Describe the organization of the economic and social life of the Cro-Magnons. Cro-Magnon man is smarter than modern man. Where did the Cro-Magnon man come from?

Cro-Magnons - common name early representatives of modern humans, who appeared much later than the Neanderthals and coexisted with them for some time (40-30 thousand years ago). By appearance and physical development were practically no different from modern man.

The term "Cro-Magnon" can mean in a narrow sense only the people discovered in the Cro-Magnon Grotto and living nearby 30 thousand years ago; in a broad sense, this is the entire population of Europe or the entire world of the Upper Paleolithic era.

Number of achievements, changes in social organization The life of the Cro-Magnon man was so great that it was several times greater than the number of achievements of Pithecanthropus and Neanderthal man combined. The Cro-Magnons inherited from their ancestors a large active brain and quite practical technology, thanks to which they took an unprecedented step forward in a relatively short period of time. This manifested itself in aesthetics, the development of communication and symbol systems, tool-making technology and active adaptation to external conditions, as well as in new forms of social organization and a more complex approach to one's own kind.

Etymology

The name comes from the rock grotto of Cro-Magnon in France (the town of Les Eyzy de Taillac-Sireuil in the Dordogne department), where in 1868 the French paleontologist Louis Larte discovered and described several human skeletons along with tools from the Late Paleolithic. The age of this population is estimated at 30 thousand years.

Geography

The most important fossil finds: in France - Cro-Magnon, in Great Britain - the Red Lady of Pavyland, in the Czech Republic - Dolni Vestonice and Mladeč, Serbia - Lepenski Vir, in Romania - Peshtera ku Oase, in Russia - Markina Gora, Sungir , Denisova Cave and Oleneostrovsky burial ground, in the Southern Crimea - Murzak-Koba.

Culture

The Cro-Magnons were the carriers of a number of cultures of the Upper Paleolithic (Gravettian culture) and Mesolithic (Tardenoise culture, Maglemose, Ertebølle) eras. Subsequently, their habitats experienced migration flows of other representatives of the Homo sapiens species (for example, the Linear Band Ceramics Culture). These people made tools not only from stone, but also from horn and bone. On the walls of their caves they left drawings depicting people, animals, and hunting scenes. Cro-Magnons made various jewelry. They got their first pet - a dog.

Numerous finds indicate the presence of a cult of hunting. The animal figures were pierced with arrows, thus killing the animal.

The Cro-Magnons had funeral rites. Household items, food, and jewelry were placed in the grave. The dead were sprinkled with blood-red ochre, hair nets were put on, bracelets were put on the hands, flat stones were placed on the face, and they were buried in a bent position (fetal position).

According to another version, modern representatives Negroid and Mongoloid races formed autonomously, and Cro-Magnons spread for the most part only in the area of ​​Neanderthals ( North Africa, Middle East, Central Asia, Europe). The first humans with Cromanoid features appeared 160,000 years ago in East Africa(Ethiopia). They left it 100,000 years ago. They entered Europe through the Caucasus to the Don River basin. Migration to the West began approximately 40,000 years ago, and after 6 thousand years it appeared rock painting in the caves of France.

Genetics

see also

• The Guanches are an extinct indigenous people of the Canary Islands, representatives of the afalu-mechtoid subrace, considered close to the Cro-Magnons in their anthropological type.

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Literature

• P.I. Boriskovsky. pp. 15-24 // STRATUM plus. 2001-2002. No. 1. In the beginning there was a stone;
• Roginsky Ya. Ya., Levin M. G., Anthropology, M., 1963;
• Nesturkh M.F., Origin of Man, M., 1958, p. 321-38.

Popular science literature

• Eduard Storch - "Mammoth Hunters". A book with links to real archaeological sources
• B. Bayer, U. Birstein and others. History of mankind, 2002, ISBN 5-17-012785-5

Notes

Links

• - Upper Paleolithic site ancient man near Vladimir, 192 km from Moscow

An excerpt characterizing Cro-Magnons

Quickly in the semi-darkness they dismantled the horses, tightened the girths and sorted out the teams. Denisov stood at the guardhouse, giving the last orders. The party's infantry, slapping a hundred feet, marched forward along the road and quickly disappeared between the trees in the predawn fog. Esaul ordered something to the Cossacks. Petya held his horse on the reins, impatiently awaiting the order to mount. Washed cold water, his face, especially his eyes, burned with fire, a chill ran down his back, and something in his whole body was trembling quickly and evenly.
- Well, is everything ready for you? - Denisov said. - Give us the horses.
The horses were brought in. Denisov became angry with the Cossack because the girths were weak, and, scolding him, sat down. Petya took hold of the stirrup. The horse, out of habit, wanted to bite his leg, but Petya, not feeling his weight, quickly jumped into the saddle and, looking back at the hussars who were moving behind in the darkness, rode up to Denisov.
- Vasily Fedorovich, will you entrust me with something? Please... for God's sake... - he said. Denisov seemed to have forgotten about Petya’s existence. He looked back at him.
“I ask you about one thing,” he said sternly, “to obey me and not to interfere anywhere.”
During the entire journey, Denisov did not speak a word to Petya and rode in silence. When we arrived at the edge of the forest, the field was noticeably getting lighter. Denisov spoke in a whisper with the esaul, and the Cossacks began to drive past Petya and Denisov. When they had all passed, Denisov started his horse and rode downhill. Sitting on their hindquarters and sliding, the horses descended with their riders into the ravine. Petya rode next to Denisov. The trembling throughout his body intensified. It became lighter and lighter, only the fog hid distant objects. Moving down and looking back, Denisov nodded his head to the Cossack standing next to him.
- Signal! - he said.
The Cossack raised his hand and a shot rang out. And at the same instant, the tramp of galloping horses was heard in front, screams from different sides and more shots.
At the same instant as the first sounds of stomping and screaming were heard, Petya, hitting his horse and releasing the reins, not listening to Denisov, who was shouting at him, galloped forward. It seemed to Petya that it suddenly dawned as brightly as the middle of the day at that moment when the shot was heard. He galloped towards the bridge. Cossacks galloped along the road ahead. On the bridge he encountered a lagging Cossack and rode on. Some people ahead - they must have been French - were running from the right side of the road to the left. One fell into the mud under the feet of Petya's horse.

1. General information

3. Reconstructions and drawings

4. Culture

5. Related to Neanderthals

6. Settlement of Europe

8. Notes

9. Literature

1. General information

Cro-Magnons, early representatives of modern humans in Europe and partly beyond its borders, who lived 40-10 thousand years ago (Upper Paleolithic period). In appearance and physical development they were practically no different from modern humans. The name comes from the Cro-Magnon grotto in France, where several human skeletons were discovered along with Late Paleolithic tools in 1868.

Cro-Magnons began to be distinguished by a large active brain, thanks to it and practical technologies, an unprecedented step forward was made in a relatively short period of time. This manifested itself in aesthetics, the development of communication and symbol systems, tool-making technology and active adaptation to external conditions, as well as in new forms of social organization and more complex social interactions.

The most important fossil finds: in Africa - Cape Flats, Fish Hoek, Nazlet Khater; in Europe - Combe Capelle, Mladech, Cro-Magnon, in Russia - Sungir, in Ukraine - Mezhirech.

1.1 The time and place of appearance of Homo sapiens has been revised

2. Physique features of Cro-Magnons

2.1 Comparison with Neanderthal man

Physique of a Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon man

The Cro-Magnon physique was less massive than that of the Neanderthals. They were tall (height up to 180-190 cm) and had elongated “tropical” (that is, characteristic of modern tropical human populations) body proportions.

Their skull, compared to the skull of Neanderthals, had a higher and rounded arch, a straight and smoother forehead, and a protruding chin (Neanderthal people had a sloping chin). People of the Cro-Magnon type were distinguished by a low, wide face, angular eye sockets, a narrow, strongly protruding nose and a large brain (1400-1900 cm3, i.e. larger than that of the average modern European).

2.2 Comparison with modern man

From an evolutionary point of view, in terms of morphological structure and complexity of behavior, these people differ little from us, although anthropologists still note a number of differences in the massiveness of the skeletal and skull bones, the shape of individual skeletal bones, etc.

Cro-Magnon skull

3. Reconstructions and drawings

Reconstruction of a Cro-Magnon woman

4. Culture

They lived in communities of up to 100 people and created settlements for the first time in history. The Cro-Magnons, like the Neanderthals, lived in caves, tents made of skins, Eastern Europe There are also dugouts. They had articulate speech, built houses, dressed in clothes made from skins,

The Cro-Magnons also significantly improved their methods of hunting (driven hunting), hunting reindeer and red deer, mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, cave bears, wolves and other animals. They made spear throwers (a spear could fly 137 m), as well as devices for catching fish (harpoons, hooks), and bird snares.

The Cro-Magnons were the creators of remarkable European primitive art, as evidenced by multi-color paintings on the walls and ceilings of caves (Chauvet, Altamira, Lascaux, Montespan, etc.), engravings on pieces of stone or bone, ornaments, and small stone and clay sculptures. Magnificent images of horses, deer, bison, mammoths, female figurines, called “Venuses” by archaeologists for their splendor of forms, various items, carved from bone, horns and tusks or sculpted from clay, undoubtedly testify to the highly developed sense of beauty among the Cro-Magnons.

The Cro-Magnons had funeral rites. Household items, food, and jewelry were placed in the grave. The dead were sprinkled with blood-red ochre, they put nets on their hair, bracelets on their hands, flat stones were placed on their faces, and they were buried in a bent position (the knees touched the chin).

5. Related to Neanderthals

Modern results of genetics and statistics leave scientists with no choice but to admit. At the same time, there was no crossing of Neanderthals with the ancient African population.

Scientists are considering possible scenarios meetings of Neanderthals with sapiens, as a result of which the genome of the Eurasian population was enriched.

6. Settlement of Europe

Markov. Origin and evolution of man. Paleoanthropology, genetics, evolutionary psychology.

About 45 thousand years ago, the first representatives of Cro-Magnons appeared in Europe, the patrimony of the Neanderthals. And the 6 thousand years of coexistence in Europe of the two species was a period of intense competition for food and other resources.

Archaeological evidence has emerged of the hypothesis that there were direct clashes between sapiens. In the Les Rois cave in southwestern France, among many typical Cro-Magnon (Aurignacian) artifacts, the lower jaw of a Neanderthal child was found with scratches from stone tools. It is likely that the sapiens simply ate the young Neanderthal, using stone tools to scrape meat from the bones (see: F. V. Ramirez Rozzi et al. Cutmarked human remains bearing Neandertal features and modern human remains associated with the Aurignacian at Les Rois, PDF, 1, 27 MB // Journal of Anthropological Sciences. 2009. V. 87. R. 153–185).

Employees National Center scientific research in Paris, under the leadership of Fernando Rozzi, after analyzing finds at Cro-Magnon sites, they discovered gnawed bones of Neanderthals with traces of teeth, characteristic scratches and breaks on the bones. There is also evidence that Homo sapiens made necklaces from the teeth of Neanderthals. And in the Cro-Magnon burial complex of Sungir (200 km from Moscow) a Neanderthal tibia with cut-off joints was found, the cavity of which contained ocher powder; thus the bone was used as a box.

In Spain, the situation with the “Ebro border” is known: at almost the same time, Cro-Magnons lived on the northern bank of the Ebro River, and Neanderthals lived on the southern bank in very poor conditions (there were dry, arid steppes).

The modern vision of the problem of the disappearance of Neanderthals in Europe looks like this: where they could have survived for quite a long time - right up to the end of the Ice Age.

7. The emergence and development of speech. Linguistics

Chernigovskaya Tatyana Vladimirovna; doctor of biological and philological sciences, professor at St. Petersburg State University: “In modern science, which deals with language issues, exist.

The first is that human language– heir to the intellectual potential of previous species. This is the position taken by psychologists in a broad sense.”

Second.“Linguists of a certain direction, namely, those who come from N. Chomsky, generativists, and those who join them, they claim a completely different thing, they say that language is a separate module in the brain, that it is a completely separate ability , not part of general cognitive capabilities. A person became a person when a certain mutation occurred, which led to the formation of, as they say, a Language Acquisition Device, a Speech Organ, in the brain. That is, a language organ that only knows how to do that develop some algorithms, that is, write itself, let’s say, a virtual, or something, textbook of a given language, in which this person born But if, they argue, there was no such special “device” in the brain that can carry out such procedures, then a person simply could not master such a complex system, which is language.” Naturally, a significant part of linguists in this direction are passionate about the search for a protolanguage.

More details:

The latest research is the necessary links that have made it possible, using a systematic multidisciplinary approach, to specifically study and investigate the processes of the emergence and development of human speech, namely the processes of formation.

Interaction and some confrontation between Cro-Magnons and Neanderthals contributed to the development of speech-interconnection.

Thus, military arts and technologies led to the expansion of contacts, both between groups and within groups. It is here that the factors that contribute to the development of speech in humans are widely manifested.

Objectively.

Reconnaissance, contacts with foreigners, preparation, discussion and implementation of military actions maximally contributed to the emergence and development of speech, and these actions become fully possible only by distracting from the current situation. Thus, an essential feature of the formation is that for the first time the fundamental possibility of carrying out military operations appears.

The main feature of the processing of verbal information corresponding to the fourth level of perception of the SMS is that the individual’s speech begins to develop in the process of verbal communication, abstracted from the specific situation. In this case, speech takes on a special meaning - receiving and exchanging new information. As a result of the exchange of new information, speech reflects not only what the individual already knows from his own experience, but also reveals what he does not yet know, which introduces him into wide circle new facts and events for him. Now for the individual, new sets of neuronal subsystems allow for an increasingly objective assessment environment and the results of its activities based on the RSN information system and SMS subsystems. These systems represent specifically human formations that are.

The fourth level of the SMC already opens up the possibility of fully realizing the confrontation (confrontation) between sapiens and Neanderthals.

The appearance of wonderful multi-color paintings on the walls and ceilings of caves testifies to individual and social values. This gives rise to the possibility of identifying the date corresponding to the formation of the next fifth level of perception (LP) - the SMP subsystems.

Considering we can say that the speech of the primitive artists who painted the cave

(today this is the earliest painting on Earth - about 36 thousand years old), corresponds to the stage of development of a child’s speech, which begins at 3.5 years and continues until 4.5 years.

The appearance of the bow as a hand weapon for throwing arrows makes it possible to identify later dates associated with the processing of linguistic information corresponding to the subsequent stage of child speech development from 4.5 years to 6–7 years.

In conclusion, it is necessary to quote the quotation with which I ended my report “Biological prerequisites for human speech” Zorina Z. A., Ph.D. Sc., prof., head. laboratory of Moscow State University. This report was presented at a seminar on current issues in neurobiology, neuroinformatics and cognitive research:
"There is no gap between verbal and the rest of human behavior or the behavior of other animals
- there is no barrier to be broken, no chasm to bridge, only unknown territory to be explored." R. Gardner et al., 1989, p. XVII.At this stage, the specific human mind and speech begin to develop .

9. Literature

Koshelev, Chernigovskaya 2008 – Koshelev A.D., Chernigovskaya T.V. (ed.) Reasonable behavior and language. Vol. 1. Animal communication systems and human language. The problem of the origin of language. M.: Languages Slavic cultures, 2008.

Zorina Z. A., “Biological prerequisites for human speech” - Regular seminars on current issues of neurobiology, neuroinformatics and cognitive research, 2012, Neuroscience.ru - Modern neuroscience.

Markov 2009 - Markov A.V. The origin and evolution of man Review of the achievements of paleoanthropology, comparative genetics and evolutionary psychology Report read at the Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences on March 19, 2009

Markov A.V. “The Birth of Complexity. Evolutionary biology today. Unexpected discoveries and new questions.” M.: Corpus, Astrel, 2010.

Markov A.V. “Human evolution. 1. Monkeys, bones and genes.”, Dynasty, 2011

Markov A.V. “Human evolution. 2. Monkeys, neurons and the soul.”, Dynasty, 2011

Chernigovskaya 2008 – Chernigovskaya T.V. From communication signals to human language and thinking: evolution or revolution? // Russian physiological journal named after. I.M.Sechenova, 2008, 94, 9, 1017-1028.

Chernigovskaya 2009 – Chernigovskaya T.V. Brain and language: innate modules or learning network? // Brain. Fundamental and applied problems. Based on materials from the session of the General Meeting of the Russian Academy of Sciences on December 15–16, 2009. Ed. ak. A.I. Grigorieva. M.: Science. 2009.

Chomsky et al. 2002 – Hauser, M. D., Chomsky, N., & Fitch, W. T. (2002). The faculty of language: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? Science, 298, 1569-1579.

Popular science books

Eduard Storch - "Mammoth Hunters". A book with links to real archaeological sources

B. Bayer, W. Birstein and others. History of mankind 2002 ISBN 5-17-012785-5

* Documentary about the Chauvet Cave: “Cave of Forgotten Dreams” 2012 *

Publication date: 9.09. 2016 02:30

PS

Just a joke

The son of a learned linguist, looking up from a textbook where it is stated: they say that language is a separate module in the brain - a virtual, or something, textbook of a given language into which a given person is born,” asks his father:
- My little brother babbles and babbles, but nothing is clear. Was he not born Russian?

Who are Cro-Magnons? These are fossil people, completely similar in their appearance and development for modern man. They lived 40-10 thousand years ago in Europe. At the same time, they coexisted with Neanderthals for at least 7 thousand years. Their first skeletons and tools from the Upper Paleolithic era were found in 1868 in France in the Cro-Magnon cave.

It should be noted that such a term as “Cro-Magnon” implies several concepts at once:

1. These are people whose remains were discovered in the Cro-Magnon Grotto, and who lived on Earth approximately 40-30 thousand years ago.

2. These are the people who inhabited Europe during the Upper Paleolithic period.

3. These are all people who lived on globe during the Upper Paleolithic period.

It must be said that there is also such a concept as neoanthropes. It implies the general collective name Homo sapiens, that is, Homo sapiens. It includes both Cro-Magnons and modern people. That is, you and I are neoanthropes who completely replaced the paleoanthropes (Cro-Magnons) 30 or 40 thousand years ago. And the first neoanthropes appeared on Earth approximately 200 thousand years ago in Africa.

But let's not look that far, but return to more recent times. Fossil remains of Cro-Magnons were found in Africa in Fish Hook and the Cape Flats. Their age was estimated at 35 thousand years. In Europe, as already mentioned, 30 thousand years. In Asia, the age of the remains was 40-10 thousand years. In New Guinea 19 thousand years.

Cro-Magnon settlement

Ancient people also reached Australia. They lived there beautifully 20-14 thousand years ago. But in America, near Los Angeles, a settlement was found, the age of which dates back to 23 thousand years ago. But there are also later settlements from 11 to 13 thousand years ago.

At the excavation sites, experts discovered the remains of individuals of different sexes and ages. At the same time, the ancient people were buried in accordance with the funeral rites of that distant era. From modern people they differed very little in their morphological structure. However, the bones of the skeletons and skulls were more massive. At least, anthropologists came to this opinion.

Where did the modern human species originate?

Currently, experts are asking questions: which of the ancient people can be considered the ancestors of modern man and in what historical period did they appear? The first traces of people similar to us were discovered in Africa. These finds range in age from 200 to 100 thousand years. One of the finds was made in Kherto in Ethiopia in 1997. There, paleontologists from California discovered remains 160 thousand years old.

In South Africa, in Clazies River, the discovered remains are 118 thousand years old. In the northeastern part South Africa A skull 82 thousand years old was discovered in Border Cave. Remains were also found in Tanzania and Sudan. They are characterized by the fact that fossil human skulls are very similar in shape to the skulls of modern people. They do not have a sharply protruding nape, large brow ridges, or a sloping chin. At the same time, the volume of the brain is extremely large. Similar finds were discovered in the Middle East in the Qafzeh and Skhul caves.

Rock paintings in a cave

As a result of the efforts of paleontologists, it turned out that 40 thousand years ago people who had a modern appearance lived in Africa, Europe, Asia and Australia. In America they appeared much later, about 11-12 thousand years ago. But there are archaeologists who call the time period 30 thousand years.

Thus it turns out that the first Cro-Magnons saw the light of day in the southeastern regions of Africa approximately 200 thousand years ago. First they populated the hot continent, and then came to the Middle East. This happened 80-70 thousand years ago. Having settled in the Middle East, they moved to Europe and Asia, developing the southern and then northern regions. We got all the way to Australia, and after that we ended up in America.

Our direct ancestors were the complete opposite of Neanderthals. They had long limbs, height up to 180 cm, proportional bodies, well-developed lower jaws and an elongated skull. Subsequently, from them came the people of the current civilization, which is 7 thousand years old.

Nowadays, there is an opinion that the modern species of people is the crown of biological evolution, which has been transformed into social evolution. However, many do not agree with this. That is, biological changes continue to this day. It’s just that very little time has passed to talk about any physical transformations. But as we all know, the Cro-Magnons have changed significantly in appearance, thanks to the emergence of races.

Burial of the Cro-Magnons

Cultural achievements of the Cro-Magnons

Our direct ancestors differed from their predecessors not only in physical features. They also had a more highly developed culture. First of all, this concerns tools. They made them from stone, horn and bone. Moreover, initially, blanks were prepared en masse, and then they were processed and the necessary tools were obtained. They came up with a bow and arrows and spears. It should be noted that the level of culture was practically no different among the ancient people who inhabited different parts of the planet. They tamed the wolf, which became a domestic dog.

But the main thing, of course, is the rock art. Beautiful specimens have been preserved in caves from Britain to Lake Baikal rock paintings. In addition to them, figurines depicting animals and people were also discovered. They are made from limestone, bones and mammoth tusks. Knife handles were carved, and clothes were decorated with beads and painted with ocher.

Our ancient ancestors lived in communities. They numbered from 30 to 100 people. Not only caves, but also dugouts, huts, and tents served as housing. And this already points to settlements. They dressed in clothes made from skins. They communicated with each other through developed speech.

The main cult was the cult of hunting. This is indicated by the fact that many images of animals are complemented by arrows and spears. That is, first they killed the prey in the drawings, and only then they went on a real hunt.

The Cro-Magnons widely practiced funeral rites. This primarily indicates that ancient people thought about the afterlife. Jewelry, hunting tools, household items and food were placed in the graves along with the deceased. The bodies were sprinkled with blood-red ocher and sometimes covered with the bones of killed animals. It was customary to bury dead bodies in the fetal position. That is, in whatever position the fetus was in the womb, it was in the same position that it passed into the other world.

Ceramic figurine of Vestonice Venus

Cro-Magnon culture is characterized as Perigord culture. It is divided into earlier chatelperon and later Gravettian culture. The latter subsequently moved to Solutrean culture. An example of Gravettian culture is Vestonitskaya Venus, found in the Czech Republic in 1925. This is the oldest ceramic figurine, 11 cm high and 4 cm wide. An ancient kiln was also discovered in which clay crafts were fired, turning them into ceramic products.

In conclusion, it should be said that during the time of fabulous antiquity, a woman appeared in south-eastern Africa, from whom the entire human race descended. This woman is designated as mitochondrial Eve due to mitochondrial DNA, inherited only through the female line. What kind of woman this is and how she ended up in hot Africa is unknown. But the beautiful creature was radically different from other women and marked the beginning of that human civilization, which now dominates the blue planet.

Alexey Starikov

The immediate ancestor of modern man - the Cro-Magnon man (40-10 thousand years BC) was called Homo sapiens sapiens (Homo sapiens). During the Late Paleolithic era, 1200 generations passed and about 4 billion Cro-Magnons walked across the Earth. They lived at the end of the Würm glaciation. Warming and cooling followed each other quite often, and Cro-Magnons successfully adapted to changing natural conditions. They created the protoculture of modern man and, while remaining hunter-gatherers, brought the development of mankind to the culture of agriculture. The achievements of the Cro-Magnons are truly amazing. Their art of stone processing was so high that we can say that technology came into the world with the Cro-Magnon man. Technological innovation and development material culture replaced physical evolution. They also learned to make all kinds of tools and weapons from bones, tusks, antlers and wood. The Cro-Magnons achieved a high degree of perfection in the manufacture of clothing and the construction of large dwellings. In their hearth, not only trees, but also other combustible materials, such as bone, could be used for heating. The clay kilns they built were prototypes of blast furnaces. They brought the methods of using plants almost to the limit beyond which agriculture begins. These people reaped the ears of wild cereals and collected so many cereals that they covered most of nutritional needs. They invented devices for grinding and grinding grain. The Cro-Magnons knew how to make wicker containers and came close to the art of pottery. After centuries of wandering after animals or in search of seasonal edible plants, the Cro-Magnon man managed to switch to a sedentary lifestyle, using the resources of one area more efficiently. A sedentary lifestyle contributed to the formation social life, the accumulation of practical and social knowledge and observations that became the basis for the creation of language, art and religion. Hunting methods have changed. Spear throwers were invented, with the help of which hunters began to kill more animals, and they themselves received wounds less often, lived longer and better. Thanks to wealth, health and physical development. A sedentary lifestyle, combined with an increased life expectancy, contributed to the acquisition of experience and knowledge, improved the mind and developed culture. There is reason to believe that the Cro-Magnons also had a bow, although no material evidence of this has survived. Important role The invention of various devices for fishing played a role in expanding the diet of the Cro-Magnons - one of these ingenious devices was the harbour. Cro-Magnons learned to make various mixtures of clay with other substances. They made various figures from these mixtures and fired them in a specially constructed hearth. In fact, they discovered a way to produce new substances with new beneficial qualities by combining two or more starting materials. The Cro-Magnons created truly great prehistoric art. This is confirmed by numerous wall paintings in caves, sculptural works, and figurines. .

One of the groups of fossil neoanthropes. Name comes from the Cro Magnon grotto in the dep. Dordogne (France), where several were discovered in 1868. skeletons of people of this type. Bone remains of K. have been known (since 1823) from the late Pleistocene of Europe.… … Biological encyclopedic dictionary

Modern encyclopedia

- (from the name of the Cro Magnon grotto Cro Magnon, in France), a generalized name for fossil people modern look(Neoanthropes) of the Late Paleolithic era. Known from bone remains discovered in all parts of the world. Appeared approx. 40 thousand years ago... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Cro-Magnons- (Cro Magnons), prehistoric. people of modern times species (Homo sapiens), inhabiting Europe ca. 35 10 thousand years ago. K. had a more massive physique than modern ones. human, but otherwise the same anatomically. x ki. Appeared in Europe approx. 35 thousand years ago, and... ... The World History

Cro-Magnons- (from the name of the Cro Magnon grotto, Cro Magnon, in France), the most common fossil of modern humans (neoanthropes) of the late Paleolithic era. Known from skeletal remains mainly from Europe. Appeared about 40 thousand years ago... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Cev; pl. (singular Cro-Magnon, Ntsa; m.). A general name for people of the Late Paleolithic era ● The name comes from the Cro-Magnon grotto in France, where skeletal bones of Cro-Magnons were found in 1868. ◁ Cro-Magnon, oh, oh. Second era, cave. * *… … encyclopedic Dictionary

A general name for people of the late Paleolithic era. The name comes from the Cro Magnon grotto in the Dordogne department (France), where in 1868 the French archaeologist and paleontologist L. Larte made discoveries of K. S... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Cro-Magnons- the term is ambiguous: 1) in the narrow sense, Cro-Magnons are people discovered in the Cro-Magnon grotto (France) and who lived about 30 thousand years ago; 2) in a broader sense, this is the entire population of Europe during the Upper Paleolithic from 40 to 10 thousand years ago; 3)… … Physical Anthropology. Illustrated explanatory dictionary.

- (after the name of the Cro Magnon cave in France, where the first finds of fossil remains were made) modern people who existed in Europe in the Upper Pleistocene and were sharply different from Neanderthals. New dictionary foreign words... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

A general name for people of the Late Paleolithic era. Name comes from the Cro Magnon grotto in the dep. Dordogne (France), where the first discoveries by K. S. anthropologist were made in 1868. K.'s points of view relate to modern times. human species (Homo... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia

Books

• New Cro-Magnons. Memories of the future. Book 1, Yuri Berkov. If you want to have not only pleasant, but also useful reading, if you want to broaden your horizons, read this book. You will immerse yourself in mysterious world future and live a stormy life with its heroes... eBook
• New Cro-Magnons. Memories of the future. Book 2, Yuri Berkov. If you have completed the first book, then you will read the second with even greater interest. In it you will find amazing life collisions of its heroes, exciting underwater adventures and a lot of...