first teachers was renewed. And in 1863, a decree was adopted in Rus' to celebrate the memory of Saints Cyril and Methodius on May 11 (May 24, new style).
The idea of resuming a national, public celebration of the memory of Saints Cyril and Methodius and the Days of Slavic Literature and Culture in Russia was born in 1985.
N: The works of these great educators became the common property of all Slavs, laid the foundation for their moral and mental development. So great is the merit of the brothers Cyril and Methodius in the history of enlightenment and raising the general culture of the Slavic peoples.
Year after year, our cultures enriched and complemented each other; the linguistic community of the Slavic peoples was joined by a spiritual and cultural community that gave the world outstanding scientists, literary and artistic figures.
AND: In Russia, since 1991, state and public organizations, together with the Russian Orthodox Church, began to hold Days of Slavic Literature and Culture.
The celebration does not have a once and for all approved script. Typical events over the 30 years of the Days in Russia have been scientific symposiums or conferences dedicated to the problems of culture, civilization, the Slavic world, as well as concerts, meetings with writers and poets in parks, gardens, libraries, cultural centers and thematic shows feature films, and exhibitions, competitions and festivals.
N: Days of Slavic literature and culture also include divine liturgies, religious processions, and children's pilgrimage missions to Russian monasteries.
Today you and I have the opportunity to attend the holiday in absentia in the capital and hear part of the congratulatory speech of Patriarch Kirill.
Video “Congratulations to Patriarch Kirill, 2011” (06:20).
8th grade. Composition “I saw a celebration for the glory of language” (D. Kugultinov. Ode to the Bulgarian language.)
Teacher : Today is considered a holiday of Slavic writing and culture. All of us, Russians, Slavs, must remember our roots, promote our Russian culture, and honor traditions. Today the holiday is coming to an end, but I really hope that such meetings will become a tradition in our home school. Thanks everyone!
Methodological materials for holding Days of Slavic Literature and Culture
- I believe!: Method. recommendations for celebrating the days of the Slavs. culture and writing in the library: Reference information. program / Region wt. international b-ka. - Ekaterinburg, 1994. - 24 p.
- Library panorama: People. Events. Data. Experience. Ideas. Forecasts. / NB im. A.S. Pushkin Rep. Mordovia. - Saransk, 1998 - Issue. 3 (4). - 45 s.
- The verb is good!: For the Day of the Slavs. literature and culture: Scenario of Bibliography Day for youth / Bezhanitskaya Central Library; Method.-bibliographer. Department. - Refugees, 1999. - 11 p. - Bibliography: p. eleven.
- Glinskaya I.L. Thessalonica brothers Cyril and Methodius / I.L. Glinskaya // Culturology: Digest. - 1999. - S. 253-258
- Day of Slavic Literature and Culture: Methodology-bibliogr. materials to help the librarian / Sakhalin. region scientific b-ka, FOR, SNICKY; Comp. L.V. Podychan - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 1991. - 8 p.
- [Days of Slavic Literature and Culture] // Art. - 1997. - No. 18.
The entire issue is dedicated to the Slavs. culture. - Zhuravsky V. Gift of Cyril and Methodius / V. Zhuravsky // Echo of the Planet. - 1992. - No. 19/20. - P. 30-35.
- “And eternal light...”: Slavic enlighteners - Cyril and Methodius: Material for the Day of the Slavs. literature and culture / Pskov. region young man b-ka. - Pskov, 1999. - 4 p. - Bibliography: P.3.
- ...And they wrote with both lines and cuts...: Mag. runes of the Slavs: [Did the Slavs have writing before Cyril and Methodius] // Science and religion. - 1993. - No. 11. - P. 36-39.
- For the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture: Method. allowance / Komi rep. b-ka; Komi Rep. det. b-ka. - Syktyvkar, 1992. - 10 p.
- Klimov E.N. Bequeathed for centuries: (Recommendations for holding the Days of Slavic Literature and Culture) / Perm. cultural fund. People's Council festive culture, Perm. Slavs cult. center, Perm. state Institute of Arts and Culture. - Perm, 1994. - 17 p.
- Krogngauz M. Where did Slavic writing come from: [From the history of the activities of Slavic first teachers] / M. Krongauz // Russian language (First of September). - 1997. - No. 20. - P. 1-4.
- Lavrov A. “The Light of Book Understanding”: In 863, the brothers Cyril and Methodius created the Slavic alphabet / A. Lavrov // Library. 1993. - No. 10. - P. 60-61.
- Lyzhova L.K. Celebration of Slavic culture and writing: [Materials for oral journal] / OK. Lyzhova // Russian language at school. - 1995. - No. 2. - P. 65-71.
- Malaya N. Treasures of the green chest / N. Malaya // Education of schoolchildren. - 2001. - No. 2. - P. 64-68.
Every year on May 24, Slavic countries celebrate the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture. This holiday is associated with the names of the holy Equal-to-the-Apostles brothers Cyril and Methodius - Slavic educators, creators of the Slavic alphabet, preachers of Christianity, the first translators of liturgical books from Greek into Slavic.
Slavic writing arose on May 24, 863 in the city of Pliska, the then capital of Bulgaria, where the Solun brothers Cyril and Methodius announced the invention of the Slavic alphabet. It was they, the Bulgarian enlighteners Cyril and Methodius, who created the first Slavic alphabet, which we use to this day. The alphabet got its name from the name of the youngest of the brothers - the Cyrillic alphabet.
The history of the Cyrillic alphabet is connected with Orthodoxy. Using the created alphabet, the brothers translated the Holy Scriptures and a number of liturgical books from Greek.It is no coincidence that the life feat of Cyril and Methodius is equated with the apostolic one, calling them the “first teachers” of the Slavs. Equal-to-the-Apostles Cyril and Methodius were canonized in ancient times. The solemn celebration of the memory of Saints Cyril and Methodius was established in the Russian Church in 1863. Memorial Day of Cyril and Methodius - May 24, according to the new style, is now celebrated in Russia as a public holiday. The Day of Slavic Literature and Culture is the only church and state holiday in our country.
Saints Equal to the Apostles Cyril and Methodius
The siblings Cyril and Methodius came from a pious family that lived in the Greek city of Thessaloniki (in Macedonia). They were the children of the same governor, a Bulgarian Slav. Saint Methodius was the eldest of seven brothers, Saint Constantine (Cyril was his monastic name) the youngest.
Saint Methodius first served, like his father, in a military rank. The Tsar, having learned about him as a good warrior, appointed him as a governor in one Slavic principality of Slavinia, which was under the Greek power. Having served in the rank of governor for about 10 years and having experienced the vanity of life, Methodius began to renounce everything earthly and direct his thoughts to the heavenly. Leaving the province and all the pleasures of the world, he became a monk on Mount Olympus.
And his brother Saint Constantine, from his youth, showed brilliant success in both secular and religious-moral education. He studied with the young Emperor Michael from the best teachers in Constantinople, including Photius, the future Patriarch of Constantinople. Having received an excellent education, he perfectly comprehended all the sciences of his time and many languages; he especially diligently studied the works of St. Gregory the Theologian, for which he received the nickname Philosopher (wise). At the end of his studies, Saint Constantine accepted the rank of priest and was appointed keeper of the patriarchal library at the Church of Saint Sophia. But, neglecting all the benefits of his position, he retired to one of the monasteries near the Black Sea. Almost by force, he was returned to Constantinople and appointed a teacher of philosophy at the highest school of Constantinople. Then Cyril retired to his brother Methodius and for several years shared monastic exploits with him in a monastery on Olympus, where he first began to study the Slavic language. Soon the emperor summoned both holy brothers from the monastery and sent them to the Khazars to preach the gospel. On the way, they stopped for some time in the city of Korsun (the ancient Russian name for the city of Chersonesos), where Constantine learned the Hebrew and Samaritan languages. Here the holy brothers learned that the relics of the Hieromartyr Clement, Pope of Rome, were in the sea, and they miraculously found them. There, in Korsun, Saint Constantine found the Gospel and the Psalter, written in “Russian letters,” and a man speaking Russian, and began to learn from this man to read and speak his language. After this, the holy brothers went to the Khazars, where they won the debate with Jews and Muslims, preaching the Gospel teaching.
Soon, ambassadors from the Moravian prince Rostislav, oppressed by the German bishops, came to the emperor with a request to send teachers to Moravia who could preach in the native language of the Slavs. The emperor called Saint Constantine and told him: “You need to go there, because no one will do this better than you.” Saint Constantine, with fasting and prayer, began a new feat. With the help of his brother Saint Methodius and his disciples Gorazd, Clement, Savva, Naum and Angelar, he compiled the Slavic alphabet and translated into Slavic the books without which the Divine service could not be performed: the Gospel, the Psalter and selected services. Some chroniclers report that the first words written in the Slavic language were the words of the Apostle Evangelist John: “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was to God, and God was the Word”. This was in 863.
After completing the translation, the holy brothers went to Moravia, where they were received with great honor and began to teach Divine services in the Slavic language. This aroused the anger of the German bishops, who performed divine services in the Moravian churches on Latin, and they rebelled against the holy brothers and filed a complaint to Rome. In 867 St. Methodius and Constantine were summoned by Pope Nicholas I to Rome for trial to resolve this issue. Taking with them the relics of Saint Clement, Pope of Rome, Saints Constantine and Methodius went to Rome. When they arrived in Rome, Nicholas I was no longer alive; his successor Adrian II, having learned that they were carrying with them the relics of St. Clement, met them solemnly outside the city. The Pope approved the Divine Service in the Slavic language, and ordered the books translated by the brothers to be placed in Roman churches and the Liturgy to be celebrated in the Slavic language.
While in Rome, Saint Constantine, informed by the Lord in a miraculous vision of his approaching death, took the schema with the name Cyril. 50 days after accepting the schema, on February 14, 869, Equal-to-the-Apostles Cyril died at the age of 42. Before his death, he told his brother: “You and I, like a friendly pair of oxen, plowed the same furrow; I’m exhausted, but don’t think about leaving the work of teaching and retiring to your mountain again.” The Pope ordered the relics of St. Cyril to be placed in the Church of St. Clement, where miracles began to be performed from them.
After the death of Saint Cyril, the pope, following the request of the Slavic prince Kocel, sent Saint Methodius to Pannonia, ordaining him archbishop of Moravia and Pannonia, to the ancient throne of the holy Apostle Antrodin. At the same time, Methodius had to endure a lot of troubles from the missionaries, but he continued the Gospel preaching among the Slavs and baptized the Czech prince Borivoj and his wife Lyudmila (September 16), as well as one of the Polish princes.
In the last years of his life, Saint Methodius, with the help of two disciple-priests, translated the entire Old Testament into Slavic, except for the Maccabean books, as well as the Nomocanon (Rules of the Holy Fathers) and the patristic books (Paterikon).
The saint predicted the day of his death and died on April 6, 885 at the age of about 60 years. The funeral service for the saint was performed in three languages - Slavic, Greek and Latin; he was buried in the cathedral church of Velehrad, the capital of Moravia.
Equal-to-the-Apostles Cyril and Methodius were canonized in ancient times. In the Russian Orthodox Church, the memory of the Equal-to-the-Apostles enlighteners of the Slavs has been honored since the 11th century. The oldest services to saints that have survived to our time date back to the 13th century. The solemn celebration of the memory of the holy high priests Equal-to-the-Apostles Cyril and Methodius was established in the Russian Church in 1863.
After the death of the great brothers, their disciples suffered persecution. The Pope banned the study of the Slavic language. The cause of Cyril and Methodius, despite a persistent and lengthy struggle for many years, failed Western Slavs, but it firmly established itself in Bulgaria, and from there it was transferred to Serbia, Romania and Rus'. The students of Cyril and Methodius opened their own schools, and by the end of the 9th century, thousands of people were already reading and writing in Old Church Slavonic.
The Slavic alphabet existed unchanged in Rus' for more than seven centuries. Its creators tried to make each letter of the first alphabet simple and clear, easy to write. They understood that the letters must be beautiful so that a person, as soon as he sees them, immediately wants to master writing. The alphabet of Cyril and Methodius amazes us with its simplicity and convenience. In 1708, at the direction of Peter I, the alphabet was reformed for publications in the civil press; it was this version that formed the basis of the modern Russian font.
In the second half of the 18th century, the Russian alphabet was replenished with new letters that were not in the Slavic alphabet. At the beginning of the 20th century in Russia there was a need to simplify the alphabet and spelling. Such a reform was carried out in 1918.
Now our alphabet, compiled by Cyril and Methodius, is the simplest and most convenient. It contains the optimal number of letters – 33.
The spiritual feat of Saints Cyril and Methodius, Equal-to-the-Apostles, is attested in extensive hagiographic literature, in words of praise and religious hymns, in ancient church services and chants, on icons and in church paintings, in artistic prose, in poetry and in numerous scientific works.
Cyril and Methodius accomplished a great work; the Slavic alphabet can rightfully be called a world masterpiece of linguistic culture. The power of the deeds of Cyril and Methodius is great and immortal, like native language!
Kirill(in the world Constantine, nickname - Philosopher, born in 827 - died in 869, Rome) and Methodius(in the world Michael; born in 815 - died in 885, Moravia) - brothers from the city of Thessaloniki (Soluni), creators of the Old Church Slavonic alphabet, preachers of Christianity.
Orthodox Church ranked them among the saints equal to the apostles (“Slovenian teachers”), they are revered both in the West and in the East. IN scientific works are mentioned in exactly this order: Cyril and Methodius. As for the church, here at the level of liturgical use a different order of using the names of brothers has been adopted. Most likely, this is due to the fact that Methodius church hierarchy occupied a higher position (archbishop) compared to Cyril.
Origin
According to some sources, the birthplace of Cyril and Methodius was the city of Thessalonica. They were born into a wealthy family. It is known about their father, who bore the name Leo, that he was on military service under the governor (strategus of the theme) of the city of Thessalonica and came from a fairly wealthy family. There were 7 sons in his family, among whom Cyril was the eldest, and Methodius the youngest.
The Greek origin of Cyril and Methodius is the most common version of the origin of the future creators of the Slavic alphabet. In particular, the 19th century Slavic scholars Mikhail Pogodin and Hermengild Irechek substantiated this version by the fact that both brothers were fluent in the Slavic language in its local dialect. This theory is completely denied by modern scientists.
There is a completely opposite version of the origin of the saints. It is believed that the brothers were Bulgarians, since the later edition of Cyril’s Prologue Life states that Cyril was born a Bulgarian: "I come from the salt city". It was this mention that became a kind of stumbling block for Bulgarian scientists, who still zealously defend the Bulgarian version of the origin of famous Slavic preachers.
If we stick to the Greek origins of Cyril and Methodius, then it is necessary to dwell on the description of the city of Thessalonica in order to understand how the environment influenced their life choices.
The city was bilingual. On its territory lived both people using Greek language in everyday life, so did those who spoke Proto-Slavic, which was distinguished by the Solunsky dialect. The inhabitants of the city of Thessalonica belonged to different tribes, including the Draguvites, Sagudites and Smolyans. It was the latter who helped Cyril and Methodius create the version of the language known today as Church Slavonic.
Before becoming a monk, Methodius succeeded well in the military-administrative service. The help of the eunuch Theoctistus, the great logothete and friend of Methodius, allowed the future preacher to take the post of strategist of Slavinia (Macedonia).
Kirill was recognized as the most educated man of his time. Before his trip to Moravia, he was translating the Gospel into the Slavic language and completed the work of compiling the Slavic alphabet.
Years of study and teaching
Cyril studied geometry, philosophy, astronomy and languages in Constantinople. After graduating from Magnavra University, he was ordained a priest and began to serve in the Cathedral of St. Sophia as a chartophylax, which in literal translation meant “library keeper,” but in practice corresponded to the title of a modern academician.
He neglected his marriage to the logothetos' goddaughter, and soon left the post of chartophylax and preferred to move to Black Sea coast to one of the monasteries. For some time he lived as a hermit, but then was forced to return to Constantinople and take a position as a teacher of philosophy at the university where he himself studied.
It was from this time that the nickname Philosopher stuck to Kirill. He gained fame in the capital after he was able to successfully conduct a theological debate and defeat his opponent, Patriarch Annius, the leader of the iconoclast movement.
Then Cyril decided to get acquainted with the basics of Christianity; together with Metropolitan George of Nicomedia, he visited the palace of the Emir of Militene. Finally, in 856, Constantine, along with some of his students, went to the monastery where his brother Methodius was the abbot. There the idea was born - to create a Slavic alphabet. Most likely, Cyril decided to go to his brother because of the murder of his former patron, the logothete Theoktistus.
Khazar mission
In 860, Cyril, who at that time bore the name Constantine, went to the Khazar Khagan as a missionary. The main task of his mission is the adoption of Christianity by the Kaganate. Upon arrival in Korsun, Constantine began to prepare for polemics, and along the way he mastered the Hebrew language and the Samaritan script. In addition, he gained access to the so-called Russian letter. Some scientists mistakenly believe that in this case we are talking specifically about Russian writing. This approach is erroneous, since it is reasonable to consider these writings to be Syriac, that is, “Sura”. It was precisely at this time that the religious teaching associated with the Church of the East became widespread in Khazaria, so the Slavs living here could well have encountered Syriac writing.
Constantine, at the request of the Kagan himself, had to convince him of the correctness of the Christian religion. If Constantine’s arguments were convincing, the Kagan swore that he would accept Christianity. There are two versions of the development of further events.
First, Constantine entered into an argument with the imam and rabbi in the presence of the kagan. It is not entirely clear what faith the Kagan belonged to and what level of power he was at. Perhaps there was a supreme kagan or kagan-bek before Constantine, but in this case a change of faith was practically impossible, and only the Russian kagan could take this step. According to one version, it follows that Constantine won the dispute, but the Kagan refused to fulfill his promise.
The second is that it was not Constantine who won the argument, but the rabbi, who was able to take control of the situation and set the imam against Constantine, which allowed him to easily prove the correctness of the Jewish faith. This information was obtained thanks to Arabic sources and the collective work “The Letter of Joseph”.
Bulgarian mission
Today it is difficult to say that it was Cyril and Methodius who became the people with the help of whom the spread of Christianity began in Bulgaria. Quite a lot of scientists oppose this version, proving that the brothers were in Moravia when Khan Boris was baptized.
Some Bulgarian researchers continue to adhere to a different point of view and justify their persistence with surviving legends. It is known that at one time the sister of Khan Boris was a hostage in Constantinople. She was baptized with the name Theodora and given an upbringing in accordance with the spirit of Christianity.
Around 860, she returned to her homeland and made every effort to ensure that her brother Boris accepted Christianity. As a result, Boris was baptized under the name Mikhail. The choice of this name is associated with Michael, the son of the Byzantine empress Theodora, during whose reign the direct Christianization of the Bulgarian kingdom took place.
Just at this time, Methodius and his brother were on the territory of Bulgaria. They gave sermons, which contributed to the rapid establishment of Christianity. The popularization of religion led to the establishment of Christianity in neighboring Serbia, and in 863 Cyril, with the help of his brother and students, was able to compose Old Church Slavonic alphabet. In addition, they began to translate church services into Bulgarian. The fact that the Slavic alphabet was created by Cyril and Methodius is confirmed by legend "About writings" Bulgarian monk Chernorizets Khrabra, a contemporary of Tsar Simeon: “If you ask the Slavic literati, saying: “Who created the letters for you or translated the books,” then everyone knows and, answering, they say: Saint Constantine the Philosopher, named Cyril - he created the letters for us and translated the books, and Methodius, his brother. Because those who saw them are still alive. And if you ask at what time, they know and say that in the time of Michael, king of Greece, and Boris, prince of Bulgaria, and Rostislav, prince of Moravia, and Kocel, prince of Blaten, in the year from the creation of the whole world 6363.”
The time of the appearance of the Slavic alphabet can be attributed to 863, if we proceed from the Alexandrian chronology adopted at the time of the creation of the chronicler’s work. Although scientists are still arguing about the authorship of Constantine, since it is not entirely clear what exactly he invented - the Glagolitic or Cyrillic alphabet.
Moravian Mission
The Emperor of Byzantium received envoys from the Moravian prince Rostislav in 862, who asked for help in maintaining the faith of Christ. In particular, he asked to send teachers Christian faith capable of conducting services in the Slavic language. This request was not only heard, but also accepted with delight by both the emperor himself and the patriarch. As a result, the Solun brothers were selected for a trip to Moravia.
While in Moravia, Constantine and Methodius were not only engaged in conducting divine services in the Slavic language, but also taught literacy local population, which included residents of Carpathian Rus'. They continued to translate Greek church books into Slavic. They stayed in Moravia for 3 years, and then they were urgently sent to Rome.
The brothers were summoned by the Pope because Constantine and Methodius were accused of apostasy. They were accused of holding services in the Slavic language.
Up until the events described, the following postulate of faith was recognized: appeal to God can only be made in Latin, Greek and Hebrew. A similar interpretation arose due to the inscription on the Cross of the Lord, which was executed only in the 3 mentioned languages. Therefore, anyone who would like to change this state of affairs was immediately declared a heretic. However, the brothers managed to escape punishment.
This probably happened because Constantine handed over to the Roman Church the relics of St. Clement, which he received during his Chersonesos journey. Be that as it may, Adrian, the head catholic church, approved the right of the Slavs to use their language for worship.
last years of life
On February 14, 869 (old style), the preacher Cyril died in Rome, having previously adopted the schema and a new name. Only from this date is it legal to call him Kirill; before that he bore the name Konstantin, given to him at birth. He was buried in the Church of St. Clement.
The Pope made Methodius archbishop of Moravia and Pannonia. After this, he went with his disciples to Pannonia, a Slavic country that Cyril and Methodius visited during their trip to Rome. There they spent quite a lot of time teaching the Slavs how to worship in their native language and how to write books.
Soon Methodius returned to Moravia. During his absence, major changes occurred in the country associated with the rise of the Latin-German clergy. In 870, Prince Rostislav died in a Bavarian prison, overcome by Louis the German. As a result, the prince's nephew Svyatopolk, who was under the influence of the Germans, ascended the throne.
In Moravia, services in the Slavic language began to be prohibited, and the machinations of the German clergy even made it possible to exile Archbishop Methodius to the Reichenau monastery for 3 years. The Pope found out about this and forbade the German bishops to conduct the liturgy. Thanks to the participation of the Pope, Methodius was released. However, the ban affected the language of worship of the Slavs in the churches of Moravia: only sermons were allowed in the Slavic language.
Methodius, restored as an archbishop in 879, ignored the imposed decrees of the Pope and continued to conduct services in the forbidden language. He baptized Prince Borivoy and his wife Lyudmila in Slavic.
In the same year, German churchmen were able to again organize a trial against Methodius. But it didn't bring positive results, since the archbishop visited Rome and was able not only to justify himself, but also to receive a papal bull, which allowed services to be held in the Slavic language.
In 881, Methodius received an invitation to Constantinople from Emperor Basil I. Arriving in the capital of Byzantium, the archbishop and his students remained there for another 3 years. Then he returned to Moravia, where, with 3 disciples, he completed the translation of the Old Testament and patristic books into the Slavic language.
In 885, Methodius died after a serious illness. His death occurred on Palm Sunday, that is, on April 19. The archbishop's funeral service was held in 3 languages: Slavic, Greek and Latin.
Heritage
Scientists admit that Cyril and Methodius developed an alphabet based on the Slavic language, known as the Glagolitic alphabet. It is believed that the Cyrillic alphabet is the merit of Kliment Ohridski, a student of the brothers. When creating the alphabet, Clement relied on the Greek alphabet.
However, it should be noted that Clement mainly used the work of Cyril and Methodius, in which the sounds of the Slavic language were isolated. This version no one disputes. At the same time, this work is the cornerstone of the creation of a new writing system, and this makes it fundamental for the creation of the Slavic alphabet. Thanks to Kirill’s unique linguistic abilities, Slavic sounds were isolated quite scientifically.
At the same time, the possibility of the existence of Slavic writing long before Cyril and Methodius is controversial. As an argument in this case, they use a fragment from the life of Cyril, which mentions books written in “Russian”. But in the life of Cyril there are no hints that these books belong to Slavic writing.
“And the Philosopher found here (in Korsun) the Gospel and the Psalter, written in Russian letters, and he found a man speaking that speech. And he talked with him and understood the meaning of the language, correlating the differences between vowels and consonants with his language. And offering up prayer to God, he soon began to read and speak. And many were amazed at this, praising God.”
As an example, the zeal with which Kirill tried to comprehend new language, which confirms the non-Slavic roots of the language being studied. During the life of Cyril and Methodius, the Proto-Slavic language was a single whole and was perfectly understood by everyone who considered it their native language. And only in the 12th century did the division of the language into dialects begin.
Researchers for the most part are inclined to two versions of the interpretation of a fragment from the life of Cyril. First, the passage in question may have been written in Gothic. Secondly, the manuscript could well contain an error, when it should be read not in “Russian”, but in “Sursky”, which is tantamount to “Syrian”.
If we take into account Cyril’s study of the Hebrew language and writing in Samaritan at this time, then the second option is more likely. Metropolitan Macarius more than once emphasized that in the life itself it was repeatedly said about Cyril as the creator of Slavic writing.
Reverence
Russian Orthodoxy has established 2 dates for the memory of saints, associated with the days of their presentation. So, Kirill is revered on February 27 ( old style- February 14), and Methodius - April 19 (old style - April 6).
The Catholic Church has introduced a single day of remembrance for the brothers - February 14. Previously, the date of celebration was July 5th. In 1863, the Roman Church celebrated the “year of the Slavic jubilee,” and Pope John Paul dedicated his encyclical letter “Apostles of the Slavs” to Cyril and Methodius.
In 1863, the Holy Government Synod of Russia decided to celebrate the day of Saints Cyril and Methodius on May 11 (according to Julian calendar). It is unclear why this particular date was chosen.
On May 11, 1858, the day of remembrance for Cyril and Methodius was celebrated for the first time in Plovdiv within the framework of the Bulgarian Church. Perhaps there is some reason for choosing May 11th. In addition, in 1862, Ivan Dmitrievich Belyaev, a professor at Moscow University, wrote an article that spoke of the existence of a certain church document dated May 11 and defining the principles of painting the icons of Cyril and Methodius.
On May 11, 1872, despite the prohibition of the Patriarch, Exarch Anfim I performed a liturgy held in the Bulgarian church of Constantinople, at which the act of independence of the Bulgarian Church was proclaimed, that is, it became autocephalous. On this occasion, the Holy Synod expressed sincere regret, since there was a separation between the Greeks and the Bulgarians, which was the reason for the refusal to celebrate the 1000th anniversary of Cyril and Methodius by the Greek Church for political reasons.
A decree of the Holy Synod of 1855 established that May 11 should be considered a medium holiday with a vigil. Since 1901, the Synod has determined the celebration of May 11 on an annual basis in all churches and educational institutions related to the spiritual department. An all-night vigil and liturgy with prayer were provided. Students of religious institutions were exempted from classes, and in church schools a graduation ceremony was held on May 11.
In 1991, the holiday in honor of Cyril and Methodius became a national holiday in the following countries: Czech Republic, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Slovakia. In Russia and Bulgaria, the “Day of Slavic Culture and Literature” is celebrated on May 24. Macedonia also celebrates this holiday on May 24, but here it is already called “Day of Saints Cyril and Methodius.” In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, it is customary to honor Cyril and Methodius on July 5th.
The Slovak poet Jan Golly created a poem called “Cyril and Methodias”, and the lives of the saints were included in the “Khazar Dictionary” by Milorad Pavic. Bulgaria established the Order of Cyril and Methodius.
Disciples of Saints Cyril and Methodius
Day of Slavic Literature and Culture
The purpose of the lesson:
Reveal the meaning of the holiday: Day of Slavic Literature and Culture
Lesson objectives:
1. Instill in children a love of their native word, native language, and national history.
2.Introduce students to the origins of the creation of the Slavic alphabet.
3. To foster respect for the creators of the Cyrillic alphabet and national pride in the language.
Equipment:
Computer, presentation.
During the classes
Teacher's word:
Today we will talk about our history, about the emergence of Slavic writing. Every year on May 24, Russia celebrates the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture. A nation, people, and state cannot live without culture, literacy, and writing.
On May 24, the Slavic peoples - Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Bulgarians, Serbs, Czechs, Slovaks, Poles - celebrate a special holiday - “Day of Slavic Writing”.
Across broad Rus' - our mother -
The bells ring out.
Now the brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius
They are glorified for their labors
Remember Cyril and Methodius -
Glorious brothers, equal to the apostles
In Belarus, Macedonia,
In Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
The wise brothers are praised in Bulgaria,
In Ukraine, Croatia, Serbia.
All the peoples who write in Cyrillic,
What have been called Slavic since ancient times,
They glorify the feat of the first teachers,
Christian enlighteners.
Fair-haired and gray-eyed,
Everyone is bright in face and glorious in heart,
Drevlyans, Rusichi, glades,
Tell me, who are you?
WE ARE SLAVS!
Your article is all nice,
All different and all similar,
Now you are called Russians,
Since ancient times, who are you?
WE ARE SLAVS!
Writing is a real treasure that man has mastered.
So in ancient times, people exchanged information by sending each other various items. It turned out cumbersome and not particularly clear. When people realized that exchanging message objects was a troublesome task, they began to draw these objects.
(3, 4, 5, 6 slide. Cave drawings)
Such images were found on the walls of caves where ancient people once lived. These are the first steps of man towards the creation of writing. Gradually, people began to replace drawings with symbols.
(Slide 7. Rock symbols-letters)
Inscriptions were made on stones, rocks, and on boards. Of course, it was inconvenient to carry such “letters” over distances and these signs could be understood in different ways.
Time passed. Gradually, people moved from drawings to signs, which they began to call letters. This is how writing was born.
(slide 8. The emergence of writing)
(9, 10, 11, 12, 13 slide. Cyril and Methodius)
On the screen you see an image of two brothers in monastic robes. These are Cyril (in the world Constantine) and Methodius (in the world Michael). Who are Cyril and Methodius? (Report)
They were originally from the Macedonian city of Thessaloniki. Kirill studied theology and taught philosophy. He was called a philosopher, or in Russian a sage. Since childhood, he dreamed of writing books that would be understandable to the Slavs, and for this he had to come up with Slavic letters. This turned out to be a very difficult task and Kirill alone could not cope with it. His elder brother Methodius began to help him. They worked hard and the result was the alphabet. It had 38 letters. Some of them were taken from the Greek alphabet, and some were specially invented to convey the sounds of Slavic speech. This is how the Slavic peoples received their written language - the alphabet, which was called the Cyrillic alphabet in memory of its creator. This was in the 9th century.
More than 1110 years ago, the brothers Cyril and Methodius brought the light of writing and knowledge to the lands of the Slavs. This happened in 863.
The brothers were born in large family a military commander who served in Thessaloniki, a town on the border between Bulgaria and Greece. Methodius was 6 years older than his brother. Since childhood, the boys knew two languages: their native Greek and Slavic, since the population of the town consisted of half Greeks and half Slavs.
Constantine, thanks to his lively and quick mind, passion for learning and diligence, received an excellent education at the imperial court. Both brothers lived a spiritual life and did not attach much importance to wealth, fame, or career. The younger brother translated and wrote, creating the alphabet, in Slavic. The eldest published books, ran a school, wrote hymns and poetic sermons.
First, Constantine depicted sounds common to the Slavs and Greeks. He tried to record each unknown sound in a different way. If the signs seemed awkward to him, he replaced them. Each letter should be simple and clear—easy to write. After all, the Slavs will need a lot of books. And the simpler the letters are, the sooner you can rewrite the book. After all, people who will write will be inept, with hands unaccustomed to writing. The letters must also be beautiful, so that a person, as soon as he sees them, immediately wants to master writing.
In connection with the advent of Slavic writing, the churches where German priests preached began to empty, and the churches where Slavic speech was heard were full. The Germans could not put up with this and outlawed the brothers and their books. That’s when the brothers and their disciples had to go to Rome. In Rome, the pope himself came out to the brothers, accepted the Slavic books, and consecrated them.
Konstantin was not destined to return to his homeland. Having become seriously ill, he took monastic vows, received the name Kirill, and died a few hours later. He remained to live with this name in the blessed memory of his descendants. Dying, Kirill said to his brother: “Here, brother, you and I were a couple in the same harness and plowed the same furrow. And I fall on the field, finishing my day. Don’t you dare leave your teaching…”
Methodius, having buried his brother, returned to the Slavs, but due to a false denunciation he was imprisoned. For two and a half years the light dimmed for the one who himself brought light to people. With great difficulty, the disciples managed to achieve the release of Methodius. His educational and teaching activities continued until his very last days.
(14, 15, 16 slides. ABC. Glagolitic and Cyrillic)
Glagolitic and Cyrillic are the first Slavic alphabet. The name of the alphabet “Glagolitic” comes from the word VERB, which means “speech”. And “Cyrillic” is named after its creator. IN Ancient Rus' the Glagolitic alphabet was used to transmit church texts and existed for 3 centuries, and the Cyrillic alphabet was used in everyday writing. There are 43 letters in the Cyrillic alphabet, which later became the basis of the Russian alphabet.
(17, 18, 19, 20, 21 slides. First books)
In 988, a palace school of “book learning” was opened in Kyiv. A new center of book culture emerged, the school united Kievan Rus with European civilization.
Books in Rus' were very expensive. They were made on parchment: the skin of the sheep was soaked in lime, dried, then honey was rubbed in.
From the well, such blue depths
My Kitezh is growing, four walls,
Gilded ridge, lace shutters - apart...
The east is turning pink. Ros is illuminated.
Wooden fairy tale, lake peace,
Why do I need your shore, so lacy?
In the whimsical curves of patterned roofs?
Yes, a shepherd's horn? Yes, pipe reed?
Apparently, the archival memory began to hurt,
If there is nothing to regret in the concrete wilds -
So at least lure you from the depths,
From Cyrillic woven epic songs.
Wooden fairy tale, forgotten Ros,
You pierce my soul right through with an arrow.
And I don’t know why this is necessary,
Like water from a well, your old man...
(22, 23, 24 slide. Birch bark letters)
In Rus', another material for writing was used for a long time - birch bark. Signs were applied to birch bark using a bone rod.
Since the 10th century, literature based on the Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabet has been spreading in the Old Russian language. Most often these were church books, teachings, and scientific works.
(25, 26, 27, 28, 29 slide. First books and chroniclers)
(Slide 30. The first printing presses in Rus')
Over time, more convenient machines appeared, and with them the modern alphabet.
Good book, my companion, my friend,
Leisure time with you can be interesting.
You teach to be truthful and valiant,
To understand and love nature, people.
I cherish you, I take care of you.
I can't live without a good book.
(31, 32, 33 slide. ABC)
Appearance letters of the Slavic alphabet helps us see the world through the eyes of our ancestors. Each letter is individual, unique and has its own name: lead, people, beeches, az, earth.
The names of the letters were supposed to remind people of words that should not be forgotten: “good”, “live”, “earth”, “people”, “peace”.
"Az" and "Buki". The result is the word "ALC."
(Slide 34. Proverbs)
This is what people say: “First “az” and “beeches”, then science.” It is with the basics that the path of each of us into the world of knowledge begins.
Guys, listen to proverbs about the benefits of learning.
He who wants to know a lot needs little sleep.
Going into science means suffering.
The light stands by God's will, people live by science.
Without flour there is no science.
To think nothing means to become sour.
(Slide 35. Continue the proverb)
A total of 43 sister letters look at us from an ancient scroll. These names became the basis of the modern Russian language.
Russian language.
I love my native language!
It is clear to everyone
He is melodious
He, like the Russian people, has many faces,
As our power, mighty.
He is the language of the moon and planets,
Our satellites and rockets,
At the round table meeting
Speak it:
Unambiguous and direct
He is like the truth itself.
(36, 37 slide. Monuments to Cyril and Methodius)
In honor of the enlighteners Cyril and Methodius, a holiday was established - the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture. This holiday came to us from Bulgaria, where this tradition is already more than 100 years old. To this day, on the eve of the holiday, Bulgarians lay flowers at the monuments to Cyril and Methodius.
In our country, the holiday began to be celebrated in 1986. In 1992, sculptor V. Klykov created a monument to the Slavic enlighteners, Cyril and Methodius, which was installed in Moscow.
On May 24, all our people will celebrate the Holiday of Slavic Literature and Culture. On this day, a monument to Cyril and Methodius was unveiled on Slavyanskaya Square in Moscow. At the foot of this monument there is an Unquenchable Lamp - a sign of eternal memory. Since then, every year on May 24 we honor Cyril and Methodius.
It is a pity that we began to celebrate the Holiday of Slavic Literature very late, because in other Slavic countries this day has been celebrated a long time ago, publicly, very colorfully and truly festive.
(38, 39 slides. Saints Cyril and Methodius)
The Solun brothers Cyril and Methodius are the pride of the entire Slavic world. They said: doesn’t the sun shine for everyone, doesn’t it rain for everyone, doesn’t the earth feed everyone? All people are equal, all people are brothers, everyone is equal before the Lord, and everyone needs literacy. The Orthodox Church canonized the brothers Cyril and Methodius as saints.
In a narrow monastery cell,
In four blank walls,
About the land about ancient Russian
The story was written down by a monk.
He wrote in winter and summer,
Illuminated by dim light.
He wrote year after year
About our great people.
(N. Konchalovskaya)
And the Slavic alphabet, which was invented about two thousand years ago by the brothers Cyril and Methodius from the distant Greek town of Thessaloniki, helped to record and convey to us “the affairs of bygone days.”
(40 slide)
Two brothers, Cyril and Methodius,
We want to say thank you!
For the letters that we really need,
To teach us to read.
In the history of writing there are many interesting facts. Here are some of them.
The most big Book in the world– “Super Book”, measures 2.74 x 3.07 m, weighs 252.6 kg and contains 300 pages. It was published in Denver, Colorado, USA in 1976.
Smallest book ever sold, was printed on 1x1 meter paper. This is a children's fairy tale "Old King Cole", published in 1985 in Scotland. Its pages can be carefully turned with a needle.
The smallest book in the world– until recently it was “Kobzar” by T.G. Shevchenko is a miracle of the hands of a Ukrainian engineer, created using microtechnology. It is made in a single copy and consists of twelve pages of text and two illustrations. The pages are sewn together with dyed web, and you can turn them over with the pointed end of a hair. The cover is made of immortelle petal and decorated on both sides with gold stripes. Seven such publications easily fit on the end of a match, and the book can only be read with the help of a magnifying glass. It can easily be threaded through the eye of a needle or hidden in eyelashes. Later it turned out that this little book was not the limit for miniaturists. The Zhmerinsky craftsman created a volume of poems by A.S. Pushkin with a volume of only 0.0064 cubic meters. mm! A portrait of the poet is engraved on the cover of the book. If you look at the book with the naked eye, it looks like a speck of dust, because it is 15 times smaller than a poppy seed. If you look into the microscope, you can see a rather plump volume.
The most original autograph The writer belongs to Maxim Gorky. In the spring of 1937 Italian fishermen near Palermo caught a huge turtle weighing 100 kg. Their attention was attracted by the inscription written on the shell: “Released the turtle Torto on April 1, 1922. The turtle weighs 52 kg and is 90 cm long. Toto loves sardines very much. Maksim Gorky. Capri."
The first handwritten book in Rus'- “Chimes”. Started publishing in 1621. by order of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. The contents of the newspaper were considered a state secret, since it contained excerpts from foreign newspapers about various events in Europe. The Chimes were read only by the Tsar and his inner circle. The newspaper was published in a single copy.
The first printed newspaper in Rus'– “Vedomosti” began to be published by decree of Peter 1 and was intended for the mass reader.
The most ancient library peace is a collection of clay books from King Ashurbanipal of Nineveh (7th century BC).
The very first library in Rus' was created by Yaroslav the Wise in Kyiv in the St. Sophia Cathedral in 1037.
The largest library in the world– Library of Congress in Washington.
The largest library in Russia– Russian state library in Moscow.
