Participial and participial. Participial and participial phrases as syntactic constructions

Participle - inconjugated form of the verb. Denotes a sign of an object that occurs in time, as an action that the object produces, or as an action to which it is subjected by another object ( summoner - summoned).

Communion combines signs of verb and adjective. Like the shape verb The participle has the grammatical meaning of the verb:

transitivity and intransitivity of action

control

compatibility with adverb.

How adjective, participle:

denotes an attribute of an object

varies by gender, number and case

when declined, it has the same system of case endings as the adjective

acts as a sentence in a sentence definitions and predicate.

Participle- an unconjugated form of a verb that combines grammatical properties verbs and adverbs. Signs verb:

control

ability to be defined by an adverb

The gerunds do not have a passive voice. Like adverbs, the gerunds do not change: they do not agree, they are not controlled, but they adjoin.

Most often, gerunds adjoin to the predicate-verb and are circumstance. In this case, they do not allow replacement by the conjugated form of the verb. They can denote an additional action accompanying the action expressed by the predicate. In this case the gerund is minor predicate and replacement with a conjugated form of the verb is possible. Less commonly, the gerund adjoins nominal predicate expressed by a short passive participle, short adjective or noun.

May also apply to other members of the sentence:

addition (maintaining silence)

definition-participle (sleeping leaning on his elbow)

adverbial adverbial participle (drinking without wincing)

The use of gerunds is possible only provided that the actions belonging to the gerund and the predicate belong to the same person ( Having finished her homework, the girl went for a walk).

Formation of participles. Active participles can be formed from transitive and intransitive verbs, and passive participles - only from transitive ones. Passive participles of the present tense are not formed from the verbs bake, reap, shave, weed, etc. Participles of the present tense, active and passive, are formed from imperfective verbs and are not formed from perfective verbs that do not have present tense forms. Passive past participles, as a rule, are formed from verbs only of the perfect form. Thus, only active past participles can be formed from perfective intransitive verbs, for example: jumped, stood and so on.

Present participles, active and passive, are formed from the base of the present tense of the verb through suffixes -ush- (-yush-), -ash- (-box-)- for active participles and suffixes -eat, -im-- for passive participles.

The past participles, active and passive, are formed from the stem indeterminate form(or past tense) through suffixes -vsh- And -sh- for active participles and - nn; -enn-, -t--for passive participles.

Stylistic character of participles.

The participle is the most important means of designating the characteristics of objects in the form of an agreed upon definition. The participle not only figuratively characterizes an object, but represents its characteristic in dynamics. At the same time, it “compresses” information.

In modern Russian, participles are widely used in scientific style. Fine the function of participles is most clearly manifested when they are used as definitions : He saw her inflamed, sometimes perplexed and suffering, sometimes smiling and calming his face (L.T.). But predicates expressed by participles can also give special expressiveness artistic speech: And the wind poured into the round window like a damp stream - it seemed as if the sky was burned by a red-smoky dawn (Ahm.).

Participles that have received a metaphorical meaning usually become linguistic tropes: screaming contradictions, unfading glory.

The scope of wide figurative use of adjectival participles - journalistic style. Here, the expressive function is played by participles, meaning an extremely high degree of manifestation of the intensity of the action: blatant lawlessness, massive blow.

The aesthetic assessment of participles is influenced by the negative attitude of writers towards dissonant suffixes -shi, -lice, -ush-, -yush-. The writer either completely abandons dissonant verb forms, shortening the text, or replaces them with others that do not have “hissing” suffixes.

In common parlance, the postfix -xia is omitted for participles formed from reflexive verbs: "unbreakable dishes", instead of unbreakable.

Replacing a passive participle with an active one, formed from a reflexive verb, can lead to a distortion of the meaning as a result of changes in the shades of voice meanings: Parcels sent to Moscow by plane arrive there on the same day (the passive participle is superimposed on the general return).

The formation of verbal forms with -but, -to from intransitive verbs: start - started, arrive - received.

Participles in modern Russian by stylistic coloring fall into two diametrically opposed groups:

book forms with suffixes -а, -я, -в: breathing, knowing, saying

colloquial with the suffixes - lice, -shi: having said, having come.

In the literary language of the past and the beginning of this century, the use of gerunds in - lice, - shi was stylistically unlimited. Nowadays they are used as a stylistic means to express vernacular language. But it would be wrong to say that absolutely all participles in -lice, -shi are stylistically marked. Reflexive verbs form neutral gerunds: blushing, crying, staying, smiling. Those few gerundial participles of irreflexive verbs that cannot be formed without -shi are also stylistically neutral: grown up, lay down, spread out, kindled.

Participles, which stand out sharply for their stylistic coloring, nowadays attract the attention of word artists who highly value common verbs in -a, -i, -v. It is worth putting such participles into action - and the picture will immediately come to life.

Participles that figuratively depict an action often serve as tropes.

In the Russian language there are many unproductive verbs from which gerunds cannot be formed: go, knit, smear, protect, burn and etc.

Dictionary of grammatical difficulties of the Russian language

Tatiana Efremova, Vitaly Kostomarov

Communion combines signs of verb and adjective. Like the shape verb The participle has the grammatical meaning of the verb:

transitivity and intransitivity of action
pledge
time
control
compatibility with adverb.

How adjective, participle:

denotes an attribute of an object
varies by gender, number and case
when declined, it has the same system of case endings as the adjective
acts as a sentence in a sentence definitions and predicate.

Participle- an unconjugated form of a verb that combines grammatical properties verbs and adverbs. Signs verb:

control
ability to be defined by an adverb

The gerunds do not have a passive voice. Like adverbs, the gerunds do not change: they do not agree, they are not controlled, but they adjoin.

Most often, gerunds adjoin to the predicate-verb and are circumstance. In this case, they do not allow replacement by the conjugated form of the verb. They can denote an additional action accompanying the action expressed by the predicate. In this case the gerund is minor predicate and replacement with a conjugated form of the verb is possible. Less commonly, the gerund adjoins nominal predicate , expressed by a short passive participle, short adjective or noun.

May also apply to other members of the sentence:

addition (maintaining silence)
definition-participle (sleeping leaning on his elbow)
adverbial adverbial participle (drinking without wincing)

The use of gerunds is possible only provided that the actions belonging to the gerund and the predicate belong to the same person ( Having finished her homework, the girl went for a walk).

Past participles, active and passive, are formed from the stem of the indefinite form (or past tense) by means of suffixes -vsh- and -sh- for active participles and - nn; -enn-, -t--for passive participles.

Stylistic character of participles.

In modern Russian, participles are widely used in scientific style. Fine the function of participles is most clearly manifested when they are used as definitions : He saw her inflamed, sometimes perplexed and suffering, sometimes smiling and calming his face (L.T.). But predicates expressed by participles can also add special expressiveness to artistic speech: And the wind poured into the round window like a damp stream - it seemed as if the sky was burned by a red-smoky dawn (Ahm.).

Participles that have received a metaphorical meaning usually become linguistic tropes: screaming contradictions, unfading glory.

In common parlance, the postfix -xia is omitted for participles formed from reflexive verbs: "unbreakable dishes", instead of unbreakable.

The formation of verbal forms in -no, -to from intransitive verbs is perceived as a violation of the literary norm: start - started, arrive - received.

Participles in modern Russian by stylistic coloring fall into two diametrically opposed groups:

book forms with suffixes -а, -я, -в: breathing, knowing, saying
colloquial with the suffixes - lice, -shi: having said, having come.

In the literary language of the past and the beginning of this century, the use of gerunds in - lice, - shi was stylistically unlimited. Nowadays they are used as stylistic device to express vernacular language. But it would be wrong to say that absolutely all participles in -lice, -shi are stylistically marked. Reflexive verbs form neutral gerunds: blushing, crying, staying, smiling. Those few gerundial participles of irreflexive verbs that cannot be formed without -shi are also stylistically neutral: grown up, lay down, spread out, kindled.

Participles that figuratively depict an action often serve as tropes.

In the Russian language there are many unproductive verbs from which gerunds cannot be formed: go, knit, smear, protect, burn and etc.

So what is it? How to distinguish it from a participant? What punctuation marks make it stand out in the letter? What questions does it answer? What difficulties may arise when using it in speech? These and other questions will be discussed in this article.

The participial phrase, like the participle, is an independent member of the sentence. He is gerunds and related dependent words. Answers gerund questions: doing what? what did you do? and denotes an additional action of an object/person performing the main action (it is usually determined by the predicate). In the sentence he is separate member, or rather, a separate circumstance.

The dot-dash (dash-dot) is emphasized. You can also ask him questions about the circumstances:

how?
When?
for what purpose?
Why?

They can be given both from the predicate and, in some cases, from the participle or participial phrase.

Examples

Commas when using participial phrases in a sentence

The participial phrase, in contrast to the participle, always separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in relation to the main word - the verb from which the question is asked. In order to correctly highlight this syntactic construction with punctuation marks, you need to be able to find it in the text and clearly define its boundaries. The participle phrase includes all dependent words related to a given participle.

For example, in the sentence “The opponent, who was ahead of me at the start, soon fell behind,” it is the expression “ahead of me at the start,” and not just “ahead of me.” Since the words “at the start” are also dependent on the gerund, and not on the predicate. This means that they are part of the turnover.

When it comes at the beginning of a sentence, then separated by a comma on one side only- after it, and if located at the end, then, on the contrary, a comma is placed only before it, and at the end - a sign of the end of the sentence.

Exceptions are the participial phrases included in phraseology. When a phrase is part or a whole phraseological unit, commas are not placed with it. An example of such a sentence: the mother listened to her with bated breath. Also, this rule on the placement of commas does not include those cases when several participial phrases are homogeneous and connected by the conjunction “and”. Then there are no commas with them. With punctuation marks, everything is extremely clear here, but errors associated with the incorrect use of participial phrases are often encountered.

Constructing a sentence with an adverbial clause. Possible mistakes

The first and most basic rule has already been mentioned above, it states that the additional action must be performed by the same object as the main action. For example, you cannot say “As we approached the house, a strange growling and howling was heard from behind the door.” After all, the subjects here are growls and howls, they were heard, that is, they performed the main action. But they couldn’t approach the house; some other person did it.

Thus, this sentence can be rearranged into a more grammatically correct complex sentence: “When I/he/she approached the house, there was a strange growling and howling coming from behind the door.”

You also need to be careful when using the participial phrase in impersonal and indefinitely personal sentences, that is, sentences that do not contain a subject at all. The predicate in the first case can be expressed by an infinitive, and in the second - by a third-person verb. An example of such an error is the following syntactic construction: “After graduating from school, graduates were assigned to work at a factory.” It is constructed incorrectly, since the gerund implies an action performed by the graduates themselves: they graduated from school, and the verb (predicate) denotes an action performed by someone else who distributed these graduates.

In an impersonal sentence, the adverbial phrase can be included as follows: “You can look at their beautiful faces for hours without taking your eyes off.” In this case, all grammatical norms will be observed, since the person performing both the main and secondary actions is absent. You can also use it in definite personal sentences, that is, those that contain a subject expressed by a personal pronoun of the first or second person (I, we, you, you). For example, “I need to do this job as quickly as possible, using all possible materials.”

These are the main mistakes in coordinating the participial phrase with the basis of the sentence. They can appear quite often in our speech, since we sometimes do not give it due importance. But in vain, because inaccurate use of participial phrases leads to a violation of the semantic load of the sentence.

Participle is a hybrid verbal-adjective form, which in tradition is considered as a special verbal form. Participles connect the attributes of a verb and an adjective, expressing the meaning of a procedural attribute of an object. Verbal features of participles: 1) the nature of verbal control is preserved (for example: dreaming of freedom - dreaming of freedom);

2) the form of the corresponding verb is preserved;
3) the participle has two voice forms (in accordance with the two-voice concept) - active and passive voice (for example: permitted - active voice, permitted - passive voice);
4) the participle has two tense forms - present (loving, beloved) and past (loving) tense.

All verbal features of participles are constant, variable features are the features of an adjective: gender, number, case, full or short (for passive participles) form and the corresponding inflection in the sentence - predicate or attribute. Present participles are formed from the verb stem of the present tense using the suffixes -уш-/-ушь, -аш/-яж- - real participles, suffixes -ем-, -ом-, -им- - passive participles. Past participles are formed from a stem with an infinitive stem. In this case, to form active participles, the suffixes -vsh- are used if the stem ends in a vowel (for example: hear-t - heard) or -sh- if the stem ends in a consonant (for example: brought-ti - brought-shiy). When forming passive past participles, the suffixes -nn- are added to the verb stem if the stem ends in a vowel, except for /i/ (for example: vesha-t - hanged), -enn if the stem ends in a consonant or /i/, and in the latter case /and/ drops out (for example: shoot-t - shot, bring-ti - brought), -t- - to form participles from some verbs of unproductive classes with stems on i-, ы-, o -, as well as from verbs of the IV productive class (for example: sew-t - sewn, wash - washed, stabbed - stabbed, turn - turned). Initial form a participle, like an adjective, is Nominative case singular male.

A common feature of the use of participles is that they belong to bookish speech. This is explained by the history of participles.

The main categories of participles relate to the elements literary language, borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic language, which affects a number of their phonetic features, for example, the presence of у in present participles: current, burning, which correspond to the adjectives flowing, hot, which are Old Russian participles in origin, as well as the presence of a number of participles before solid consonant under the stress e, while in the verbs from which they are formed, under the same conditions there is e (o): he came, but came, invented, but invented, blossomed, but blossomed. The connection of participles with the Old Church Slavonic language in the 18th century. noted by Lomonosov, who in his “Russian Grammar” explains about several categories of participles that they are used only from Slavic verbs and are unacceptable from Russians. Thus, he writes: “The active voice of the tense of the present participle ending in -schy is derived from verbs Slavic origin: crowning, writing, nourishing; but very indecent from ordinary Russians, who are unknown among the Slavs: speaking, slurping.”

He notes the same regarding the passive participles of the present tense “From Russian verbs, which were not used by the Slavs, produced, for example: touched, rocked, soiled, are very wild and unbearable to the ear,” and regarding the past participles active voice: “... for example, blurted out, blurted out, dived, dived, very disgusting.” At the same time, Lomonosov also notes the greater relevance of participles for high styles of speech, pointing out that they “are more appropriately used in rhetorical and poetic works than in simple calm, or in common speech.”

At present, more than two centuries after Lomonosov, there are no restrictions in the formation of participles from purely Russian verbs, alien to the Old Church Slavonic language. And the examples of unacceptable participles demonstrated by Lomonosov do not create the impression of an insult to the linguistic sense, which he speaks about with such categoricalness, and are quite acceptable. The main categories of full participles are productive and are easily formed from any verbs, including new formations (vernalized, vernalized, vernalized). The least common passive participles of the present tense, but in some types of verbs they are also productive (clogged, formed, stored) and unproductive only with the suffix -om- (carried, driven, sought).

But even now, firstly, participles are part of the literary language (they are practically absent in dialects); secondly, they are almost never found in colloquial speech.

Standing apart are the short participles of the past tense of the passive voice (written, brought, poured), which are widely used in everyday speech and used in dialects. On the contrary, for different styles book speech full participles represent one of the essential funds, which is used extremely widely. This is due to the fact that participles contribute to the conciseness of speech, making it possible to replace subordinate clauses.

Similar to participles, gerunds are traditionally considered as a special verbal form that combines the characteristics of a verb and an adverb, i.e. denoting a procedural feature of an action, characterized by immutability, preserving verbal control, verbal aspect, collateral properties of the verb, adjacent to the verb or participle and acting in the sentence as a circumstance.

It was from two categories of participles - short active present and past tenses - that Russian gerunds developed and took shape. The point here is that short participles in the Old Russian language could be used initially both as a nominal part of the predicate and as definitions. However, it is not difficult to understand that participles were more closely associated with the verb, and therefore their use as modifiers was lost. Conditions have emerged for the extinction of forms of oblique cases. Thus, only one form of the former short participles remains in the Russian language - old im. pad. units h.m. and wed. kind in the present tense on ["а] (-я), in the past - on [ъ], [въ] (or after the fall of the reduced ones - a form equal to the pure base, or a form on [в], like after reading).

This participial form has lost all those features that brought it closer to the adjective, and first of all, it has lost the ability to agree with the subject in number and gender. It is precisely that in the monuments of the Old Russian language facts of violation of the agreement of participles with the subject begin to appear (for example, in the afterword to the Suzdal Chronicle of 1377, you read correcting instead of correcting, i.e. singular instead of the ancient plural), precisely this and indicates the transformation of the former participle into a gerund - an unchangeable verbal form that acts as a secondary predicate.

The specific properties of adverbial participles receive morphological expression in adverbial suffixes. Imperfect participles are formed from the stem of the present tense using the suffix -a, -ya, for example: to ring - ring"-ya, to think - duma"-ya. Perfect participles are formed from the infinitive stem of perfective verbs using the suffixes -v, -louse, -shi, for example: send - send-in, bring - brought-shi, smile - smile-louse-s. In modern Russian language the process of differentiation participial suffixes depending on the verb aspect has not yet been completed, therefore forms of perfective participles are possible, formed according to the model of imperfective participles, i.e. from the base of the future simple tense using the suffix -я (to leave - having left, to bring - having brought, etc.). Imperfect participles are not formed from verbs with a stem:

1. On the back tongue (oven - bake, impossible: *baking);
2. From only consonants (gn-ut, impossible: *gnya);
3. The present tense is a sibilant, alternating at the base of the infinitive with a sibilant (piš-ut - pisa, impossible: *pisha);
4. With the base of the infinitive on - well- in verbs of the unproductive class (perish, impossible: * perish);

Like the participle, the gerund is common in book speech and is not typical for everyday colloquial speech. The participle, denoting an additional action that characterizes another action, is primarily used to relegate one of the actions to the background compared to the other. In this respect, a verb with its associated gerund is opposed to two verbs. So: Stood at the window, reading the letter indicates that the main thing is standing, and reading details this state by indicating the activity that accompanies it, while Stood at the window and read the letter represents both verbs as equal and independent. The use of the gerund makes it possible to establish another relationship between these verbs: Standing at the window, I read the letter, where in the foreground it turns out to be reading, and by the addition, indicating the position in which the reading took place, standing. This ability to give a combination of equal verbs, on the one hand, and establish a perspective between them, highlighting the main and secondary, on the other hand, serves as a convenient means for expressing various relationships between several actions and states. Let's compare: He told and laughed - He told, laughing - While telling, he laughed; They ran across and shot - They ran across, shooting - They ran across and shot. In many cases, gerunds cannot be replaced by a verb at all. This happens when they acquire adverbial meaning, for example: Grandma leans gloomily against the lintel and sighs, lowering her eyes to the floor (= with downcast eyes); He [the grandfather] stands with his head raised (= with his head up); I, too, was ready to cry, feeling sorry for my garden, hut (= out of pity).

The relationships expressed by gerunds are very diverse. When using gerunds, you should not lose sight of which person owns the actions denoted by the gerund and the verb. There are significant limitations in this regard. It is precisely the condition for the generally accepted use of gerunds in the Russian language that the actions denoted by the gerund be performed by the same person who owns the action denoted by the predicate verb. This finds its place in personal sentences, in which the gerund and verb indicate the action of the subject: Talking about it , I would like to remind you. Such turns occur in works of art and in scientific speech.

A gerund may be subordinated to an infinitive, provided that the actions denoted by the gerund and the infinitive belong to the same person.

Errors in the use of gerunds are their use depending on the verb when the gerund and verb represent actions different persons, For example: Entering the room , mother stood at the window. Here entering is the action of the speaker (= when I entered the room), and the mother was standing. The inadmissibility of such phrases, in addition to the fact that they are not accepted in the Russian language, is also explained by the fact that they lead to ambiguity due to the possibility of attributing the action denoted by the gerund to the person who is the subject of the sentence: for example, if we were to phrase: When I returned home, my grandmother fed me lunch. replaced by a construction with a gerund: returning home , grandma fed me lunch, it would give the impression that grandma had returned home.

Errors of this kind are quite common in student work, for example: One evening, while sitting at home, a man came into our room. stranger; After working for three months, my father was transferred to Penza; After studying at school for four years, I had a desire to study further; The doors were closed tightly, fearing that sounds from the street would not reach the lady’s ears.

Finally, there are cases when a gerund after a verb denotes a subsequent action; In this case, two groups of examples can be outlined:

a) the gerund denotes the consequence of the action expressed by the verb: The harpsichord rang slowly,filling the air with sad trembling bliss (= rang and filled); This small, skinny chick from last bit of strength dragged himtorn between him and Kolesnikov ... (= dragged him and as a result was torn between them). They literally pierced my leg right through,leaving a sieve of bloody mess (= flashed and left).
b) a gerund denotes an action that does not necessarily follow from the action of the verb, but usually quickly follows it: and then it rustled,lovingly lashing calves , resigned living grass (= rustled and whipped); He threw the cigarette on the groundtrampling her with two kicks (= threw it and then trampled it). Such shades of tense in gerunds have been developing in the Russian language relatively recently and, in all likelihood, this occurs under the influence of word order, since perfective verbs denote actions occurring at different times, following one after another in the order in which the verbs are arranged ( He took out a book, read it, passed it on to his neighbor).

A number of gerunds are close in meaning to adverbs formed from participles: begging - beseechingly; threatening - threateningly; exciting - exciting.

Adverbs such as exciting, dazzling, in combination with adjectives express a qualitative characteristic and indicate a high degree of quality: Tchaikovsky’s melodies are excitingly beautiful; The fountains filled with lights are blindingly bright and multicolored.

The difference between an additional action and a circumstance is also observed in cases where a gerund participle turns into an adverb, and as a result, along with the gerund participle, there is an adverb formed from the gerund participle. This includes several different categories. Firstly, individual cases when the gerund, used without explanatory words, turns into an adverb: The artist painted while standing, here standing does not denote the second action, but only details the meaning of the verb drew, indicating the position in which the drawing took place; on the contrary, in the phrase: The artist painted while standing at the easel: standing denotes the second action, subordinate to the first. Also: The boy writes while sitting and the Boy writes while sitting at his desk. Secondly, this includes a number of idiomatic expressions: with folded arms, sticking out tongue, carelessly, a little later, headlong, headlong . Don't sit back means only: “Don’t sit idle”, nothing is said here about the position of the hands, but don't sit with your hands folded already indicates that the hands are indeed folded and that this position of the hands should be changed. Also: run with your tongue out (quickly) and run with your tongue out (with tongue hanging out); work carelessly (casually) and work, Sleeves down (with sleeves down). Idioms of this kind have a colloquial tone. Thirdly, along with gerunds there are adverbs in -yuchi, -uchi: playfully, happily, skillfully, sneaking: he effortlessly carried heavy bales(easy, effortless); lives happily ever after(no worries) and dancedhumming some tune in a low voice . Such adverbs are colloquial and folklore in nature. Single gerund participles should be distinguished from such adverbs in -uchi: the common literary being and the colloquial iduchi, going.

Finally, it should be mentioned that some groups of gerunds have two morphological formations with the same meaning.

So, firstly, perfective participles with a base on a vowel sound can have the suffix -v and -lice. They are shorter and more euphonious. But it should be borne in mind that verbs with a consonant as a base have one form: having brought, brought, entered; the same for all reflexive verbs: bending over, laughing, wrapping up. Secondly, along with forms that have the suffixes -v, - lice, a number of perfective verbs have gerunds with the suffix -a, -ya.

A participial phrase is a participle with dependent words. A participle is a part of speech that combines the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. It can be found using schematic clue words: doing-done (for active participles), done-done (for passive participles).

If the participial phrase is before the main word, it is not highlighted in the text with commas; if after it, it is highlighted:

Waiting for luggage passengers crowded around the transporter.

Passengers, waiting for luggage, crowded around the conveyor.

Both the participle and the participle phrase as a whole in a sentence always serve as a definition.

The participle answers the questions: What are you doing? or Having done what? Both a single gerund and a participial phrase are separated in writing by commas and are circumstances.

Exceptions are cases when the gerund becomes an adverb, then in the syntactic structure it is considered precisely as an adverb.

In Russian syntax participial is a participle with dependent words. In a sentence, as a rule, it is an integral syntactic structure, that is, it is not divided into parts, and serves as a definition.

Wolves avoid roads laid by man.

Participial phrase standing after the word being defined is always isolated.

But there are cases of highlighting this phrase even when it is far from the word being defined, for example:

Across the sky driven by the wind, ran ragged, gloomy clouds.

If the participial phrase has adverbial meaning causes or concessions, even if it is before the defined noun, it is separated by commas, for example:

Frightened by the crackle of firecrackers, the puppy hid under the bench.

Tired of exam anxiety, the boy quickly fell asleep.

Participial turnover constitutes the gerund itself surrounded by dependent words.

Noisy and playing on the rifts, the river carried its waters.

This phrase is always highlighted in a sentence, except for some special cases, for example, if the adverbial phrase is a homogeneous adverb along with an adverb and there is a conjunction between them And:

He said lazy And slightly stretching out the words.

In order to understand the phrases, you need to remember what a participle and a gerund are.

The participle denotes the attribute of the subject, and the gerund denotes the attribute of the verb.

The participle answers the question: Which? which?, and the gerund: what to do, what to do?

A participial phrase is a participle with dependent words.

Accordingly, a participle with dependent words is called a participle phrase.

The participial phrase in a sentence in most cases appears in the form of a definition.

Examples of participles: looking, considering, thinking, dreaming, etc.

Example of a participial phrase: Young woman, sitting by the fire, looked attractive.

Sitting by the fire - this is a participial phrase.

Since it is in the middle of the sentence, it must be separated by commas on both sides.

If the participial phrase is at the beginning of the sentence, then there is no need to separate it with a comma.

If at the end, then a comma is placed before the turn.

For example: The girl wearing a red coat looked stunning.

The girl looked stunning wearing a red coat.

Examples of participles: learning, reading, unlocking, reading.

The participial phrase is always separated by a comma.

Yes, from a point of view parsing sentences, the participial phrase always performs the function of definition (because it answers the question Which/which/which/which? and is a sign).

For example:

child playing in the garden - child (what?) playing
strong wind dispersing clouds - wind (what?) dispersing

While the participial phrase will appear in the sentence in the syntactic role of an adverbial adverbial and answer the question how?:

the wind intensified, dispersing the clouds - intensified (how?) dispersing = circumstance of the course of action
playing calmly in the garden, the child was left without the attention of adults

A participle phrase is a participle with dependent words and a participial phrase is a participle with dependent words!

Participial phrase: I saw a cat lapping from a bowl.

He listened to the music coming from the receiver.

Participial phrase: I looked at rising Sun without taking his eyes off.

The goose, seeing the children, flew away.

A participle phrase is nothing more than a participle with dependent words. In a sentence it acts as a modifier because it defines a noun. It is separated by commas if it comes after the noun being defined.

A participial phrase is a participle with dependent words. In a sentence it acts as a circumstance and is always separated by commas.

In Russian, a participle phrase is usually called a participle with a dependent word.

The participial phrase is separated by commas if it appears in the sentence after the noun, the attribute of which it denotes. If it comes before a noun, it is not separated by commas.

Grandfather, who came to us, was very ill.

Grandfather came to us and went to rest.

We call the attribute of a verb a participle, and a participial phrase is a gerund coupled with a word dependent on it. In sentences, the participial phrase is always separated by commas, no matter where it is found.

Having described a circle, the paper airplane crashed behind a woodpile..

Mother walked through the door, taking off her gloves as she walked..

The participle phrase is a participle with dependent words and answers the questions: how? When? Why? for what purpose? how?. For example: Bees flying out of the hive hover over the flowering willows, collecting golden pollen. In this sentence, the adverbial phrase is separated by commas. And the participial phrase is a participle with dependent words, that is, verb + adjective. The participle answers the questions: which one? which? which? which? what is he doing? what did he do? For example: flying, crazy.

A participial phrase is a participle together with dependent words. The participial phrase is always a definition in a sentence, since it determines the noun that comes before or after it. The participial phrase is set off with commas only if it comes after the noun being defined, but if before, it is not set off with commas.

For example:

There was a boy standing on the shore waiting for the ship.

An adverbial phrase is a participle together with dependent words. The participial phrase in the sentence acts as an adverbial circumstance. Always separated by commas.

For example:

Masha walked home, singing the song.

To remember the rules and practice distinguishing one from the other, there are many tests both for home use and online. I bring to your attention a few:

Russian language test by Zakharyina

Questions may arise

And on this portal you can read in more detail about syntactic traps, in which cases the participial phrase cannot be used at all and why.